Decoding Winston Churchill's hatred for India
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When the Independence Bill was being
debated in British Parliament in 1947, Winston Churchill had angrily
remarked, "Power will go into the hands of rascals, rogues, and
freebooters. Not a bottle of water or loaf of bread shall escape
taxation; only the air will be free and the blood of these hungry
millions will be on the head of Attlee."
While
reading Kuldip Nayar's autobiography, "Beyond the lines", I came across
a portion which is a brief account of his interaction with Lord
Mountbatten - wherein Nayar threw an allegation at Mountbatten: "But
your act of advancing the date by ten months resulted in the killing of
over a million on both sides of the border, I charged. It was as if I
had touched a raw nerve because he suddenly became pensive and lapsed
into silence. After a while he said that in the 1947 Partition riots
nearly 2.5 million people had died but he had saved three to four
million people from starvation during the 1943 Bengal famine by giving
10 per cent of the space on his ships for the transport of food grains
to Calcutta despite Churchill's opposition. 'Well, before Providence I
can say that the balance is in my favour', said Mountbatten, adding:
'Wherever colonial rule has ended, there has been bloodshed. This is the
price you pay.' (Some books subsequently revealed that Churchill had
intentionally denied food grains to India.)"
Quite
a number of books like Richard Toye's new biography, "Churchill's
Empire: The World That Made Him and The World He Made", William
Manchester's "The Caged Lion" and "When illness strikes the leader" by
Jerrold Post, a professor of psychiatry at George Washington University
and Robert Robins, a professor of political science at Tulane
University, written in 1993 and published by Yale University Press,
throw new light on Churchill, his mental depression, his racist views,
his early life that shaped his thoughts and his hatred of Indians.
Sir
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (November 30, 1874 - January 24,
1965) was a British Conservative politician renowned for his
extraordinary leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World
War. He is undoubtedly one of the greatest wartime leaders of the
century. He served as the Prime Minister of England twice (1940-45 and
1955. A noted orator, Churchill was earlier an officer in the British
Army and had served in Bangalore. He is also a historian, a writer and
an artist. He is the only British Prime Minister to have received the
Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 "for his mastery of historical and
biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending
exalted human values", and was the first person to be made an Honorary
Citizen of the United States.
Churchill
was voted as the greatest British gentlemen of the last century and his
words that power will go into the hands of rogues in India is
oft-quoted by those fighting 'corruption' in India.
Benjamin
Disraeli, former British PM, called India "the brightest jewel in the
crown," acknowledging India's valuable resources that Europe exploited
like spices, mineral ores, textiles, the huge pool of cheap labour and
the large market for British goods. As its largest colonial territory,
India was the most important of all the overseas possessions of the
British Empire. India became independent in 1947. In 65 years, India has
crossed many hurdles. It is the world's largest democracy, a nuclear
power, a human resource powerhouse and is emerging as an economic giant.
Why really did Churchill have to speak so disdainfully of the unborn Indian republic?
"When
illness strikes the leader" unravels the mind of Churchill at the time
he made this statement: "At the beginning of World War II, Winston
Churchill was a healthy man of sixty-four. By the end of that conflict,
the natural process of aging, six years of hard work under tension,
heavy drinking and the frequent use of sedatives had taken their
physical toll." His physician, Charles Wilson 1st Baron Moran, said
Churchill's mental and physical health began to wane in 1944. In his
diaries, Sir Francis Alan Brooke, Churchill's chief of the Imperial
General Staff, observed on March 24, 1944, "He seems quite incapable of
concentrating for a few minutes on end, and keeps wandering
continuously."
The book reports that "The inner circle
noted Churchill's rapid decline soon after the election. On some days
he was nearly his old self, but more often than not he was unable to
cope. The private secretary to the queen reported that Churchill often
could not follow the trend of a conversation. At one point he even
forgot that the electric power industry had been nationalized. He was
frequently unable to contain his emotions often irritable and short of
temper, at other times breaking into tears or becoming extremely
maudlin. He also suffered from delusions of grandiosity, believing that
only he could prevent a third world war."
Churchill,
always a showman, kept criticism at bay by his continuing, though less
frequent, personal flamboyance. Harold Macmillan, the most open and
persistent of those in the inner circle who tried to get Churchill to
resign, recollects visiting Churchill one morning by invitation and
finding him in bed "with a little green budgerigar sitting on his
head.... A cigar in his hand and whisky and soda by his side, from which
the little bird took sips from time to time... while Gibbonesque
sentences were rolling from the maestro's mouth about the Bomb. From
time to time the bird said a few words in a husky kind of voice like an
American actress. This was not senility but self-confident eccentricity
in the grand manner."
Eventually,
however, the book reports that "The press began to comment on the extent
of Churchill's disability. Even he began to acknowledge it. On August
29, 1954, he said to his doctor, 'I have become so stupid, Charles,
cannot you do anything for me?' Six weeks later, however, he boasted,
'If they try to get me out I will resist.' In March 1955, he spent much
of his time depressed and staring vacantly ahead."
On
April 6, 1955, after six months of almost total inactivity, he finally
succumbed to the persuasion of his friends and the pressure of his
adversaries and left 10 Downing Street. Having painfully learnt the
folly of confronting the magnitude of Churchill's disability directly,
the inner circle based its most effective arguments not on a criticism
of Churchill's poor health and impaired leadership but on the positive
state of the nation. They argued that he had fulfilled his promises to
the people about improving housing, stabilising prices, reducing
taxation, ending rationing, creating a balance of payments surplus and
increasing the rate of growth. Parliament had been sitting for four
years and now was a good time for an election. Churchill was told that
he could finish on a note of triumph. Otherwise, he would have to
undergo an election campaign. Ever mindful of the judgments of history,
Churchill yielded.
Churchill did not however die soon after but lived for another decade in declining health.
The
South African president President Thabo Mbeki made news recently with a
withering attack on Winston Churchill and other historic British
figures, calling them racists who ravaged Africa and blighted its
post-colonial development. He said British imperialists in the 19th and
20th centuries had treated Africans as savages and left a "terrible
legacy" of countries divided by race, colour, culture and religion. He
singled out Churchill as a progenitor of vicious prejudice who justified
British atrocities by depicting the continent's inhabitants as inferior
races who needed to be subdued, and pointed out that Kitchener and
Wolseley had waged ruthless campaigns in Sudan and South Africa.
Mr
Mbeki quoted a passage from "The River War", Churchill's account of
Kitchener's campaign in Sudan, which described shortcomings in
"Mohammedanism" - Islam. It said: "Besides the fanatical frenzy, which
is as dangerous in a man as hydrophobia in a dog, there is this fearful
fatalistic apathy. The effects are apparent in many countries.
Improvident habits, slovenly systems of agriculture, sluggish methods of
commerce, and insecurity of property exist wherever the followers of
the Prophet rule or live. A degraded sensualism deprives this life of
its grace and refinement; the next of its dignity and sanctity."
Richard
Toye opines that Churchill's racism, was acceptable in the early 1900s
because almost all white people held racist views at that time. He
writes that Churchill's dysfunctional family forged his attitude to
race, imperialism and war. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, briefly
Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer, "actually loathed Winston", wrote
William Manchester. "His mother, a beautiful American named Jennie
Jerome, devoted most of her time to sexual intrigue, slipping between
the sheets with handsome, powerful men in Britain, in the United States,
and on the Continent. Her husband was in no position to object. He was
an incurable syphilitic. A father who loathes you and a mother who
embarrasses you (one of her lovers was the Prince of Wales) are not a
recipe for a happy childhood and Winston's was not. He went to Harrow,
came last in class, flunked Oxford and Cambridge and was packed off to
Sandhurst as a consolation prize. Churchill's lack of a university
education nagged him throughout his adult life and he acquired many
affectations to disguise it."
Churchill
arrived in India in 1895, aged 20. He reportedly spent his time in
Bangalore, reading Plato, Aristotle, Gibbon, Macaulay and Schopenhauer,
honing his skill with words and ideas. By 1899, he was in South Africa,
covering the Boer war. He was imprisoned, escaped heroically and became
nationally famous at 24. He was elected to Parliament and, by 33, was a
cabinet minister. It would take him, it reads, despite ambition and
single-mindedness, another 32 years to become Prime Minister.
Toye
notes Churchill's pathological aversion to India and how he wished
Partition upon the subcontinent. "The mere mention of India," he writes,
"brought out a streak of unpleasantness or even irrationality in
Churchill. In March 1943, R A Butler, the education minister, visited
him at Chequers. The Prime Minister "launched into a most terrible
attack on the 'baboos', saying that they were gross, dirty and corrupt."
He even declared that he wanted the British to leave India, and - this
was a more serious remark - that he supported the principle of Pakistan.
When Butler argued that the Raj had always stood for Indian unity,
Churchill replied: "Well, if our poor troops have to be kept in a
sweltering, syphilitic climate for the sake of your precious unity, I'd
rather see them have a good civil war."
The Partition of India with Pakistan caused the death of about 2.5 million people and displaced some 12.5 million others.
