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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuncolim_Revolt
The Cuncolim Revolt
(also termed the Cuncolim Martyrdom by the Catholic Church) was a
massacre of Christian priests and civilians by Kshatriyas in
Cuncolim, ..
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Cuncolim is a city and a municipal council in South Goa district in the state of Goa, India.
Wikipedia
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Cuncolim Revolt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A 17th-century painting in a church in Colva depicting the massacre of the five Jesuits in Cuncolim, Goa on July 25, 1583.
The
Cuncolim Revolt (also termed the
Cuncolim Martyrdom by the
Catholic Church[1]) was a massacre of
Christian priests and civilians by
Kshatriyas in
Cuncolim,
Goa
on Monday, 25 July 1583, as a protest against attempts by the colonial
Portuguese administration to demolish Hindu temples in the locality and
forcibly convert the local population to
Christianity.
[2]
Five
Jesuit priests along with one European and 14 Indian Christians were killed in the incident.
[1]
The Portuguese government retaliated by summarily executing most of the
Gaonkar leaders without trial, and destroying the economic
infrastructure of Cuncolim.
[3]
The incident was the first show of defiance against the Portuguese by the local population since the conquest of Goa in 1510.
[4]
Background
Following the conquest of Goa by Portuguese admiral
Afonso de Albuquerque in 1510, missionaries of the newly founded Society of Jesus were sent from Portugal to Goa with the goal of fulfilling the
papal bull Romanus Pontifex, which granted the
patronage of the propagation of the Christian faith
in Asia to the Portuguese. The Portuguese colonial government in Goa
supported the mission with incentives for baptized Christians. They
offered rice donations to the poor, good positions in the Portuguese
colonies to the middle class and military support for local rulers.
[5]
A campaign was launched in
Bardez
in North Goa resulting in the destruction of 300 temples. Enacting
laws, prohibition was laid from 4 December 1567 on Hindu rituals and
which required all persons above 15 years of age to listen to Christian
preaching, failing which they were severely punished. In 1583 many Hindu
temples at
Assolna and Cuncolim were destroyed through army action.
[6]
Cuncolim was inhabited by a devout Hindu population who were mostly members of the warrior
Kshatriya
caste. It was prosperous compared to neighbouring areas due to its
fertile land, with abundant and fresh water from rivers descending from
the hinterland of Goa.
[7]
Surplus agricultural production had enabled this village to develop
crafts of a very skilled order and it was known for its metal work. As
Afonso de Albuquerque wrote in his letters back to Portugal, guns of
good quality were manufactured in Cuncolim, which he found comparable to
those made in Germany.
[8]
There were 12
vangodds (
Konkani: clans) of
ganvkars
(freeholders) in Cuncolim. Their names, in order of precedence, were
Mhal, Shetkar, Naik, Mangro, Shet, Tombdo, Porob, Sidakalo, Lokakalo,
Bandekar, Rounom and Benklo. The Gauncars, who held common ownership of
the village and paid all taxes, were also the founders and caretakers of
the main village temple.
[9]
Cuncolim depended on a permanent bazaar at the end of more than one
caravan route, connecting it with the mainland through the Ghats of
Ashthagrahar province.
[10]
In keeping with the traditional fairs connected with temple and
religious festivities, the bazaar economy of Cuncolim depended upon its
temple and religious celebrations. Due to this, there was an angry
reaction of the dominant Hindu class to the destruction of its temples
by the Portuguese government and to the attempts of the Jesuits who
sought to establish Christianity in Cuncolim and its satellite villages
of
Assolna, Veroda,
Velim
and Ambelim in 1583. The demolition of local temples implied
deprivation of religious and cultural traditions that sustained an
established social structure and its underlying economic base.
[2]
In protest, the
ganvkars of Cuncolim refused to pay rent to the Portuguese authorities. They also refused to give up their practice of the
Hindu religion, and continued to build temples, despite a banning order. They re-built their destroyed
temples and conducted their rituals and festivals openly in defiance of Portuguese ordinances. As such, the Portuguese
missionaries found it impossible to convert them.
[11][12]
The Portuguese chronicler Diogo do Couto described Cuncolim as "The
leader of rebellions" and its people as "The worst of all villages of
Salcete".
[13] Jesuit priest Valignani described Cuncolim as 'rigid and obstinate' in its adherence to idolatory.
[9]
In 1583, five jesuit priests led by
Fr. Rodolfo Acquaviva received orders from their superior to go to
Salcette
to maintain law and order, destroy temples, construct churches and
effect conversions. They chose Cuncolim to make their first survey of
the situation, as they saw it as an ideal ground for constructing a
church.
[11]
The Massacre
The five Jesuits met in Orlim Church on 15 July 1583, and thence
proceeded to Cuncolim, accompanied by one European—Goncalo Rodrigues—and
14 native converts, with the objective of erecting a cross and
selecting ground for building a church. Meanwhile, several villagers in
Cuncolim, after holding a council, advanced in large numbers, armed with
swords, lances, and other weapons, towards the spot where the
Christians were.
[1]
According to the account given by the Catholic Encyclopaedia,
published by the Vatican, Gonçalo Rodrigues attempted to confront the
advancing crowd with a gun, but was stopped by Fr. Pacheco who stopped
him and stated: "We are not here to fight." Then, he addressed the crowd
in Konkani, their native language, and stated "Do not be afraid".
Following this, the villagers attacked the party. Father Rudolph
received five cuts from a scimitar and a spear and was killed on the
spot. According to the Vatican, he died praying God to forgive the
assailants, and pronouncing the Holy Name.
[1]
Next, the crowd turned on Fr. Berno who was horribly mutilated, and
Fr. Pacheco who, wounded with a spear, fell on his knees extending his
arms in the form of a cross. Fr. Anthony Francis was shot with arrows,
and his head was split open with a sword.
[1]
Br. Aranha, wounded at the outset by a scimitar and a lance, fell
down a deep declivity into the thick crop of a rice-field, where he lay
until he was discovered. He was then carried to a Hindu idol, to which
he was bidden to bow his head. Upon his refusal to do this, he was tied
to a tree and was shot to death with arrows. The spot where this tree
stood is marked with an octagonal monument surmounted by a cross, which
was repaired by the Patriarch of Goa in 1885.
[1]
Along with the five priests, Gonçalo Rodrigues, a Portuguese, and
fourteen native Christians were also killed. Of the latter, one was
Dominic, a boy of Cuncolim, who was a student at
Rachol Seminary,
and had accompanied the priests on their expeditions to Cuncolim and
pointed out to them the Hindu temples. He was killed by his own Hindu
uncle for assisting the priests.
[1]
Alphonsus, an altar-boy of Fr. Pacheco had followed him closely,
carrying his breviary. The Hindus cut off his hands on his refusal to
part with the breviary and cut through his knee-joints to prevent his
escape. He survived in this condition until the next day when he was
found and killed. He was later buried in the church of the Holy Ghost at
Margao
in South Goa. According to the Vatican, several of the victims,
including Francis Rodrigues and Paul da Costa had earlier affirmed their
desire to be martyred for the Church.
[1]
However, the native Goans killed with the Jesuits were excluded from
the list of the martyrs of the faith when the church beatified the
missionaries.
[14]
This was due to the then prevailing attitude among the missionaries
that the local Catholics were by nature incapable of performing
spiritual feats.
[14]
Portuguese retaliation and aftermath
Following the massacre, the captain-major in charge of the Portuguese
Army garrison at the Assolna Fort was determined to avenge the deaths
of the Jesuit priests.
[9]
As retribution, the Portuguese army raided and destroyed orchards in
the village and unleashed many atrocities on the local population.
[3]
The Kshatriya
ganvkars of Cuncolim were then invited for talks at the Assolna fort situated on the banks of
the River Sal
where the present-day Assolna church stands and in an act of treachery,
sixteen of them were summarily executed without trial by the Portuguese
authorities. One of them escaped execution by jumping into the Assolna
River through a toilet hole and fleeing to neighbouring
Karwar in the present day state of
Karnataka.
[15]
Following the execution of their leaders, the villages of Cuncolim,
Velim, Assolna, Ambelim and Veroda refused to pay taxes on the produce
generated from their fields and orchards to the Portuguese government.
As a result, their lands were confiscated and entrusted to the Condado
of the Marquis of Fronteira. Forcible conversions perpetrated by the
Portuguese led the villagers of Cuncolim to move their places of
worship. One of the temples of the goddess Shri Shantadurga
Cuncolikarian was moved to the neighboring village of
Fatorpa some seven kilometres away.
[3]
Most of Cuncolim's population was converted to Christianity, in the
years following the massacre. The Church of Nossa Senhora de Saude was
constructed by the Portuguese at the site of the massacre.
[16]
In 2003, a memorial to the slain chieftains was constructed in
Cuncolim, initiative of Prof. Vermissio Coutinho, head of the Cuncolim
Chieftains Memorial Trust.
[3]
Prior to its construction, however, the memorial met with strong
opposition from the local Catholic parish, on the grounds of its
proximity to another memorial built 102 years ago in memory of the five
slain Jesuit priests. They instead argued that the memorial should be
built in Assolna, where the chieftains were massacred.
[17]
Biographies of the Jesuits killed in the murders
Fr. Rodolfo Acquaviva
Rodolfo Acquaviva was born on 2 October 1550, at Atri in the
Kingdom of Naples. He was the fifth child of the Duke of Atri, and nephew of
Claudius Acquaviva, the fifth General of the Society of Jesus, while on his mother's side he was a cousin of
St. Aloysius Gonzaga.
Admitted into the Society of Jesus on 2 April 1568, he landed in Goa on
13 September 1578. Shortly after his arrival he was selected for an
important mission to the court of
Mughal emperor
Akbar, who had sent an embassy to Goa with a request that two learned missionaries might be sent to
Fatehpur Sikri, the city near
Agra
which Akbar had constructed as a capital. After spending three years at
the Mughal court, he returned to Goa, much to the regret of the whole
Court and especially of the emperor. On his return to Goa, he was
appointed superior of the
Salcete
mission, which post he held until his martyrdom. After hearing of Fr.
Acquaviva's death, Emperor Akbar is believed to have grieved; "Alas,
father, my advice was good that you should not go, but you would not
follow it."
[16]
Fr. Alphonsus Pacheco
Alphonsus Pacheco was born about 1551, of a noble family of
New Castile,
and entered the Society on 8 September 1567. In September 1574, he
arrived in Goa, where he so distinguished himself by his rare prudence
and virtue that in 1578; he was sent to Europe on important business.
Returning to India in 1581, he was made rector of
Rachol Seminary.
He accompanied two punitive expeditions of the Portuguese to the
village of Cuncolim, and was instrumental in destroying the pagodas
there.
Fr. Peter Berno
Peter Berno (or Berna) was born of humble parents in 1550 at
Ascona, a Swiss village at the foot of the Alps. After being ordained priest in
Rome,
he entered the Society of Jesus in 1577, arrived in Goa in 1579, and
was soon appointed to Salcete. He accompanied the expeditions to
Cuncolim, and assisted in destroying the Hindu temples, destroyed an
ant-hill which was deemed very sacred, and killed a cow which was also
an object of Hindu worship. He used to say constantly that no fruit
would be gathered from Cuncolim and the hamlets around it till they were
bathed in blood shed for the Faith. His superiors declared that he had
converted more pagans than all the other fathers put together.
Fr. Anthony Francis
Anthony Francis, born in 1553, was a poor student of
Coimbra
in Portugal. He joined the Society in 1571, accompanied Father Pacheco
to India in 1581, and was shortly afterwards ordained priest in Goa. It
is said that whenever he said Mass, he prayed, at the Elevation, for the
grace of martyrdom; and that on the day before his death, when he was
saying Mass at the church of Orlim, a miracle prefigured the granting of
this prayer.
Br. Francis Aranha
Brother Francis Aranha was born of a wealthy and noble family of
Braga in Portugal, about 1551, and went to India with his uncle, the first Archbishop of Goa,
Dom Gaspar.
There he joined the Society of Jesus on 1 November 1571. Being a
skilled draughtsman and architect, he built several fine chapels in Goa.
Beatification of the Priests
Following the massacre the bodies of the five martyrs were thrown
into a well, water of which was afterwards sought by people from all
parts of Goa for its miraculous healing. The well still stands today
inside the St. Francis Xavier chapel situated at Maddicotto Cuncolim and
is opened for people to view once a year on the feast day of
St Xavier, celebrated in the first week of December.
[3]
The bodies themselves, when found, after two and a half days, allowed
no signs of decomposition. They were solemnly buried in the
church of Our Lady of the Snows at Rachol, and remained there until 1597, when they were removed to the
Saint Paul's College, Goa, and in 1862 to the cathedral of Old Goa. Some of these
relics
have been sent to Europe at various times. All the bones of the entire
right arm of Blessed Rudolph were taken to Rome in 1600, and his left
arm was sent from Goa as a present to the
Jesuit College at
Naples.
[1]
In accordance with the request of the Pacheco family, an arm and leg
of Blessed Alphonsus were sent to Europe in 1609. The process of
canonization began in 1600, but it was only in 1741 that
Pope Benedict XIV declared the martyrdom proved. On the 16 April 1893, the five martyrs were
beatified at St. Peter's in Rome.
[1]
This
beatification
was celebrated in Goa in 1894, and the feast has ever since then been
kept with great solemnity at Cuncolim, even by the descendants of those
who participated in the murders. The Calendar of the
Archdiocese of Goa has fixed 26 July as their feast day.
[1]
.................................................................................................................................
The Cuncolim Revolt of 1583 - religious persecution in Goa under Portuguese rule
 |
| The Cuncolim Revolt,Goa 1583 |
The
Cuncolim Revolt / Cuncolim Martyrdom by the Catholic Church was a
massacre of Christian priests and civilians by Hindus of Kshatriyas
caste in Cuncolim, Goa on Monday, 25 July, 1583 as a protest against
Christian priests' attempt to demolish Hindu temples in the locality and
forcibly convert the local population to Christianity with support from
autocratic colonial Portuguese administration.
In the wake of
conquest of Goa by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque in 1510 and
solid construction of Portuguese settlements, on orders from Government
administration in Portugal, missionaries of the newly founded Society of
Jesus arrived from Portugal to Goa mainly for propagation of
Christian faith among the natives. As enticement or bonus, they offered
several incentives to locals including military support for local
rulers to follow Christian faith for salvation. As this largesse
rather bait, did not work with Hindus, Jesuits took recourse to
religious persecution such as ban on Hindu rituals, books, symbols, etc
and compulsory attendance of Christian preaching, failing which people will be severely punished.
At
Bardez in North Goa about 300 Hindu temples were razed to the ground.
In 1583 Portuguese army destroyed several Hindu temples at Assolna and
Cuncolim villages. These villages and the surrounding lush, rich
agricultural fields with copious water resources, were under the control of Kshatriya caste. These people depended on bazaars for their produce, and the bazaar economy relied on regular fairs, temple festivals, etc. The destruction of temples infuriated the locals as it
meant deprivation of time-honored religious and cultural traditions
that supported a well defined and established social fabric and its
underlying economic base essential for sustenance, growth and survival.
The
nefarious attempts of the Jesuits with total support from the
government to establish Christianity in Cuncolim and other villages of
Assolna, Veroda, Velim and Ambelim were blocked by the people.
Christian faithfuls not only trespassed on their privacy and way of life
but also pushed them to the fag end of their patience. Undaunted, the
natives refused to pay taxes and give up their age- old religion.
Arrogant as they were, on 25 July, 1583, five Jesuits accompanied by
one European—Goncalo Rodrigues—and 14 native converts, went to Cuncolim
with the main objective of erecting a cross and selecting ground for
building a church.
In the ensuing violent retaliation by the
villagers, five Jesuit priests along with one European and 14 Indian
Christians were brutally killed in the incident and the Portuguese
government took revenge by summarily executing most of the local leaders
without trial, and destroying the economic infrastructure of Cuncolim -
their fundamental source of livelihood. Later the village chieftains
were invited for talks at a fort in Assolna where the government killed all but one.
The murdered priests were canonized
by the church because their bodies, did not emit foul smell in spite of
being in the well for a few days. The struggle between the Portuguese
government and the village continued for a long period without any
solution in sight leaving the natives in mental agony and pain.
At last through the efforts of the visionary Dr. Rogociano Rebello, a general medical practitioner who also studied law, the desperate villagers got their land back. The villagers' grievances were at last heard in the the highest court in Portugal. Finally the efforts of Dr Rogociano Rebello bore fruit.
“Martyrs’
chapel” was erected, dedicated to the priests and others killed in
1583. In 2003, a memorial to the slain chieftains in the same year was
erected in Cuncolim at the initiative of Prof. Vermissio Coutinho, head
of the Cuncolim Chieftains Memorial Trust.
Cuncolim revolt of 1583- First resistance against foreign rule in India.
Ref:
Church-Cuncolim Gaunkars clash over martyrs' memorial – November 13, 1999, Goa News.
en.wikipedia.org/Goa Inquisition.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuncolim_Revolt
Posted by
Jayaraman Kn
at
19:58
...........................................................................................................................
www.cmccuncolim.com/cmc/revolt.php
The Portuguese first conquered Goa in 1510 and Cuncolim was the first uprising that the Portuguese had to face in Goa apart from the organized armies and ...
===============================================
Cuncolim revolt of 1583- Villagers demand recognition from the government- The first resistance against foreign rule
Five Portuguese-backed Jesuits priests and an equal number of
laymen fell prey to the fury of the villagers of Cuncolim in South Goa
in the former Portuguese colony in 1583. The villagers were fighting to
protect their land and religion. The core of villagers from the warrior
Khastriya caste raised the banner of protest against the desecration and
also destruction of temples. The villagers who are known as Gaoncars -
originally inhabitants of the place - were fed with the constant
defiling of places of worship. The patience reached a flashpoint with
death of the priests and the layman accompanying the Jesuits priests who
were on a mission of conversion to the village. The villagers
elders suffered at the hands of the Portuguese authorities who ruled Goa
at that time. The leaders of chieftains of the Gaoncar clan were
invited for talks at the Assolna fort situated on the banks of River
Sal where the present day Assolna church stands and in an act of
treachery sixteen of them were executed by the Portuguese authorities.
One of them escaped from clutches jumped into the Assolna River and saw
across to safety and fled to neigbouring Karwar in the present day
Karwar in the Southern state of Karnataka. In the present day era
Shantaram Laxman Naik hailing from the same village and belonging to the
same clan wants the Indian government to recognize the revolt.
Naik a member of the upper house of parliament has made the demand to
government in one of the debate in parliament. "One of the first
revolts of independence against any foreign rule had taken place in my
village Cuncolim, in Goa. It has still not been recognized by the
country. The villagers of Cuncolim are called 'Gaoncars' who had
revolted against the Portuguese as early as in the year 1583, which had
led to the killing of the Portuguese agents, who used to harass the
'Gaoncars' on one pretext or the other. This revolt of the 'Gaoncars'
was much before the first officially recognized War of Independence,
namely, the Revolt of 1857. The Cuncolim village has had a long
tradition of hospitality, especially that of political exiles. I appeal
to the government of India to constitute a committee of historians and
other experts for the purpose of recognizing the first revolt of
independence against any foreign rule in the country. A documentary also
be produced on the subject, besides including the history in the
textbooks. Naik's demand in the country capital has found echoes in
the state where the Cuncolim Chieftain’s Memorial Committee President of
the Committee Dr Verisimo Coutinho has again appealed to the Goa
government to act fast and include the Cuncolim revolt of 1583 in the
school history books. Dr Coutinho has urged the State government to
respect the feelings of Cuncolcars and Goans and to put the history in
right perspective by including the first revolt of 1583 in the school
curriculum. “Cuncolkars fought a war against the Portuguese for Swaraj
and Swadharma. This 1583 revolt is the first revolt against any foreign
rule in India, '" he said. The Committee also welcomed the statement
made by State Chief Minister, Digambar Kamat that the government would
give due respect to Cuncolim history and accord due place in the school
curriculum. The Cuncolim revolt has got yet another shot in the arm
with the Portuguese language book written by late Adv Lingu R Davli
“Historia de Cuncolim”, which has been now translated into English.
Retired MES College Principal, Dr Harischandra Nagvenkar has translated
the book into English. The grandson of Late Lingu Dalvi, Sunitbhaskar
Dalvi and Chairman of late Adv Dattaram L Dalvi Memorial Trust, is the
publisher of the translated book. The book gives a vivid account of
the revolt of the brave people of Cuncolim against the Portuguese and
provided valuable socio-economic information on Cuncolim and surrounding
villages. The Five Jesuits priests have since been canonized by the
Roman Catholic Church.
===============================================
MLA says he’s clueless why 1583 revolt is not in syllabus
TNN
|
Jul 16, 2015, 02.00 AM IST
CUNCOLIM: Cuncolim MLA Subhash 'Rajan' Naik said that he was unaware of
why the state government has delayed in fulfilling the demand of the
Cuncolim chieftains memorial trust to include the Cuncolim revolt in the
educational curriculum.
Naik made this remark while
felicitating IIT JEE (advance) rank-holder Adil Dangui and 48 other
meritorious students on the occasion of 'Cuncolim Day' jointly organized
by the Cuncolim municipal council (CMC) and the Cuncolim chieftains
memorial trust.
As it was on July 15, 1583, that 16 Cuncolim
chieftains had revolted against the colonial Portuguese regime, a
momentous historic day for Cunkolkars who term it as the ' First War for
Independence' by these chieftains who fought for swaraj and swardharma.
Recalling this historic day, the local MLA urged the
youngsters in the audience to study their history while exclaiming his
ignorance to the state government's delay to fulfill the demand of the
trust to include this revolt in the educational curriculum. Director of
municipal administration (DMA) Elvis Gomes pointed out to two aspects of
this historic revolt that ought to be remembered; the struggle by the
locals against injustice and their betrayal by the Portuguese. Gomes
further praised the CMC for not just undertaking development work by
constructing drains but also of 'human development' by felicitating the
meritorious students and the five individuals who have excelled in their
respective fields.
Retired college principal Sr Ema Noronha
felicitated former Goa chief secretary Dr J C Almeida who was awarded
the 'Cuncolim Bhushan' and remarked "This revolt in 1583 is the first in
the world as it was then followed by the French Revolution, revolt of
the Ranes and Pintos in Goa, etc. Cunkolkars do not deter but they
fight."
Urging for further research on this subject so that it
be made an important chapter in the history of Goa, Noronha questioned,
"Does the blood of the chieftains flow into your veins?" and appealed to
the audience to fight against corruption by emulating the example of
these 16 chieftains.
Besides Almeida, the other awardees
included retired banker Shripad Govind Dessai and retired headmaster
Oscar Gracias (both 'Cuncolim Shree'), international woman footballer
Elvy Fernandes e Goes ('Cuncolim Jyoti') and prominent educationist
professor D L Naik ('Cuncolim Mitr').
Prior to the felicitation
function, floral tributes were paid at the chieftains' memorial near
the CMC building. Also present were the CMC chairperson Landry
Mascarenhas, CMC chief officer Pandarinath Naik and the trust president
Oscar Martins. Students of various Cuncolim schools presented a cultural
programme of patriotic songs and folk dances.
Praising efforts
in the academic field, the Cuncolim MLA said that the proposed national
institute technology would commence shortly as the works had already
been awarded. ==============================================
https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Cuncolim,+Goa/@15.1854726,74.005726,35028m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x3bbe4d21564a2b73:0x3eea0880e6f75ecc
