tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17956925125728656732024-03-27T06:52:01.062-07:00Indian independance movement articlesUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger303125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-72681015847546264382024-03-27T06:49:00.000-07:002024-03-27T06:51:28.833-07:00A Native Street in India (1906)<p><br /></p><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="dismissible" style="align-items: flex-start; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="text-wrapper style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-endpoint-hover-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-decoration,none);"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="expandable-metadata" style="background: transparent; 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display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; flex: 1 1 auto; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 8px 4px 4px; width: 150px;"><h4 class="macro-markers style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 6; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-lightsource-secondary-title-color); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 12rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: normal;" title="Original Footage"></h4><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="time" style="align-self: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-lightsource-icon-disabled-color); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; 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display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; flex: 1 1 auto; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 8px 4px 4px; width: 150px;"><h4 class="macro-markers style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 6; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-lightsource-secondary-title-color); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 12rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: normal;" title="Extra and Raw Footages"></h4><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="time" style="align-self: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-lightsource-icon-disabled-color); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; 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display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" overlay-style="DEFAULT" style="bottom: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 4px; position: absolute; right: 0px;"><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" is-thumbnail-badge="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px 4px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="time-status" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-text-primary); display: inline-flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); 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border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOW PLAYING</span><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" style="bottom: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: 28px; margin: 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; width: 16px;"><svg class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" id="equalizer" viewbox="0 0 55 95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer"><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="0"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="20"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="40"></rect></g></svg></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="text-wrapper style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="meta" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="title-wrapper" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="title-and-badge style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="A Native Street in India (1906) by BFI 1,662,606 views 6 years ago 2 minutes, 53 seconds" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc4ayMUxuD4&pp=ygW0ATYwIOCkuOCkvuCksiDgpKrgpLngpLLgpYcg4KSV4KS-IOCkl-CljeCksOCkvuCkruClgOCkoyDgpK3gpL7gpLDgpKQg4KSV4KWI4KS44KS-IOCkpeCkviA_SW5kaWEgSW4gMTk2MHMgfCDgpLjgpKjgpY0gMTk2MCDgpJXgpL4g4KSt4KS-4KSw4KSkIHwgVGltZSBDeWNsZSAzIEBTY2lmaXRpbWVzICBTY2lmaSBUaW1lcw%3D%3D" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); cursor: pointer; display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: normal;" title="A Native Street in India (1906)"><yt-formatted-string aria-label="A Native Street in India (1906) by BFI 1,662,606 views 6 years ago 2 minutes, 53 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer">A Native Street in India (1906)</yt-formatted-string></a></h3><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: -11px; opacity: 0;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" role="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="Action menu" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background: none; border: none; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-width,100%);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 24px; justify-content: center; width: 24px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: block; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: inherit; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></button><yt-interaction class="circular style-scope yt-icon-button" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.6M views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">6 years ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: block; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@britishfilminstitute" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/ytc/AIdro_lkq7hMs6fYaM1lUfBdcqT1iyCmH526B5RHsfslkw=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" dir="auto" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" respect-lang-dir="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); text-align: left; word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" href="https://www.youtube.com/@britishfilminstitute" spellcheck="false" style="color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">BFI</a></yt-formatted-string></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); inset: -4px auto auto 392px; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" style="align-items: center; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-display,flex); flex-direction: row; margin-right: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-margin-right); vertical-align: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-vertical-align);" system-icons=""><div aria-label="Verified" class="badge badge-style-type-verified style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" role="img" style="background: none; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-badge-display,block); flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,unset); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; white-space: var(--ytd-badge-white-space,inherit);"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" size="16" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-badge-icon-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: 14px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: 0px; position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: 14px;"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 14px; width: 14px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 14px; justify-content: center; width: 14px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: block; fill: currentcolor; height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 14px;"><svg focusable="false" height="24" style="display: inherit; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12s4.5 10 10 10 10-4.5 10-10S17.5 2 12 2zM9.8 17.3l-4.2-4.1L7 11.8l2.8 2.7L17 7.4l1.4 1.4-8.6 8.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><p class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" position="top" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></ytd-channel-name></div><div class="metadata-snippet-container style-scope ytd-video-renderer style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: normal;"><yt-formatted-string class="metadata-snippet-text style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: inline;"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Early film of a crowded street scene in an unidentified Indian city. Can you identify it? A busy street in<span> </span></span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">India</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span> </span>is filmed from a static ...</span></yt-formatted-string><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; left: 510.562px; outline: none; position: absolute; top: 144px; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="badges" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 8px;" system-icons=""><div aria-label="Fundraiser" class="badge badge-style-type-ypc style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" role="img" style="background: var(--yt-spec-badge-chip-background); border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-themed-green); display: var(--ytd-badge-display,block); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 4px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><p class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fundraiser</p></div></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></div></div><ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-search" is-search="true" mini-guide-visible="" style="--yt-horizontal-list-renderer-width: 856px; background-color: white; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1280px; min-width: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer" id="primary" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; flex: 1 1 auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 1096px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-section-list-renderer class="style-scope ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer" hide-bottom-separator="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="header-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="header" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="sub-menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" style="display: block;"><div class="style-scope ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer" id="filter-menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer" id="container" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-toggle-button-renderer align-by-text="" button-renderer="true" class="style-scope ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer" style="--paper-button-ink-color: var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive); --yt-button-margin: 0; --yt-button-padding-minus-border: 9px 15px; --yt-button-padding: 10px 16px; display: inline-block; font-size: var(--ytd-tab-system-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-tab-system-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-tab-system-letter-spacing); text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: middle;"><yt-button-shape style="display: flex; flex: 1 1 1e-09px;"></yt-button-shape><tp-yt-paper-tooltip disable-upgrade="" fit-to-visible-bounds="" offset="8" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></ytd-toggle-button-renderer></div></div></ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="contents" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-item-section-renderer class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" style="display: block;" top-spacing-zero="" use-height-hack=""><div class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" id="header" style="--yt-feed-filter-chip-bar-margin-left-first-item: 0; --yt-feed-filter-chip-bar-margin: 0; --yt-feed-filter-chip-bar-padding-left: 36px; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" id="spinner-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" id="contents" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-video-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" inline-title-icon="" is-search="" lockup="true" style="--yt-button-compact-background-color: var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); --yt-button-compact-text-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: block; margin-top: 0px; position: relative;" use-search-ui=""><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="dismissible" style="align-items: flex-start; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" loaded="" size="large" style="display: block; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin-right: 16px; max-width: 360px; min-width: 240px; position: relative;" use-hovered-property=""><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2Ay9jqCUJg&pp=ygW0ATYwIOCkuOCkvuCksiDgpKrgpLngpLLgpYcg4KSV4KS-IOCkl-CljeCksOCkvuCkruClgOCkoyDgpK3gpL7gpLDgpKQg4KSV4KWI4KS44KS-IOCkpeCkviA_SW5kaWEgSW4gMTk2MHMgfCDgpLjgpKjgpY0gMTk2MCDgpJXgpL4g4KSt4KS-4KSw4KSkIHwgVGltZSBDeWNsZSAzIEBTY2lmaXRpbWVzICBTY2lmaSBUaW1lcw%3D%3D" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 12px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 201.984px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill yt-core-image--loaded" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Y2Ay9jqCUJg/hq720.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEcCOgCEMoBSFXyq4qpAw4IARUAAIhCGAFwAcABBg==&rs=AOn4CLCEhaMXAQXS-iEAQEkV6Cq0moFsTA" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 201.984px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 360px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-resume-playback-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" style="background-color: var(--yt-spec-text-disabled); bottom: 0px; display: block; height: 4px; left: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; z-index: 1;"><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-resume-playback-renderer" id="progress" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-red); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; height: 4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 36px;"></div></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-resume-playback-renderer><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" overlay-style="DEFAULT" style="bottom: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 4px; position: absolute; right: 0px;"><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" is-thumbnail-badge="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px 4px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="time-status" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: 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position: absolute; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 1;"><span class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" id="overlay-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOW PLAYING</span><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" style="bottom: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: 28px; margin: 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; width: 16px;"><svg class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" id="equalizer" viewbox="0 0 55 95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer"><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="0"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="20"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="40"></rect></g></svg></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="text-wrapper style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="meta" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="title-wrapper" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="title-and-badge style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="60 साल पहले का ग्रामीण भारत कैसा था ?India In 1960s | सन् 1960 का भारत | Time Cycle 3 @Scifitimes by Scifi Times 1,076,080 views 11 months ago 11 minutes, 7 seconds" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2Ay9jqCUJg&pp=ygW0ATYwIOCkuOCkvuCksiDgpKrgpLngpLLgpYcg4KSV4KS-IOCkl-CljeCksOCkvuCkruClgOCkoyDgpK3gpL7gpLDgpKQg4KSV4KWI4KS44KS-IOCkpeCkviA_SW5kaWEgSW4gMTk2MHMgfCDgpLjgpKjgpY0gMTk2MCDgpJXgpL4g4KSt4KS-4KSw4KSkIHwgVGltZSBDeWNsZSAzIEBTY2lmaXRpbWVzICBTY2lmaSBUaW1lcw%3D%3D" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; cursor: pointer; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;" title="60 साल पहले का ग्रामीण भारत कैसा था ?India In 1960s | सन् 1960 का भारत | Time Cycle 3 @Scifitimes"><yt-formatted-string aria-label="60 साल पहले का ग्रामीण भारत कैसा था ?India In 1960s | सन् 1960 का भारत | Time Cycle 3 @Scifitimes by Scifi Times 1,076,080 views 11 months ago 11 minutes, 7 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer">60 साल पहले का ग्रामीण भारत कैसा था ?India In 1960s | सन् 1960 का भारत | Time Cycle 3 @Scifitimes</yt-formatted-string></a></h3><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: -11px; opacity: 0;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; 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opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1M views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">11 months ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@Scifitimes" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/NGemK-9QRQCu3957D1EwauPciaSBq81rskA5F7t3_A6t0BOFkqklJcVgBdNfAVda1eKd4gSX=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" dir="auto" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" respect-lang-dir="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" href="https://www.youtube.com/@Scifitimes" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">Scifi Times</a></yt-formatted-string></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" style="align-items: center; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-display,flex); flex-direction: row; margin-right: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-margin-right); vertical-align: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-vertical-align);" system-icons=""><div aria-label="Verified" class="badge badge-style-type-verified style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" role="img" style="background: none; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-badge-display,block); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,unset); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; white-space: var(--ytd-badge-white-space,inherit);"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" size="16" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-badge-icon-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: 14px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: 0px; position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: 14px;"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 14px; width: 14px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 14px; justify-content: center; width: 14px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 14px;"><svg focusable="false" height="24" style="display: inherit; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12s4.5 10 10 10 10-4.5 10-10S17.5 2 12 2zM9.8 17.3l-4.2-4.1L7 11.8l2.8 2.7L17 7.4l1.4 1.4-8.6 8.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><p class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" position="top" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></ytd-channel-name></div><div class="metadata-snippet-container style-scope ytd-video-renderer style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><yt-formatted-string class="metadata-snippet-text style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: inline;"><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" color="var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit)" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">60 साल पहले</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> का </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" color="var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit)" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ग्रामीण भारत कैसा था</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> ?</span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" color="var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit)" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">India</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> In </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" color="var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit)" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1960s</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> | </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" color="var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit)" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">सन् 1960</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> का </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" color="var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit)" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">भारत</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> | </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" color="var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit)" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Time Cycle 3</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> ...</span></yt-formatted-string></div></div></div></ytd-video-renderer></div></ytd-item-section-renderer></div></ytd-section-list-renderer></div></ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-32125769559495213352024-03-26T00:02:00.000-07:002024-03-26T00:13:54.615-07:00Bengal famine of 1943 Part 2 and - 3<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a 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font-size: 1.6em; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.2em; text-decoration-line: none;">Bengal famine of 1943 Part - 3</a></h1><div class="post-header-line-1"></div><div class="post-body entry-content" style="font-size: 1.4em; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding-right: 5px; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">The Bengal famine of 1943 occurred in undivided Bengal (now independent Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal) in 1943. It is estimated that over three million people died from starvation, malnutrition and related illnesses during the famine.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">This photographs are taken from Life archive hosted by Google. The photographer was William Vandivert. See the true face of British Raj and how they governed India at the end of their reign.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Photographer: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13px;"><b>William Vandivert</b></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13px;">Source:<b> Life Archive hosted by Google</b></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 13px;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.oldindianphotos.in/2009/12/bengal-famine-of-1943-part-1.html" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 1</a> | <a href="http://www.oldindianphotos.in/2009/12/bengal-famine-of-1943-part-2.html" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 2</a> | Part 3 | <a href="http://www.oldindianphotos.in/2011/12/bengal-famine-of-1943-part-4.html" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 4</a></div><br /><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPsJvTUleaR8HnvTXoiBEqE7sxuvRCfWBo211ueFiKvTvZvdRMnl-zMTm0tMeEw74aR87dnCcRmjPL6ARG5H0e9n4QCnd-fbuvJCFBW_YsQmOs6wNPPHL-V74CLhgabatoAyzT3tPoZOSk/s1600/A+young+Hindu+girl+serving+food+to+the+starving+citizens+suffering+from+the+famine.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPsJvTUleaR8HnvTXoiBEqE7sxuvRCfWBo211ueFiKvTvZvdRMnl-zMTm0tMeEw74aR87dnCcRmjPL6ARG5H0e9n4QCnd-fbuvJCFBW_YsQmOs6wNPPHL-V74CLhgabatoAyzT3tPoZOSk/s640/A+young+Hindu+girl+serving+food+to+the+starving+citizens+suffering+from+the+famine.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="412" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> A young Hindu girl serving food to the starving citizens suffering from the famine</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_Ccu24TGk5I2nhIoM_fVJnoiAXoeLMM1kDv0Kr24FlW_-A81hjKg7tRkA7xsRuQScpb6Qto7NH65XbOcQIvTMoDeeQYHmEeBoIa7s-dMjxJd01kdZC9OqlZEQCtFQrFF4LP3vb0Epw97/s1600/An+old+64+year+old+peasant+and+his+granddaughter.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_Ccu24TGk5I2nhIoM_fVJnoiAXoeLMM1kDv0Kr24FlW_-A81hjKg7tRkA7xsRuQScpb6Qto7NH65XbOcQIvTMoDeeQYHmEeBoIa7s-dMjxJd01kdZC9OqlZEQCtFQrFF4LP3vb0Epw97/s640/An+old+64+year+old+peasant+and+his+granddaughter.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> An old 64 year old peasant and his granddaughter</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfykaSq3p8gylZAwK5Mz_X3C-ctnV_xphse8sE62HAHwNHm0lNROhybKdDuHHW9O5kxgKQ5wdaHeo_pM8qtZR6wragKtO_MADAYZHVmTpuohgR5Ab4Gn7AUMnpBoV_9zKqABEs6pDOHzJ0/s1600/ARP+truck+sweepers+disposing+corpses+and+carrying+them+to+one+of+Calcutta%2527s+burning+ghats.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfykaSq3p8gylZAwK5Mz_X3C-ctnV_xphse8sE62HAHwNHm0lNROhybKdDuHHW9O5kxgKQ5wdaHeo_pM8qtZR6wragKtO_MADAYZHVmTpuohgR5Ab4Gn7AUMnpBoV_9zKqABEs6pDOHzJ0/s640/ARP+truck+sweepers+disposing+corpses+and+carrying+them+to+one+of+Calcutta%2527s+burning+ghats.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> ARP truck sweepers disposing corpses and carrying them to one of Calcutta's burning ghats</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7EMvjJYHZ8YlVlLj0z9pfs9boMFJ02HOz_IpX36ICUHQuup_sFkr-E-w_-AdEDhhWRz9XOdfdH4bBC5lar3WjObD5u0-PuduTz9Op9ZT6G32ly6pgdht30zK5-_hG0dS9x8s3LUSxsrNK/s1600/Children+poking+grain+cars+with+wires%252C+trying+to+pierce+bags+and+pull+grain+down+into+bags+b.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7EMvjJYHZ8YlVlLj0z9pfs9boMFJ02HOz_IpX36ICUHQuup_sFkr-E-w_-AdEDhhWRz9XOdfdH4bBC5lar3WjObD5u0-PuduTz9Op9ZT6G32ly6pgdht30zK5-_hG0dS9x8s3LUSxsrNK/s640/Children+poking+grain+cars+with+wires%252C+trying+to+pierce+bags+and+pull+grain+down+into+bags+b.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Children poking grain cars with wires, trying to pierce bags and pull grain down into bags </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbNSsIMUwGtRmIuH8eCEz5pzU6xeK_J2u-8LrVbuCLrKKQ_Nna-PGVij8lATFm_-qg3HF3Qi8ZYrl4zunxAtnAuaPrZmvwvBJmc5tutnn95IkDot77akP43rqkngwZvfLVslg4-ySFPow3/s1600/Distribution+of+food+grain+a.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbNSsIMUwGtRmIuH8eCEz5pzU6xeK_J2u-8LrVbuCLrKKQ_Nna-PGVij8lATFm_-qg3HF3Qi8ZYrl4zunxAtnAuaPrZmvwvBJmc5tutnn95IkDot77akP43rqkngwZvfLVslg4-ySFPow3/s640/Distribution+of+food+grain+a.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Transportation of food grain</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEJQXNyrEqmaqYY6Fndrnlr_yzcKJIpOM1RkohMo5aAHsO9RcQFXEEJc1H3eZofHyKn9uagHaRqwXxkYLZ2YUu0QSw5mWLJP-fXtjZ3JHUTSCWldLfPyDBs9LxKSJxw-mrVG10fZFn1r8s/s1600/Distribution+of+Milk+bengal+famine+1943.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEJQXNyrEqmaqYY6Fndrnlr_yzcKJIpOM1RkohMo5aAHsO9RcQFXEEJc1H3eZofHyKn9uagHaRqwXxkYLZ2YUu0QSw5mWLJP-fXtjZ3JHUTSCWldLfPyDBs9LxKSJxw-mrVG10fZFn1r8s/s640/Distribution+of+Milk+bengal+famine+1943.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Distribution of milk between children in a relief camp</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6HMDbOlNqc8k0ahtr-JKng84cS3d0ZSGHWtafSaXSvZLVYvOMrstuwEjaRWI1xqfKuOikr9FdzWkUQEaiwh1DfMOqW4L7-V0u4YNcWjICSQ2s777z_up7PyJJNi4tSLHKX432rJznBrvz/s1600/Famine+Affected+Man+Changing+his+Cloth.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6HMDbOlNqc8k0ahtr-JKng84cS3d0ZSGHWtafSaXSvZLVYvOMrstuwEjaRWI1xqfKuOikr9FdzWkUQEaiwh1DfMOqW4L7-V0u4YNcWjICSQ2s777z_up7PyJJNi4tSLHKX432rJznBrvz/s640/Famine+Affected+Man+Changing+his+Cloth.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> A famine affected man changing his cloth</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio4JIMW3htLtfwl-evgbMKQVCbwWRho7seoh9o4evNoMd0Xf9fqJw4aTC1UhL1Mrqai1-S1Pdi6_U0DBfrKCSV3PAtpdxD3oWmq1nmz8T0UqXJd7WnW0sBpPzSi4Q0KQfAGVqjReGiQiPb/s1600/Famine+affected+mother+and+child+Bengal+1943.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio4JIMW3htLtfwl-evgbMKQVCbwWRho7seoh9o4evNoMd0Xf9fqJw4aTC1UhL1Mrqai1-S1Pdi6_U0DBfrKCSV3PAtpdxD3oWmq1nmz8T0UqXJd7WnW0sBpPzSi4Q0KQfAGVqjReGiQiPb/s640/Famine+affected+mother+and+child+Bengal+1943.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Mother feeding her baby</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmdPNP3YworV7Az2JMVskwfIlwKTUg-3SmVDoQXi_pGizV1ToIioUWivh-AofP7uDktE320640xqhLQEf07cSljvGcEZBKKW3i-CF7ubY30oCz-rDFHGFKevuNQwWrL8lJxajq2w_tSuEN/s1600/Famine+Affected+People+e.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmdPNP3YworV7Az2JMVskwfIlwKTUg-3SmVDoQXi_pGizV1ToIioUWivh-AofP7uDktE320640xqhLQEf07cSljvGcEZBKKW3i-CF7ubY30oCz-rDFHGFKevuNQwWrL8lJxajq2w_tSuEN/s640/Famine+Affected+People+e.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Famine affected people</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu0izePbdLV0I6xjX7QbyfReyWfSgajJkF7mi2r3MSrOgx3eKrsb51Z97OMkabAB1pW5xKdQI8v0CLIHBagBR2M1QwKP9NniWMN6woZq2viN0N3n8ZTw8rprq0N-jRzLYstZ_P0KLN8dDK/s1600/Famine+Affected+People+family.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu0izePbdLV0I6xjX7QbyfReyWfSgajJkF7mi2r3MSrOgx3eKrsb51Z97OMkabAB1pW5xKdQI8v0CLIHBagBR2M1QwKP9NniWMN6woZq2viN0N3n8ZTw8rprq0N-jRzLYstZ_P0KLN8dDK/s640/Famine+Affected+People+family.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Famine Affected family</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnlVBVn95yj45i4ePevX8hxRgAnivoMJ8Gtn05nxI0ZBgjLMs1YL16kq4jTxF3g204PuCJE-nZ_pD7q58ADScsA1o3JPjxrgj1qm0yz7gshpDQyyWQQX31EwanZYFvvpBZILOLEj9FiPuH/s1600/Hindus+burning+their+starved+dead.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnlVBVn95yj45i4ePevX8hxRgAnivoMJ8Gtn05nxI0ZBgjLMs1YL16kq4jTxF3g204PuCJE-nZ_pD7q58ADScsA1o3JPjxrgj1qm0yz7gshpDQyyWQQX31EwanZYFvvpBZILOLEj9FiPuH/s640/Hindus+burning+their+starved+dead.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Hindus burning their starved dead</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4aHW_dR3qQ5dayqRfD95FPAoPJ6rngDxa64gxge3dJsurjJVq6lWqu4YbtLIGjV-x1vR1cXlcXUqV7K1DT0v86Ym_3pAYnSDCZZKoMYkZoH9XEbvvL8u_oaOJyNT1jy1UhlsZec0A8TdY/s1600/People+working+in+a+field+in+famine+affected+bengal+1943.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4aHW_dR3qQ5dayqRfD95FPAoPJ6rngDxa64gxge3dJsurjJVq6lWqu4YbtLIGjV-x1vR1cXlcXUqV7K1DT0v86Ym_3pAYnSDCZZKoMYkZoH9XEbvvL8u_oaOJyNT1jy1UhlsZec0A8TdY/s640/People+working+in+a+field+in+famine+affected+bengal+1943.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> People working in a field in famine affected Bengal </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOSMTbl6qzvz2KlvV6yzXpt2UGzWrcY1sfHCjxXb_SmW5ofpvbJsE1wfpEtWNsrFjrhLBkA0RIoRHcsRFSSLXNa0pkO1L1nGOnfng1MfjzaqTI72ysAgsPbZqW1BNam7pKmbYT1hs3IycB/s1600/Relief+officials+at+work+b.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOSMTbl6qzvz2KlvV6yzXpt2UGzWrcY1sfHCjxXb_SmW5ofpvbJsE1wfpEtWNsrFjrhLBkA0RIoRHcsRFSSLXNa0pkO1L1nGOnfng1MfjzaqTI72ysAgsPbZqW1BNam7pKmbYT1hs3IycB/s640/Relief+officials+at+work+b.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Relief officials at work </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkI_QGvB38RjCwZBRCj-bpL8bKZt174NdAhmNxSfZsNTpZ_ZXld-5lYcnIiQzGNNOZbHC0kw8To4D3ZY_Jli195jC25qr1JKGbb9zFXH754bDn5lvRfJjwBTl2FXjh2HexK9seAN6KeJ5j/s1600/Relief+Officials+b.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkI_QGvB38RjCwZBRCj-bpL8bKZt174NdAhmNxSfZsNTpZ_ZXld-5lYcnIiQzGNNOZbHC0kw8To4D3ZY_Jli195jC25qr1JKGbb9zFXH754bDn5lvRfJjwBTl2FXjh2HexK9seAN6KeJ5j/s640/Relief+Officials+b.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="413" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Relief officials at work </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDZojxbRibP-EhxRmDdIrQu-MLMPCzpgJCEUhM8EIBZQctQa-pNPWeDavH-T-B1FZm0QG8fZArCWIeFEoIdfWbYnIm9_cmIgaWygnN_Dv7FNiN46SEP7b2W3SHJHceLDJ_DiHHLnLnw4kD/s1600/Relief+Trucks+c.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDZojxbRibP-EhxRmDdIrQu-MLMPCzpgJCEUhM8EIBZQctQa-pNPWeDavH-T-B1FZm0QG8fZArCWIeFEoIdfWbYnIm9_cmIgaWygnN_Dv7FNiN46SEP7b2W3SHJHceLDJ_DiHHLnLnw4kD/s640/Relief+Trucks+c.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Relief trucks carrying famine affected people</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0t8whxJcJmhJtWCzL9vbjXpy_Z2GMZ1ry9cxu35sRR3A0R-dCxGCu-QO_ERygWD84Ipgo5IEOWUrcwrs_Ml-6jhNJv1u15sFLLV8TgAn3LC_lmgubu99T5F2t_Oy49y4q13GVyhkpahs3/s1600/Relief+Trucks+e.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0t8whxJcJmhJtWCzL9vbjXpy_Z2GMZ1ry9cxu35sRR3A0R-dCxGCu-QO_ERygWD84Ipgo5IEOWUrcwrs_Ml-6jhNJv1u15sFLLV8TgAn3LC_lmgubu99T5F2t_Oy49y4q13GVyhkpahs3/s640/Relief+Trucks+e.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Relief trucks carrying famine affected people</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9C8RmJn6y0KairBXDZXWUoKvOEmwCgK5lqtfZTI6qIJu262VwbfV9Ax4z8jtnm4cafmBFoOnSqgmLE4vjEBvAs84xCunKiq-40HpcI2X-qrKOnMmCzY9Hvn_kEBZ7bDZp7G2_hj3-1eu/s1600/Relief+Trucks.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9C8RmJn6y0KairBXDZXWUoKvOEmwCgK5lqtfZTI6qIJu262VwbfV9Ax4z8jtnm4cafmBFoOnSqgmLE4vjEBvAs84xCunKiq-40HpcI2X-qrKOnMmCzY9Hvn_kEBZ7bDZp7G2_hj3-1eu/s640/Relief+Trucks.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Relief trucks</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnT1B6AVwdrBtFxjIE41sS_1yUQ2Chp8xwMZGkRt8UaAgXvV_WkI3Ew5l-DrMUN41jvUCr6uEVg8OlAkaqqN-T9TUsul_ZHLnHlD3m_qJpyP6I3E93pGQPnmRjr8ToB1l9fBoz58ILe6Hc/s1600/Starving+families+sitting+in+the+hot+scortching+sun+c.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnT1B6AVwdrBtFxjIE41sS_1yUQ2Chp8xwMZGkRt8UaAgXvV_WkI3Ew5l-DrMUN41jvUCr6uEVg8OlAkaqqN-T9TUsul_ZHLnHlD3m_qJpyP6I3E93pGQPnmRjr8ToB1l9fBoz58ILe6Hc/s640/Starving+families+sitting+in+the+hot+scortching+sun+c.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Starving families sitting in the hot scortching sun </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGq0qvx8eGO-n4IOEdYh8moyO0XxwPBG24M93myrgyyWbQFOE7URw74MvHO5HVxpL5UtB2rpZf-4lKExBEl-KIZA-O00ILA0AKC4e6KpjNohW6e5TGv41OpZdkCWTEgx8hF4Z4pixAEkgU/s1600/Starving+families+sitting+in+the+hot+scortching+sun.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGq0qvx8eGO-n4IOEdYh8moyO0XxwPBG24M93myrgyyWbQFOE7URw74MvHO5HVxpL5UtB2rpZf-4lKExBEl-KIZA-O00ILA0AKC4e6KpjNohW6e5TGv41OpZdkCWTEgx8hF4Z4pixAEkgU/s640/Starving+families+sitting+in+the+hot+scortching+sun.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Starving Child</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpn6DRq13SRJTMCWXuODmx8pvljRpvKw3RxZvkcOsk2Pra845-rcUcDbAaESx-uw1Np2RXsadj8vMVTJ0Bo_0mf4nkYe11QPqDUgJalngEPVGU8lLwJemkQYukDWWWTRMRsO0s2_BkLrXa/s1600/Starving+People+lining+up+for+food+a.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpn6DRq13SRJTMCWXuODmx8pvljRpvKw3RxZvkcOsk2Pra845-rcUcDbAaESx-uw1Np2RXsadj8vMVTJ0Bo_0mf4nkYe11QPqDUgJalngEPVGU8lLwJemkQYukDWWWTRMRsO0s2_BkLrXa/s640/Starving+People+lining+up+for+food+a.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Starving People lining up for food</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioLvyduxi5hDsYoKjfqhiBfRuK1Jh8xM4E5eDjWFwy8ECPC5LZ-7G_5JHwG3iPUW5x_4ujuv3DLJ5JDceKNzIZsOlsYSdr7CQSpSByg4Wwow7dy_tX87zeew5cNIKggO4bVF6TQe6iMS4a/s1600/Starving+People+lining+up+for+food+c.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioLvyduxi5hDsYoKjfqhiBfRuK1Jh8xM4E5eDjWFwy8ECPC5LZ-7G_5JHwG3iPUW5x_4ujuv3DLJ5JDceKNzIZsOlsYSdr7CQSpSByg4Wwow7dy_tX87zeew5cNIKggO4bVF6TQe6iMS4a/s640/Starving+People+lining+up+for+food+c.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Starving People lining up for food </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDZZibRYOyGP_GiTYb6AOLtMrDs2dX3RQWZJzEdznTCzhfhQFPvrpcQND1WC45NtfzYYzdmWQ1GTCZiMApf_eyT9tjajuMLF2j_llMi6BspGv6fT41IS53Xv0iv8bF4M60DmdDc_Rky7Sm/s1600/Starving+People+lining+up+for+food.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDZZibRYOyGP_GiTYb6AOLtMrDs2dX3RQWZJzEdznTCzhfhQFPvrpcQND1WC45NtfzYYzdmWQ1GTCZiMApf_eyT9tjajuMLF2j_llMi6BspGv6fT41IS53Xv0iv8bF4M60DmdDc_Rky7Sm/s640/Starving+People+lining+up+for+food.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Starving People lining up for food in a relief camp</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsZKhFbvlHlw3XpvSPyyfmGp_wMnV3U4lsMz6U2UsH141Nd3VDvcw2v2EObS_LU4If7dqHtgAeaEG29WGpPiB49ny2mO-AGI3XKqf9IeDequajXtXF3UBSDwklMXHTFd4YO0ZS4JGBnf1C/s1600/The+skeleton+of+a+starved+man+lying+in+a+field+after+being+eaten+by+vultures+and+jackals.jpg" style="color: #5588aa; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsZKhFbvlHlw3XpvSPyyfmGp_wMnV3U4lsMz6U2UsH141Nd3VDvcw2v2EObS_LU4If7dqHtgAeaEG29WGpPiB49ny2mO-AGI3XKqf9IeDequajXtXF3UBSDwklMXHTFd4YO0ZS4JGBnf1C/s640/The+skeleton+of+a+starved+man+lying+in+a+field+after+being+eaten+by+vultures+and+jackals.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; max-width: 90%; padding: 18px;" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">The skeleton of a starved man lying in a field after being eaten by vultures and jackals</div></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="color: #999999; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 13.884px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0.75em 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-author vcard">POSTED BY <span class="fn">OLD INDIAN PHOTOS</span> </span><span class="post-timestamp">AT <a class="timestamp-link" href="https://www.oldindianphotos.in/2011/12/bengal-famine-of-1943-part-3.html" rel="bookmark" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration-line: none;" title="permanent link"><abbr class="published" style="border: none;" title="2011-12-10T21:56:00+05:30">9:56 PM</abbr></a> </span><span class="post-comment-link"></span><span class="post-icons"></span><span class="post-backlinks post-comment-link"></span><span class="post-labels">LABELS: <a href="https://www.oldindianphotos.in/search/label/1940s?max-results=5" rel="tag" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration-line: none;">1940S</a>, <a href="https://www.oldindianphotos.in/search/label/Bengal?max-results=5" rel="tag" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration-line: none;">BENGAL</a>, <a href="https://www.oldindianphotos.in/search/label/Calcutta?max-results=5" rel="tag" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration-line: none;">CALCUTTA</a>, <a href="https://www.oldindianphotos.in/search/label/Common%20People?max-results=5" rel="tag" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration-line: none;">COMMON PEOPLE</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-2"><span class="reaction-buttons"></span></div><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-3"></div></div></div><div class="comments" id="comments" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 10px;"><a name="comments"></a><div id="backlinks-container"><div id="Blog1_backlinks-container"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="blog-pager" id="blog-pager" style="color: #333333; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-65989683086974303122024-03-26T00:00:00.000-07:002024-03-26T00:16:18.344-07:00Bengal famine under Churchill 1943-45<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTKI8Zr9-wwvyehwohqM56XLgXaOgHkDnf5kPp_zdt6-WvDwROvI1FvcR3nz9dSs0_qqik_qL_V5YjktMgMoUWZVBE405VgxO5ELEuDwvrnlH_ThdALLFe9_XeiePdMVtINTyWQmThCeGaqpdU4xsk8WdSZncqZu2OWOeCvY7pbhRGfPt0DFi5eupQZcE" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="290" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTKI8Zr9-wwvyehwohqM56XLgXaOgHkDnf5kPp_zdt6-WvDwROvI1FvcR3nz9dSs0_qqik_qL_V5YjktMgMoUWZVBE405VgxO5ELEuDwvrnlH_ThdALLFe9_XeiePdMVtINTyWQmThCeGaqpdU4xsk8WdSZncqZu2OWOeCvY7pbhRGfPt0DFi5eupQZcE=w640-h384" width="640" /></a></div><br /><a class="FRuiCf islib 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HsXcS2Ll5HdrlvLlZlVSMzidBoIGm5Pyq24XheGS415LY8xplpJyk/FlBMJPUADc1F8fNp3a3mGcgBcupBAJgAbamKCE4V+kARCZ1cZbZADOgHMVJaBBI1O46DeozxDw5WvqjQrlWZ8p5R8yNlAJO0hTFP8AG4p8Lcm4zoGUZc4yhgukBSmaZ6kr7a1XMNbOOxKBy7I1xVYiMxE65e0Lqe00GmrZt3bC2WYZymVSu6qy8ra9ss675PSpDhvBrOHseSigoQc5bVrhIhmc9SR/pUXieEIrW08xUTQqqyLjeWAJL5pMKcus/HUnZuZrbM0g5mUn91TGnYGDr+NBU8Twbyry20tsyzKNqwHVVbqAJmfT5U14rjW4dhlFq2md7rgz/WMmN4OUR2q1cPxnmG5eIhFzkT0CQBPuATVT8U3iq4d1Be5bIuBQJDZjDMdZ3K7A/FQQDLxO4ttiXlyznKxW5A2z6jKgUHKmg1JiTrdr2CvX1w6I2YQHuPIGRH7Tq0KGA6ncxNReA4/bxFxLPMjnMX/VsXUQZGYk5QTCyRAzCrfwfEIbt5cwzDIsdYRSSfq/4UEu9kZMg0EQPQRArM/EfmeWURyitcCXDu4t7GNZgaTAjmOulaY9wQPXb1rM+JcQxeHNw2cufzLmcPqfLzFkAXosPMzJJNBaLGB8zC+QjFZtg22JBkrAJPud/wClVQxNrEXLdxXtNksA+YGAJLAwVGUc8DmJjYDeavOCxAuWbNxQDyIVdNVkqMwgbAkEa7UvxZ18i6xc2x5bEsIldD9ZP50Ga4pcNaWcrI5RYRWcKdoJEL29RrTnw9wJnw74i2oJJyhSBDKHUuRAkjlI9waq/BOF3b921buGFLqgUnuROg6amtztIqAIgChQAqjQADQCKCB8H27n6ZbZwoHluBlIII6H1rS6qPA+F21xJvDNmIICk8iaDNlX1jr6xEmrdQFFFFAUUUUBRRRQFFFFBA+NMULWCu3CCQmRiBuQLiEge4kVi3jDjNm8yvhMUwd2OdCLiQMqhW1ECMpEA65vStk8f4ZrnDsSi/EyAD3zrFY5e4NbsWMRbupmuQrB4Eo8MbcdRmLqpXXb2oIjDYq5bsm4we4xYpzEOimMymfiQxqNs0HeCKc8AxVxGS5euMEbOy5zo0ArMnXckU34dhxcxDWEzoW5XthxJyakaypg6wddwDVy8Q+Gba4EqjF3tAtnaJK5uZRGigRsP2RQU8cQxCC49tmtoXz51JXlLhDl2zQza/PtUnh/GbC6BdLXsPIkXFQuR1cymp9JG29SvBkt3beEtumYZPKydSWtN5piOgWPctWdnUCdxoR/n6ig+hsA2e2DkKEBlykg5cpIUcpI2jbvUP4oxotYRrqmWbIqyZAbMD79Npqh4rF4r/h73kunLcdLd0KSCotoiIwMyM4yho027mmz8RxNzBLZuKXXOHW42pCAaLtrG+pO8Gg1ktKK42ADA+ggn8CaiMLjcuBF88xIZhO55iqAx+6F19KTa+wwKLbUEm2qmA77aECAexEsa84q6JgfLAyfqVZVO8RLjXqP76CX4NxG3etgowJUKrqPuNlBy/jSd52tlyMiAwxZzoAfiMTrAEAD8OtG8PX1w925eLMc6oq203d5IC9ZJiQI+8a54v40uut1Xtra0uWwmaXzGFlughh2/a3oLda455jeZZtm9a5RKmIJGY6bzDLpGka1zaxWGw9xG8jI+UwiLmYB2kknQCSDA9TVd+zK9dti5buIwTMAp6K/OrfIlMvaQO4pn434lesX3yFR5yytwbhDyZZ6EZYnsaC6cUOCx2HU3TKEkLuLgYGGEAEgzH4dxTLhz8OwIVreaWzQYe46iYOkErJBHcwazPhfFhbt3FnXRtSebNCMNDI2B0I6aiACvwTj7WWaFUhgNwdSCJIMzJ7zQaNh2/TcQbivmw6qpWFZWLSQymYgSrSCJ/OnmO4ylm663GVUW2mXYQ2uZROmqlIHp6iobwDfZ8LeuE5B5rw0TlUIhYgE9Dm9JJ0pFODi9dNm8S4czcJPNIth5nprA0oF8D5l/CW7diOdRcv3C20EnyiRs2hUzt9aa8A4umJxf6tSSq2wQRqqoxLwOvMEBjuD2pDjfCksOl21edVzW0a3nOQjK5QMJ1WFjKd5J6mmPh3ihHFVuXNA4e2SAAByggn0lBqe9BonGrNw22uWERroAgNylwGBy5um0ieoFRHBhibNu62JVE8xmcZQG8vKnxMQSCpCnTprrzAVa+tUP7SMQxtsiFgwTNykiVz2wwIG6wTM6UFg8NcdXGWhdFuGUlGAiA4AOk9CCCPpVd+0LhNy4yYrDh5RclxVkPAMqyj70AmfSO1Qv2YcWcXLlmeUjzB3DSFY+3wz7dBNXt8Uxz8pV1GgGxMEjKYjWd6Cr+FvFNu3hbdpbZe7muZgpCjLJbOWOgkHb0rvxZxhb/D3ey2uZBcQ/Ggzg6x0zAc20Gqj41LpezeWtnOnMqMCSSzBmMAakAfUetReA4u9u4j2yUI0Dj8j3B6jY0Eh4RxjHF2QDJzMf7CO3+GnieIXVRfGIdrpcHKWOUroWldgOkab6bVHjioW7myJauZXVHCkoFdGXYakw2UHpvtNQGHYo0EbGCPag+hvBHGFxYS6BlPMrLMwwH5EEH51dqyz7KjabLctMEZlZbloNILLIVwDqpj5QfQVqdAUUUUBRRRQFFFFAUUUUET4mu5MLcb0X8WA+e+1ZlqdLgN4C2Wk6jkgodROaR0iCBWi+Mny4K8cpaAsKolic6wB6zEVm3DMalxM9slSXkgjUCTICwCM2kkjad6DtFS4guImd5UKwUB4jOkvpAjrOm3pUlhgHhnt5CCysQQyhGbPmnSdd9J1PzZcKwuQhZARVkLuSFkHm0mZHQRJ3kUAhJSEJXWAcp1kKTruQPTagWTh1q1LINcz5srEEZgCY1JiJ23n2qH8ZcDS5YF+3CvbGUoIE2wzdJ3WZ9RPpUsq57gYsFMZQyzlJYFYI67r3+Gl1ZdF5WmeX4mjLqDr2M+kn3oMsTFXVttbR2C3MouL0fK0ifY66VP+EvFPkEWMQM9jNKkiTbJOunVDJ03E0rxTg8c1pAx8zy9DoFBcOWB22EH1qJ4vhAh/VDO8yI1MbER7g0GqcJwgCXRlBQ3LhtzqMrMTy9l9vWsyx/Fg2KdLrjJ/0dAQqKhyggHXkYZieoDd4qfbxWMGBbRQeZUYO7ZVdUth9IMLMzlgTPU1C3fCd4lrzEXLjPne2kAw7HMBmBBbMYgiDrrpQM7odrj20nzLaOSMuZvMtsIVNJBzHcfKnfhvhNu884gOOVneZRgWMW31EkGWIYTqpmrpw3hdvRxbyXMttXJy51yKVkw7AaFNJmBvtXVq81zs6ssQYCMdYjqNOs9Jign+FgESNSAJJEEsBudIk7mOtZ5424c922MRbJKWbdvOp1aXuOGMjSByzHf3q94K6qq4JCAHMc0LlECZO0epjemOGjnRnS/ZuDIBbAJCXDGU5SQQuusaKZO1Bj+CyLeALDI0KzbAI4AafaZ/q1dvFfhvD4fCI9mWueaoLHeMryuXYCYPy3ioWx4KxDX3tQURCQ111IXJJhgDGYkDYfhvVsxXAsRfAwxunLbyMuJZSGbKsKjKGhjzHmzAgLsZoH/A8Kv/AA/D2FBPnhWcf/ncbzLhPoULL9KluEODexJIGcXSimNcvl23Py5gPkK8w1g2VCoqkGATJPNlAB11CyByjvOms94HC+V5j3LmZ7jZ2KjLl9AJOgEdelBVvFtgO10W2cwly68ksoawbIyoD8Ojvt1mqPhro87M55BIY+lwZPyJrWBwy2HlUAZluKTqQ4uMHeJOmomD+1FZ3guD6qj6ZoWCJDsjTlM/tLmj1jvQWX7O/FT3Zwl98zoD5bnd1XdT3YDWdyPaTI8RwbtijfGq27ZQJEhmYw2boFgrPcT2qk43CfqhjcMgRrV2AqbIykEjSMwJjp95vWrBd8U3xL27Csj3EXMzkeW720IVgqnc9e7AdqCurwJrdwPauFCxMlScuUmSigasI0g7xrV34JYuI10uzNnZTlgwkHZDtkYREbSZM60rw/FJezNbEMhCmQNyAxynqs9RvTtFYmSYgAjtQV3j3h5sTF4lEuC24MjVjIKhm2AAzA6GM3oIzC21tbizqgdcw3BUHmI9CJitW8R8JfFoqC+UGYk8uZX7A5SNAem3faqDxLwZirUkKtxR95Gkx3ymD8hNBN4Pw4tzEHDXSXtrbNy3dSJe2YFtlPeWEj909xUf4m8PJZRGtzlQhXLfEWeSCdBoCAP6w+fvA7mOsC3bCv5byVBGYKHiQRuqkgGBGvcmKsXE7T3rXl+bnRmBIS0VU5ZIJd3ZmIIGogQKB/8AZFg7Re3dgrdQXkMgAOpbNIPWJA9NfStkqjeEuHpaaxbtqMqI0MQM0sssfdjqavNAUUUUBRRRQFFFFAUUUUFc8fX/AC+HYh/2UB+jrWQ2PE1lgGZmLHlPmKrQSANwM2T2npW0eLEDYS6DOy7b/EtY++AtDRrKgOGDNlh9+U8gVA09RDET70DxOKSRDKCx+7vMQRDfECpkdZIJjo8uvcW4ZGYOx8sBlACKqhiJ0OuTU7F/eq/huHIbmU23k7NmYoQdCAqsBGp+Pp0qyXcUBlZTmyLdMn0QS3sSp+dAxzqpIZHAOp5jkkmcw2A0CmRI9qd5FLJcGYk5SpBIMjVdQIO8dyCQZGzG9iguGC3Lii4fLL5ToocgW1AY7xBJOoy1xZtNCoknmVtfuzMw2kyJG3U60DrEWtObQFrjXMpiJZHOuvXSYnXTuEsFhLdy4zZw5jlA+AAyRyiCwk7aiJ3NLpbvXLZRWVGVf+o1uQXJH3ZjUTG5Bn5tuCYV1JueYt1iRm5Msz8B5WgaD/eaB1f4Rb8s23RcuragEGd8sjQ6D2IncmGrO9tTACylu3ztlPJc5JjNpB1nU7damruKAkueVGJOmymdf6pAE67z1qA4vjwLtvJb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photos, reports, drawings"><div aria-hidden="true" class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="987" data-sz="16" jsaction="error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAMAAAAoLQ9TAAAAOVBMVEVHcExLn0VLpR07j2cAZqBVqiZDohEAZqAAZqAAYqT6/PkxhXfh7t3C3bp7uWbV58+Qw4CmzZpYqjnu2Fj3AAAACXRSTlMA////////7XbbktCDAAAAa0lEQVQYlWWPjQ6AIAiEEQXENK33f9iwXH/eBhvfBncARAm3JALE8FEE+QIBa6q9umwwoJ5Mzi+L0xMEImZGRhpAiXNOJTV8QFpraZlfYC/bOoH6rBATIt1HQ3f0zqz9ADpSXcGm6NNz//cPC5QFvEgLQ4sAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; fill: rgb(95, 99, 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jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 279px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Real causes of the devastating Bengal famine, 1943 | by Prakhar Singh | Medium</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 172px; margin-left: -7px; margin-right: -8px; margin-top: 4px; 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aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Medium</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">devastating Bengal famine, 1943 ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="0" data-cr="0" data-ct="6" data-hveid="CAEQOg" data-ictx="1" data-id="qjKkD-eXzDwklM" data-oh="1280" data-os="-2" data-ow="1269" data-ri="4" data-tbnid="qjKkD-eXzDwklM" data-tw="224" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQMygEegQIARA6" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQMygHegQIARBA" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 191px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">The Blame – and the Shame – of Three Million Bengali Dead</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 180px; margin-left: -2px; margin-right: -6px; position: relative;"><img alt="The Blame – and the Shame – of Three Million Bengali Dead" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1052" height="180" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: none;" width="199" /></div><div class="Dv4WMb mvjhOe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); height: 180px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 191px;"></div></a><a aria-label="The WireShame – of Three Million Bengali Dead" class="iGVLpd kGQAp BqKtob lNHeqe" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQr4kDegQIARBB" href="https://thewire.in/history/the-blame-and-the-shame-of-three-million-bengali-dead" jsaction="focus:trigger.HTIQtd;mousedown:trigger.HTIQtd;touchstart:trigger.HTIQtd;;" jsname="uy6ald" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2962ff; display: inline-block; margin-top: 6px; padding: 0px 4px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; width: 191px;" target="_blank" title="The Blame – and the Shame – of Three Million Bengali Dead"><div aria-hidden="true" class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1052" data-sz="16" jsaction="error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAMAAAAoLQ9TAAAAWlBMVEW3HBy3Gxu2Ghq4Hx+5IiK7KSm6JSXBOzvGS0vckZHZhoblrq7ScnLDQkLHUFDPaWnLWlrhoaHelpbjp6fqvb3lr6/uy8vajIzOY2P24uLw0dHXgYG+MTHVe3vQuJ/qAAAAZElEQVQYla2OxwqAMBBEs2421agp9vj/v6kRBNGb+I5TmGHsFwAeAgmoLorPa8dlo1TrZNvxQ0EffNQ2pt4Mozjq1TSnpbNxseuwlgTkzdUyaBO2FOgcQIZIxIlyxvs2wOvAR3brrwPGsLB7oQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-right: 4px; width: 12px;" /><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">The Wire</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Shame – of Three Million Bengali Dead</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="21" data-cl="6" data-cr="21" data-ct="12" data-hveid="CAEQQg" data-ictx="1" data-id="RJXGnl7PGhfH0M" data-oh="538" data-os="-2" data-ow="1024" data-ri="8" data-sc="1" data-tbnid="RJXGnl7PGhfH0M" data-tw="310" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQMygIegQIARBC" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 290px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Study Says Winston Churchill's Policies Caused the 1943 Bengal Famine</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 163px; margin-left: -4px; margin-right: -16px; margin-top: 9px; position: relative;"><img alt="Study Says Winston Churchill's Policies Caused the 1943 Bengal Famine" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1059" height="163" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: none;" width="310" /></div><div class="Dv4WMb mvjhOe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); height: 180px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 290px;"></div></a><a aria-label="The Wire1943 Bengal Famine" class="iGVLpd kGQAp BqKtob lNHeqe" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQr4kDegQIARBD" href="https://thewire.in/the-sciences/study-winston-churchill-policies-1943-bengal-famine" jsaction="focus:trigger.HTIQtd;mousedown:trigger.HTIQtd;touchstart:trigger.HTIQtd;;" jsname="uy6ald" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2962ff; display: inline-block; margin-top: 6px; padding: 0px 4px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; width: 290px;" target="_blank" title="Study Says Winston Churchill's Policies Caused the 1943 Bengal Famine"><div aria-hidden="true" class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1059" data-sz="16" jsaction="error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAMAAAAoLQ9TAAAAWlBMVEW3HBy3Gxu2Ghq4Hx+5IiK7KSm6JSXBOzvGS0vckZHZhoblrq7ScnLDQkLHUFDPaWnLWlrhoaHelpbjp6fqvb3lr6/uy8vajIzOY2P24uLw0dHXgYG+MTHVe3vQuJ/qAAAAZElEQVQYla2OxwqAMBBEs2421agp9vj/v6kRBNGb+I5TmGHsFwAeAgmoLorPa8dlo1TrZNvxQ0EffNQ2pt4Mozjq1TSnpbNxseuwlgTkzdUyaBO2FOgcQIZIxIlyxvs2wOvAR3brrwPGsLB7oQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-right: 4px; width: 12px;" /><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">The Wire</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">1943 Bengal Famine</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="3" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQRA" data-ictx="1" data-id="Iz11HiJeT0c6OM" data-oh="900" data-os="-2" data-ow="1200" data-ri="9" data-tbnid="Iz11HiJeT0c6OM" data-tw="259" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQMygJegQIARBE" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 228px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Bengali cuisine as warped by the Bengal Famine of 1943 | Times of India Travel</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 180px; margin-left: -12px; margin-right: auto; position: relative;"><img alt="Bengali cuisine as warped by the Bengal Famine of 1943 | Times of India Travel" 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jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 327px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Bengal famine of 1943 - A Photographic History - Part 1 - Old Indian Photos</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 184px; margin-left: 27px; 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giaEY7iVxlBAL2l0yliGIPM8qvZwM91VRhdRwEj4Y6j2LcozUFuWgLYuW7kwuocjT0iKCtg7ltyT3SMDspBBkfeB51dRNZt3biHNETIHTVq5Swxtpcu20Nu4ZHOD5jdW5ZlIqZsODae5buNCsF7tznDMfhykiZPKelBcsYzGWh4biuN4ZwrEdRmOo9DUtvtSxB72wt0dSAY66/rVXAXHW6wxBCsLYECI67aiDJ0FWMNbt32YzkWCBkhcwIgyNudBdX9gvQWti2ZnQ6abaGi3E8IMVbNtbtok5cpIysMpkbaEQIilW7YUlrYVTrAaArSdOXnpW8dwtbdx+6u3UyRMww2GbTfQnrQaxfZHEoc5CsoOpVl5nTQ1T4jwfu1k3FaNyM0bxAYiCZ5DpRO7Yxj2socXEMExIMA9CIn3qxg+2DrFp1AVFgrkUiOXhI2gDQc5oAuA4bew9xLty2wRSWkCRBUgGR6igV/DNmPPXeDXob8Twl2fAELCDkZrZHqswaG3OztgmRdgdDqR7xQKT4kshncabdKscAsEPmOgEBj6mqS2/s2+tHOzuHueC2wZFu3FytG+WW06ExA9aAda4FcVULABrmqLPiidyNgsdTRvAdmHtHOLwnoElSOhLESPOt8Pa6XUtDG4JLMW1CsQdNmO2u1HQqmTdkr+FtFJ8wNGHkaAK3By5UAAWpLFlIKkjTKPw8/KrPeIt/xQFNpl/wBoBWJ8z5UGxdovdYJJgZlBbMpA+WxkR51DjMUxsaKO8DBE1lkzaXQPMQseTUFi3iFZiqglFOnMsRzM71du4pTBYeIGZj+wBHPWgWAy2yua4oA0gkT8uVEsOqMZBETpBOv/AHTryoGThnFVg27rmH+FzPuDykgQGrkccwZs2rD20OUZczMqqhJkwRLDUxtSzetkSgOp1TrO5H00phweNwt62WOGEAhXIVc4Jj7qjNEneg1xzE2hbFtFV7hibijX+XKZ38z70uY/h2ItqWupldlzkMysxXqAvKY586McQs4C25tw1tl3yAldddQfirvinAjcw2dLrMotyqmQMu5WCSRPTb20oFfDPCi35GZ5ADX57U6dlJXutZEZZPLMNNPWKSOGLmDTMsn1/sKdOH4lFtquYAKVzE8oOsf0gigIYps2IzQQEUgA7gD9T+tef2cDmsd6ZD2zqPxGYYeo6V6dgXS4zMW7u2zGCfCzCeZII16VLi+AYPUMWhicwzyJO5I5NQeT2UzNpJ3Ptzr0bsKqC5ICgta0iN1bxfmKTeIcPOGvhWBjkfuup0BHtvRXDI9q4iYf97dUoo/BmiW8gBQMGIwlvH40qqL3Ng/avGtx9Cqz5aGfKmjiPCkum2TobbZl0BHSIPKK44Fw+3h7S2kIMasebMdyfU1YvYnkKBCsqcNjLtlvhJzAnmDqp/Me1dY3E93bxUfftoB01ber3bq0MlrEr8dtxbfnKPz9jHzNCcdhu9towPkf09qCA3S9pbYGrkKI5yaY8dwjEIARetJbVY1LCABtHM0O7O4UPjUUzltIXPTMIUenxfSmvtAngDg6pOhOhka6cyKBLxSHu1BGoIYsdw7aiJ2yoJPkVHOonS46qyqDcTXKYBC/jUHRprnF3WVF78gszAtodvDmMdSEUVdxvEExCW8kKya23jVY+76HaKDOG4BlHjGVg5YRkY+LWCByMkQYoDcwqWb7oRFu4DAIOgPLUcj060as8YURbCNmjxAhSqEDULmMb67azVDjtwu2VlfMi5vGdQIlttIYHYbUAnC32W0bO+V5J8lcyRzkkA+9bGICghg2RnDaSCSNNPSTVG9lDgkxI+YI0PvpV3AqHGZySirAmYHMx/3lQa7T4vvHFxeUrG2g+H6a+9VMNjGsgAHRhIPLcSKkxFgFIYQwBuNtux0B9FAqfE4UPh7WWcwJGnpNBOkwHeeT+s6ZR8lNEcMrqLmcEkN1kkRqPeahsm1bRTeEsohEB1UfiPnXGE4+CzoUGRiSSxJbcQfLWKBi4Vf7tGbWFAb/AIg670Gurc70cVdQEN3J3cD91AEn5xPpRCyn7UyWbTeAnNcPOF3X50ex9lDltsv2TAIy/wArow099fbyoAfFcJZa58KlWGhUQREEfMEUqY9FttCvegiRttJH6Ucw7hCcNdnPaYgNyZD8DfpWjbvuzmxbVkDZZM7gDQeURQV0w+Hwyg32DOfhtLLa/qavd9eYFwqW9ICMwz5SNSPuq3LyodZzXL+Z/uICo5jNzPQxGlX7uEtMCW0bzNAOxPC7/dlLAaBBQrcQEfjETIBEGNpoQne3LhS5cuAlTkBMjMp1B/t71f8A2q5bfR5WeUbV1xdlLLdbNlYhywGoI326jSgi4Fira3Ar6XNVEMGQGdY5jXrQzjJNsMAuU5mzHzY/EPMAD5VzZQZu8RYFtgWaSZltDrrrRrH8Ma7efxKiAglm2ObKaBUscLuMkwFnrMmfY12tu5h2KtKaSQ2qt0IPM+lNzYW5auKy5LqnflHodRUPELovTaNshuRbLIMSp05UAJMaboVtU106AiivD8SLgBYlbmozKcpkakabgg6UCtZkOU6MGM6VNh1YW3ugj4hp6b/nQGkw6FZzqIOssdehE/UUR4VfcWr7Wy3craYHMcwzR4So1KiJmYFU+F3h3qHKpDrAkAjUSN/MUc4gh7m6gCrKMIAAG3yNAtdlrfjIj7nqNRH1NMOJe3nCKIRQM/dqpdSCdBmEFTM+s0Ic91hmuarNsBWAgkmBpSeb11vBmZV6T/00Hq79pcMgyXToNM/dwPR7e3usVfN23cRXsspU/eRswB5TpIE9RXmHZlouScspA1AOhYSfPSms27qEG29tlEw8FLhGpEEdBAJOlAS40yui2MS4NzKzW7gXUEKTkY+cTp7UOwFprbLeOryAvUINAI86t4fhzYlEuG5LI0FGYuFUjUbbkExTAvCrSkMLUH/k3vqaCA4rKdDHUchvWJxHL/5AOfOD+Y+pq2MNa1JRZ8wB+dS27CfgUD2igB8dxWawwLSCyaAST9oswAOgNCcListsplOYyFBGwJ0mjnHOM2MOMjEG4w+BdwIJB8tvqKT17VXjcKqIJ0AgQPn/AHoG7s9FvEX7maQVVAxIWTucoPLQSaLYu5aYl2ukQOTJsPUb0h2u1rAw6kMsSNDI5wfkaJYvjqXrF1QCCuWdTETv/igK2bqZe8OGGUahrjIbni8yp1PrVXFm3cC+O9bE6L3erE8sy6R6xQluI5Xt2y/8+o0EmIB26n3ohxLF2zhnGZZKkgzrtpvQCcZauJfzW1JVbYMOoi5lMlSFYlT0kfSt8V4kty7cuAFVuALrpyGkbiCPKuLHFcKyqdnKjMUbIZAA/MVPh8Ol22bj3GBnSQpEH4ZIAJ96BV4Ph2dspDEbDnpOs+3SmPE3bZuJa+BVGYgg6wOfkOY86O8E4UzW+8tkLmJiRJaNA3UAxNCeI8JvICXUAyWZieR3I9+VAHxtl+8aTJ0Yz1O4MbmBMedWsDftopLg7ZgOvPQDlUsrbYh5YkFidJJ2GnSNao44kq1xBobbJ10Ig/Q0AvV3LOrEsZAmCekTy61FhrLXLnwHJOu423ho561IrgsoeV033mNh5VestcCShcJqcw8IkenXaguYPvLTK6Hw8zs2/sZ8tae0xIxFgYgMYyjlGVgcrj1kyPevNuKXroVVuOsKZDAQTpqZ5+dHuDcWu2cLctjRQ86jRu82IPkyz6UHHGcYTeFxUBNowZ+95HyinXsxYcYW01t0AuLnOZQTmbVtfXT2rz5rrd2hbXMfEat8P47dwtsWwBlbxpM/C3TykGgHcJxZANw/FcYkA6eQqzjnZx9o62xyy6mh/CnzWwpSSu3U+lR4q0jcmzc9NfdZ39KARfvC2/2bs8HmIFM/DL9vE2zbOhIiM2o9KXb2HzP3SLruxiI6CKiNm5hrmYg6ROu/lQMVxe5s3bV1PG0MrqNDERpyorisKLi2zlnMi6HkUB3nTVeflpqZqhaxVnGILdxsh3Vp1B6f4o1cm3aUtEoV2MqfEBp60AXEYW3atPcuZgBBBEhiTtHT0pdTFuSbvizgQATqBryjXYeVHu3GLCJatTs5Y+g2386X34gCqhRlbWSJnXqdtpoKy4tye8dlLN+IzPrG1FmxKNbIVQpAllAjKPLqJrV3D3MuYlHtkb+BX22GkGqyP3bW2jVWysTEFSBlkcidfKRQHMLg27u0xBkAcumoozc4jLd3bMEpmk8gdgAdMxEHXrVq5i1yZ8pAyBzpAGn06Ui2uIM98uCRmMx0kSvyGlAfu4pgsXbt100EZvhPLQ7T0FcY7uWt+FfHyzGHHLnvUVx5YK2uYAnT5GorlkljqDbbkd1PL3npQB8xt3D0iNNDFTjGgBDNx2Ua5nkGRrsNNdYqDHYVrbZWkH+YEH61XAoGfB9qe5tgWrY71oLs2oBAgQsfEdTroKv4LtllALFmPMMdPaE0pKK1goPQrvbe1lJCktHw5mj/AORUWH7dgoe8tgNGkF48uRNIVczQF04qt293l9dGjNqSTG0HkNtgKYP/AOlwgQqtkBuTTr9EmklTW6A/cxuFe5ne3MjXUiCNvhQaRNWX45YFs27VsKOksR5/d196V5rATQFLmOtMiAiSsiJIkTK8t5JrMPftZsrM3dmJzFmgTqF0+I7TQoa12VoDPEsbh7jOwQBiQBpsObGU1MaaRtV3iHH7RtpbtCFVYgk6mNz4fWlkitGge+Gdr7NrdW6fE0BRsAMhohjO22FuL8GsQRLQw5yO7georzdDXbUDLe7RWi2Uqty1Ayi4CSnkHCg/KqC4vDzmXvFXnad2ZT/tYJIHqaDGtUFoXrdt86Q2shDJA6SWg1aw/GIJkDKZIUzkViImAJPptQcmsoD17idtypYTlECdQOZMZdRPI1YbjtsiGAOkFdch8wCsqfQ86WlrbHSgYGuIwD2/CoOoksPqAZ96eeGWVazbgmAgGkEdeY032pA4UA1tUiSX2+dMtjiLqoQKsKMup10oFrH8OvWiNNF0DKJHv0PltVa/jwBmuEMeQIknpHOnXi3FGslVu4Z7SgAC4xVg/mQNCfIEmkfjGDLX1UFS7SWCRCydDIJGo9DQFezHDGZe9Y/E0mRrXPG7IuXHH3QCwjTbwrJ+Z9qYXYWrEajSKUrmI+zYbtdb5KNh7mTQc8B4C1y3cZHIuKZC6Qw5786Y8BhL7vat3Rc8DqxzBQuUTHmWJj2BoPwvG93cVVOimW/X60w4HiJN9iGnxaf8QBQLnai/buY9gw8KBVBYSqndjHPXf0oXxbDIbpDXAvmRy3UmBJYiD0AIA2NFu1uEJxF3KVhcjROv2jR761R45agknu8ws28xZoIKkgBPxEgHTyoBVnDy0W3LrqYBYctTyiobLHNlhvECCNNP8858qMWb1u4xZJtDLJjLER4s+uxNQYW2b1w5SFBIOXmBtIjbb/2oGLsqxun9nZ2Ft1ZW+9lAElhO2ulHMV2At2x3ti47tlzG2+XxgAfCRqCAaH9kwLaXUUAuzKneeRGZxPRV1NN3Dcf3ly5d2tWgLVudAzGM/wAhlHqTQIuPsju0uqJCkA9Y2g+QNW8FiFGLVGXWOugO+3UDnRzHcOguCIt3c0dPiIIj6+1I+FZu9VZJYHKSeoPi19qC/wBvDmvzyy/2paUdaPdrbma6umgHz0FL5NB2prGrhd6kag5UVoitzWwKDjLW8g610RWUHKgetYxrpa2SBQcoI1NaknascHc1oNQZyrZFaIjStGgktipGrhDW2oORt6VpjWzWjoKDisZYrpBrXbLOlBEtdMK0VrWtAY4IJZJ2En35T9aabeKWNV1oD2Ww6vnzuUC2y2gkscwgRzo9YsLlBCmD/wAfLY68qA12s4joba5SSQCSobKswd5EkkD50DTg4w98vAy3C2XqMkb+es0zpw1Xt3XuLLO2xn4QRoP5pkjzFD+2AjBhwZdGzgwQxBGXxeeX8qBN7Q8W7xu6U+GY0+tB+7y6/L8h9NazhaZ2ZidvrRvAYAPD+EkgyH0tjWJ0Op5ZaARwZD3wPIAsx8hvVl7pDW9YOr9PiafnEfKp8WERGt2QVVjL3CGJfoF02/lFUnTPkIBzWwAw1nTnEbUDVxe7avrhzkXvWIZmjxBV5T6zSFxvEk3Lj6avlHoNBTJgrvhuXJkJbIU8h01pRvZiYVcx3I6f5308jQRI9wjugWysZybKfOm/stZQXXW7lY90vhO0liIMb6Ab9DSkl1mBAUg+XKi/BEuS1tBmu3CEAEz5+m+/L3oG/D4hsRf7qyoS0gKyoARVnxtA6nanXAYC0AqnQIfCukcySepJJJPU0tcMtpYAw9kd5cB+0K6m5cG4H8i7TtNGe9Sz++bNcY6WkMxI0UxqWiNqAnxLDi7Z+zXVNVjnHxL7j6xSTZ4XaFx77mZOdRsFkCfUnz2p+wOIIBz5UggKg1g9PM9QKQe21prNwXcrKl0xH3Vuc/Y7jzNAsdpsULl4xsNPpVHhVsPetKwBU3ACDsZOs1vHIA2kx51DhLxS4jrurAidtKBluYBC1klLOuLFtu5nLkLLlVxPxHxaiNJqG1bU4q0j28MyZnlbIgMADAeD5VR/1cgqbdq3bAurdIUN43UyuYkkxvXB4iBcW5btW7bAsTBcg5gQZknqdqC1c4cmS6yDwu1k2m/CLlwq49RoD6CpLloM161bs2ctosniJ745CQWzTJOkx0oSnEHFlrGmRnV/5lK6+E8gSQfarLcaYln7q33rKVN2GzGRBJUHLmPWKC3huG5sNHdMbjo15LkHRUIhJ28ad43/ABWqOPsqtuwVABe1mJ6nMRr7VteMXRcS4DGTKAgJyQogLlmIIEe9bucRDW1RrVs5VKq3jzKCZ2DRpNBZ4VYmw7hbBcXlWbwBGU22MLJ3zBflU+F4WGsGbU3Lge4jhTCi2fhB2hhmPtQX9oPdm3plNwXPOQpX8mNWRxe4HRw0ZAoCAnJC8iOc6zQW7uFRsHaZUHeqrXGI3uJ3r2z/AEwnsTV1OHWgcKhtgt32S434iUzQfIEig+G4u9t7Tqq/ZBlAjwkOzOwI9WPyFascTuIUOhKXTcE7liIM+VBbtYO3cwloKoF4964PN1RwCkeS6r6GrzYK2rYjKlnwXLQXvRKgMktAJ3mgKY117rLA7osVP+9gx+o+Rq1c4yWa6z2rbi6yuVOYAFRAjKRQccMwy3cQEYAKWJITQQASQsbAwPapbeIS9bvfZWrZt2WuI1tSpGUqMrGSGBDRPWqNrFlLneJCENKjcDy1J03GpqxiMeGR0t2rdoXPjKZpYTIHiJhZgwABQX+P2QjFVSwEASMoHfa21JzGZ3PSquAW21rEKbYLraZw5JlSHtgZQNB8TSao43Em5ca4wAJiY28KhR9FqxgceLauO7R86lWLF5ykqSPCwG6igMcKwCOLKi3adXDC6zEd4jSYA18IACxANV8Pw9Vs3c1tnuNYuXEMMcgQrlYcsza+00Ow+PFseC0guCQLniLCegJgHzreG4rdQFVuNDW2twWMAGNvSKC9gbCvYuk27Jy2yVyz32YH4jr8PWgZq/b4lkUqlu2rFMhuDNmIO+k5ZPWKoHpzoGTsfh3c3SgkLabN0HT9aP4W1dVFESMoIK7QRNUeyfEBZwl0CM9zwg9STA0GpqHhou5AMyNGk94UOmmq7z660DZb4rmLQ0pvPoRzPnSx204iWtFSdWOUKOh3NS4Lht9LhzjMuaQ9q4ocSdmVvA6/I0IexeTEC/cQ3rRJYBRsF0gqddPkTQd8AwA/ZrriGdjCga5RG8dKm4ZwvvgtxGRHU+IHeRpsdCD9KIWmuWQbtrAtbDD4rzqsjoAa5W5cKAthETMJBa5bt/m23tQVb3BcW1w/ad4pGmTu5B6Zf7VX4rhrmHtC49rJcJCodAJK+PwzOgny1ovwTh7swuF7akGctq4tx2I5aCFHoCapdvceLgtKYhWbWZklYI8oMUGYXAxgrzjmpHyoj2F4NbSwMRctqXu+Jc2schC7DnrVHhGNe7hks2dC2ly4y+FBz1OhPQCjeJwy2LC21JItqsZueuuvrQDO1nALVxWvIqrdUZmiQrqNwQPvDrVfgT2lTMht2pHxDV5jWNSZ13O01PxjGF1IXw94kgj+YHN9RS72cTCsZv3LluBoiCe8P+6PDQN+GxRINvBplUaPeI8R9Oc86zDcRw9p8huItzYu5LXG/FEbD3ml/tL2ia2FsYRRatshBMhnYnT4iPDHlSpZwxPjyyG/EQDtr9Z5e9B7Hb43h7Ki41xGJ0DTv5Ko1AoR234guKwhFtlYF02mAQ4+Rg0gIj2yDcBzCCJMj4hHv5U+XMGGdCsLmPjOpkCSNI+KetAi8RQqwQ7rM/SKr2RBBy5vLX9NaN9s7eXE6bFRHnA1oNhsQbbBl3HXbzoJlYfwfq/r+Vchgf8Aw+e77VOeLORBVCPQjlG4M7aVz/qb5i8LJUKdxtsYmgi7xf4P/s9azDnZj3eu14i4LGFOeMwMkHKZHprHyrt+L3G3VTJk6Rrz2PM6mgiLD+B9XrjOBA7nfbV9as/6rd10EGNI6bRXDcUuGJC+E9PKDz6UEYuD+D9X5b1jXVG9oD1ZxU3+sXOSoN9Au0mW58yAfaqWJxBdsxAGkaf5oJu/T+GP6mrO/T+GP6mqqGrugn79P4Y/qatftCfwh/W1V60aCw2KQ/8AiH9bV22ISP3Y/raqdSsdKCQYhP4Q/qasF9P4Q/qaoFFYRQSPcU6C2FPUMT+dRrpWL1rAaDACakGlcqawmgZuyuGS5bul1DZdAGJA8RljI2MUVOOa3Ci5ZiNO8EPG2pHxbfFzob2SIFu5r1n9Khw+NgupKwLjRmgwJmJbWJJoCz8ExYJK392JjUDflJ0q1asYq2RmvWwB94hf15+lNuhXppzgf2ikPtObpY926v8AEAIVoXfQnY6kTvQW8Zirdq2bt0m++YAM7ZonpGgA+dA3x1u9ca5cuW1zCIylogaAT1qonZ7EMigOLa3BIR2KyORI2oZ+yXLQZnUgI2UsNVnkJE0Djh7+EtoxW4/eLqht2wBm5SQNtaA4kd7cS2CAoHiMzlA1c/7iM31qmOKZgFmJYSRMaUb7O8Lu95cuQjgTmDSoMzIDDYxBHLWgMYG4LfhNvKiaKkHwjck8iSNZo1xfK9i4Zn7JyCOogj8qo8NxCYsXLUXFuqIyvlJg6H4dPlQp8c9u1dDawpB5a6Db1oKnDT3otA/dBHsP8Gg2A4WtxFe1cGbZrbHxBhOqnoaJ9mHlSeavHsykfpQlBYeSGYOd07vNJ6qwPhEzoY59aCDtFbIa2G+IDXUTE6jSp8NYtnIbkZ3AZH+JVWIyZRu01Jh+zL3QSTkI1gmDHnVJcE9m4r27fequoHiy+Rkf53oD2LsubbSQWYbRpCiQY3AppS4EW0Tm1EgASSxX6CkzB4y5cF25cXxd2w5gidIUcxTjikIFvKcsiJG6+GDI50CV2kxVy5eY3FyuCdNhGmWhRojx7EO9zxjVZ1GxHWqCW2Oyk0HIrpAOldjC3PwN8qjYMNCCPag6y1kVmVuh0raox+63yoNVoirYwF3+E/yrRwF3+E/yoKDLXMVfOAufwn+VRPgrg1Nth7UFWK2Grs2W/Cda4KHoaDJrDWorYag1UjbVwB5VOMM5gZG18qCIHWsesRGzRlM9OdbcEbgig5XasBrAD0raISYAJPSg5Q6102tdXLDKdVI9a6Ww5y+E67ab8/0oD3ZoeFtYJkDpvQziFlTdcledWeDY4WgQQdTOkTvWG8jktG5/DP1nX1oPWLlsMkEkFlHkduhpb4pwC4zAqi3V1JBDKxJ9NIrKygDY/hmLBzNhbhRRsGa6AI1gE6acqopbbF/ZLbkaaTAEddspmsrKAZxzs02GCsLiOWaGRWzZCfh9R502Ie5sLaLQxGZzz1/WsrKBK4nx4i+LlqUKCMw0Jpox7rfw9oKyftOIIlYhiCAZPLcAz5msrKDH4aMLbW0j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border-radius: 2px; border: none; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-right: 4px; width: 12px;" /><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">SlideShare</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">The bengal famine of 1943 | PPT</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="21" data-cl="21" data-cr="21" data-ct="9" data-hveid="CAEQUA" data-ictx="1" data-id="cu37JNMRZPw_JM" data-oh="628" data-os="-2" data-ow="1200" data-ri="15" data-sc="1" data-tbnid="cu37JNMRZPw_JM" data-tw="311" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQMygPegQIARBQ" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 306px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">40 Images of the Tragic Bengal Famine of 1943 |</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 163px; margin-left: -2px; margin-right: -3px; margin-top: 9px; position: relative;"><img alt="40 Images of the Tragic Bengal Famine of 1943 |" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1147" height="163" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 253px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Recounting The Horrors Of 1943 Bengal Famine, And Why I Am Reminded Of It Today</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 225px; margin-left: 14px; margin-right: 14px; margin-top: -5px; position: relative;"><img alt="Recounting The Horrors Of 1943 Bengal Famine, And Why I Am Reminded Of It Today" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1222" height="225" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 282px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Suhrawardy and the Bengal Famine of 1943 – Indiafacts</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 200px; margin-left: 14px; margin-right: 14px; margin-top: -10px; position: relative;"><img alt="Suhrawardy and the Bengal Famine of 1943 – Indiafacts" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1256" height="200" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 339px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Bengal Famine Of 1943: Some Gruesome Facts About One Of India's Biggest Tragedy - Wirally</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 163px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 14px; margin-top: 9px; position: relative;"><img alt="Bengal Famine Of 1943: Some Gruesome Facts About One Of India's Biggest 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2v1.93zm6.9-2.54c-.26-.81-1-1.39-1.9-1.39h-1v-3c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H8v-2h2c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V7h2c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2v-.41c2.93 1.19 5 4.06 5 7.41 0 2.08-.8 3.97-2.1 5.39z"></path></svg><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Old Indian Photos</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Bengal famine of 1943 - A Photographic ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="0" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQXA" data-ictx="1" data-id="OYjTlphchBX3VM" data-oh="513" data-os="-2" data-ow="770" data-ri="21" data-tbnid="OYjTlphchBX3VM" data-tw="275" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQMygVegQIARBc" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 282px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Churchill's policies to blame for 1943 Bengal famine: Study | News | Al Jazeera</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" 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text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Bengal famine of 1943 - photos : r/india</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="0" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQaA" data-ictx="1" data-id="rlnrzWJSxETigM" data-oh="720" data-os="-2" data-ow="1200" data-ri="27" data-tbnid="rlnrzWJSxETigM" data-tw="290" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQMygbegQIARBo" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 309px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Archive, 1943: the famine in Bengal | India | The Guardian</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; 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Bengal Famine 1770 - Civil Aspirant</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="9" data-cl="6" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQ4gE" data-ictx="1" data-id="Sf_9xUImPSPKPM" data-oh="945" data-os="0" data-ow="708" data-ri="82" data-tbnid="Sf_9xUImPSPKPM" data-tw="194" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQMyhSegUIARDiAQ" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 198px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 180px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">80 years since the Bengal famine of 1943: How a small team from 'People's Age' magazine documented the disaster in photos, reports, drawings</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; 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text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Bengal famine of 1943 ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="9" data-cl="6" data-cr="15" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQ5AE" data-ictx="1" data-id="ZgLg0kRU8nUx8M" data-oh="400" data-os="0" data-ow="800" data-ri="83" data-sc="1" data-tbnid="ZgLg0kRU8nUx8M" data-tw="318" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQMyhTegUIARDkAQ" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 198px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 347px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Study Says Winston Churchill's Policies Caused the 1943 Bengal Famine</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 156px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 159px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 14px; position: relative;"><img alt="Study Says Winston Churchill's Policies Caused the 1943 Bengal Famine" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-ils="4" height="159" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;" jsname="Q4LuWd" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTKTfxBhFgLyjM8Pf-m03cvPhwso9SwPS5bLA&usqp=CAU" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: none;" width="318" /></div><div class="Dv4WMb mvjhOe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); height: 156px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 347px;"></div></a><a aria-label="The Wire1943 Bengal Famine" class="iGVLpd kGQAp BqKtob lNHeqe" data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQr4kDegUIARDlAQ" href="https://thewire.in/the-sciences/study-winston-churchill-policies-1943-bengal-famine" jsaction="focus:trigger.HTIQtd;mousedown:trigger.HTIQtd;touchstart:trigger.HTIQtd;;" jsname="uy6ald" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2962ff; display: inline-block; margin-top: 6px; padding: 0px 4px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; width: 347px;" target="_blank" title="Study Says Winston Churchill's Policies Caused the 1943 Bengal Famine"><div aria-hidden="true" class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-ils="4" data-sz="16" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://thewire.in&client=VFE&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&nfrp=2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; 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display: inline-block; height: 193px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 283px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">This Common Man's Provocative & Tragic Art Exposed the British in 1943</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 151px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 151px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: -6px; position: relative;"><img alt="This Common Man's Provocative & Tragic Art Exposed the British in 1943" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-ils="4" height="151" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;" jsname="Q4LuWd" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTnJzBBzA8lxga_mOuJfxL-TPWzNwPTEN3arg&usqp=CAU" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-ils="4" data-sz="16" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://thebetterindia.com&client=VFE&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&nfrp=2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-right: 4px; width: 12px;" /><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">The Better India</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; 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text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">What actually caused the Bengal famine? - Quora</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 151px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 151px; margin-left: -5px; margin-right: -18px; position: relative;"><img alt="What actually caused the Bengal famine? - Quora" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-ils="4" height="151" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;" jsname="Q4LuWd" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSIaMbToZrzaonSJr-OACho6idtblnUQGBFnw&usqp=CAU" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: none;" width="269" /></div><div class="Dv4WMb mvjhOe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Bengal Famine 1943 : Das,tarakchandra ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="0" data-cr="3" data-ct="0" data-hveid="11" data-ictx="1" data-id="IcWob1QFgSRdiM" data-oh="935" data-os="1" data-ow="1400" data-ri="105" data-tbnid="IcWob1QFgSRdiM" data-tw="275" data-ved="0CAsQMyhpahcKEwjgrZqqrJGFAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAg" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 244px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Churchill Was Responsible For the 1943 Bengal Famine | by Shafi | The Point of View | Medium</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; 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font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Bengal famine of 1943 - Wikipedia</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="3" data-cl="0" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="133" data-ictx="1" data-id="tmgTVmmtmvNXYM" data-oh="1911" data-os="1" data-ow="2560" data-ri="163" data-sc="1" data-tbnid="tmgTVmmtmvNXYM" data-tw="260" data-ved="0CIUBEDMoowFqFwoTCOCtmqqskYUDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAC" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 226px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 321px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">From the NS archive: Famine in Bengal</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; 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user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Historians slam BBC report claiming Winston Churchill was behind 'mass killing' of millions during 1943 Bengal famine | The Sun</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 189px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 169px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; position: relative;"><img alt="Historians slam BBC report claiming Winston Churchill was behind 'mass killing' of millions during 1943 Bengal famine | The Sun" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-ils="4" height="169" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;" jsname="Q4LuWd" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRlRvtSnPwR376XHxjIX0G8oQota2RGzSu2UQ&usqp=CAU" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">PDF) Falsehoods and myths in famine research: The Bengal famine and Daoud</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 188px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 200px; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 3px; margin-top: -6px; position: relative;"><img alt="PDF) Falsehoods and myths in famine research: The Bengal famine and Daoud" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-iml="48289" height="200" jsname="Q4LuWd" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRvMEdPZKG_6IA-JnHEyICJK528wXau6GQ626alCEIiy69Az4_jU1jB3zR365zX8teoHrc&usqp=CAU" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: none;" width="139" /></div><div class="Dv4WMb mvjhOe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">BENGAL TIGER AND BRITISH LION: An Account of the Bengal Famine of 1943 by Richard Stevenson | Goodreads</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 173px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 211px; margin-left: 23px; margin-right: 22px; position: relative;"><img alt="BENGAL TIGER AND BRITISH LION: An Account of the Bengal Famine of 1943 by Richard Stevenson | Goodreads" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-ils="4" height="211" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;" jsname="Q4LuWd" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQQew1ZN8CBet-yAr2zZ8lrkNKiDyArlUG5fQ&usqp=CAU" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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display: inline-block; height: 188px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 292px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">The visionary ensured no one goes hungry in India</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 146px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 129px; margin-left: -78px; margin-right: -23px; margin-top: 9px; position: relative;"><img alt="The visionary ensured no one goes hungry in India" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-ils="4" height="129" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;" jsname="Q4LuWd" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTe3UQYdQXj2QlwufFMZ7jEoTn3CoZV9sNw9w&usqp=CAU" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-ils="4" data-sz="16" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://magzter.com&client=VFE&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&nfrp=2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-right: 4px; width: 12px;" /><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Magzter</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; 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font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">SOLUTION: Bengal Famine ppt - Studypool</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="0" data-cr="6" data-ct="0" data-hveid="185" data-ictx="1" data-id="TI5xBFVnHMN1LM" data-oh="1080" data-os="2" data-ow="1920" data-ri="288" data-tbnid="TI5xBFVnHMN1LM" data-tw="300" data-ved="0CLkBEDMooAJqFwoTCOCtmqqskYUDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 205px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 314px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Chittaprosad | A self-taught artist, poet, and storyteller | DAG</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 163px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 169px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 7px; margin-top: -3px; position: relative;"><img alt="Chittaprosad | A self-taught artist, poet, and storyteller | DAG" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-ils="4" height="169" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;" jsname="Q4LuWd" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSGkeoMBgFtybSyVs5aPelMEXFQJ4fbtrKDdQ&usqp=CAU" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: none;" width="300" /></div><div class="Dv4WMb mvjhOe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); height: 163px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 314px;"></div></a><a aria-label="DAGChittaprosad | A self-taught artist ..." class="iGVLpd kGQAp BqKtob lNHeqe" data-ved="0CLoBEK-JA2oXChMI4K2aqqyRhQMVAAAAAB0AAAAAEAM" href="https://dagworld.com/chittaprosad.html" jsaction="focus:trigger.HTIQtd;mousedown:trigger.HTIQtd;touchstart:trigger.HTIQtd;;" jsname="uy6ald" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2962ff; display: inline-block; margin-top: 6px; padding: 0px 4px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; width: 314px;" target="_blank" title="Chittaprosad | A self-taught artist, poet, and storyteller | DAG"><div aria-hidden="true" class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-ils="4" data-sz="16" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://dagworld.com&client=VFE&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&nfrp=2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-right: 4px; width: 12px;" /><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">DAG</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Chittaprosad | A self-taught artist ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="6" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="187" data-ictx="1" data-id="-mx9CNn-0jaNrM" data-oh="550" data-os="2" data-ow="700" data-ri="289" data-tbnid="-mx9CNn-0jaNrM" data-tw="253" data-ved="0CLsBEDMooQJqFwoTCOCtmqqskYUDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 205px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 246px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Chittaprosad | Indian Artist | Bengal Famine</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 163px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 182px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 7px; margin-top: -9px; position: relative;"><img alt="Chittaprosad | Indian Artist | Bengal Famine" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-ils="4" height="182" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;" jsname="Q4LuWd" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRX6Fj-FlwUgSD6dOKbSaOJ0050DU5gHZfVAA&usqp=CAU" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: none;" width="231" /></div><div class="Dv4WMb mvjhOe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); height: 163px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 246px;"></div></a><a aria-label="MAP AcademyChittaprosad | Indian Artist | Bengal ..." class="iGVLpd kGQAp BqKtob lNHeqe" data-ved="0CLwBEK-JA2oXChMI4K2aqqyRhQMVAAAAAB0AAAAAEAM" href="https://mapacademy.io/article/chittaprosad/" jsaction="focus:trigger.HTIQtd;mousedown:trigger.HTIQtd;touchstart:trigger.HTIQtd;;" jsname="uy6ald" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2962ff; display: inline-block; margin-top: 6px; padding: 0px 4px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; width: 246px;" target="_blank" title="Chittaprosad | Indian Artist | Bengal Famine"><div aria-hidden="true" class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-ils="4" data-sz="16" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://mapacademy.io&client=VFE&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&nfrp=2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-right: 4px; width: 12px;" /><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">MAP Academy</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Chittaprosad | Indian Artist | Bengal ...</div></a></div></div></div><div class="islrh" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden;"><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="0" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="189" data-ictx="1" data-id="vPRo2ila8dkNrM" data-oh="439" data-os="2" data-ow="659" data-ri="290" data-sc="1" data-tbnid="vPRo2ila8dkNrM" data-tw="275" data-ved="0CL0BEDMoogJqFwoTCOCtmqqskYUDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 145px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Chittaprosad's Bengal Famine - WSJ</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 96px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative;"><img alt="Chittaprosad's Bengal Famine - WSJ" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-ils="4" height="96" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;" jsname="Q4LuWd" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSUeiIlqh43GKbj5P-7tcB1fCA8t44oh7FQyg&usqp=CAU" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: none;" width="145" /></div><div class="Dv4WMb mvjhOe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); height: 96px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 145px;"></div></a><a aria-label="The Wall Street JournalChittaprosad's Bengal Famine - WSJ" class="iGVLpd kGQAp BqKtob lNHeqe" data-ved="0CL4BEK-JA2oXChMI4K2aqqyRhQMVAAAAAB0AAAAAEAM" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303795304576453833746775162" jsaction="focus:trigger.HTIQtd;mousedown:trigger.HTIQtd;touchstart:trigger.HTIQtd;;" jsname="uy6ald" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2962ff; display: inline-block; margin-top: 6px; padding: 0px 4px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; width: 145px;" target="_blank" title="Chittaprosad's Bengal Famine - WSJ"><div aria-hidden="true" class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-ils="4" data-src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://wsj.com&client=VFE&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&nfrp=2" data-sz="16" jsaction="rcuQ6b:trigger.M8vzZb;error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; display: inline-block; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-right: 4px; visibility: hidden; width: 12px;" /><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"></div></a></div></div></div><div id="is-results" jsname="d3RfYb" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden;"></div><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiz0aKYrJGFAxW7zjgGHVGACOIQjs8CegUIARCGAg" jsname="aKIdm" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;"></div></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-82303704939903642052024-03-21T09:22:00.000-07:002024-03-21T09:22:41.393-07:00<p> </p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/belgaum1860a.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;">"Interior of Barrack Room, Belgaum," a photo, 1860</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">*; *</span><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/belgaum1860b.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;">another view</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Apr. 2010</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1862.jpg">"The Punjab -- native troops in camp," from the Illustrated London News, 1862</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Aug. 2010</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><center><p><img height="767" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/china1864.jpg" width="1024" /></p></center><p><b>Sikh troops go to war in China, an engraving from 1864</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Oct. 2007</p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><div><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1864max.jpg"><img alt="" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1864.jpg" style="border: 4px solid; height: 622px; width: 800px;" /></a><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">"Milkwomen in the camp," from the Illustrated London News, 1864; click on the image for a very large scan</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Apr. 2009</span><br /><p></p><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="714" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/bengal1864.jpg" width="800" /></p></center><p><b>"Officers of the 9th Bengal Cavalry, 1864"</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Sept. 2007</p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1865.jpg">"Group of sepoys at Lucknow--from a photograph," from the Illustrated London News, 1865</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, July 2010</span><br /><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="646" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/parade1866.jpg" width="800" /></p></center><p><b>The 90th Regiment (Cameronians) on parade, 1866; probably by Bourne and Shepherd</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Sept. 2007</p><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="600" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/punjab1866.jpg" width="747" /></p></center><p><b>Officers of the 21st Punjab Infantry Regiment, an albumen print, 1866</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Nov. 2007</p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/ruffians1867.jpg">"The Ruffians, Rajkote, Sept. 1867" (a military cricket team)</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Oct. 2009</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/malta1870.jpg">"Our Indian contingent--landing troop horses of the Ninth Bengal Cavalry at Malta," a print, 1870 (with modern hand coloring)</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/malta2.jpg">"Indian troops leaving for Malta," a wood engraving</a>*<br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Feb. 2012</span><br /><p></p><hr width="100%" /><p><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1873.jpg">"The Army in India: Camp of Exercise at Hassan Abdul," from the Illustrated London News, 1873</a>*</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Feb. 2008</p><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="721" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/mysorehorse1874.jpg" width="1011" /></p></center><p><b>The Mysore Horse in camp; an albumen photo, 1874</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Feb. 2008</p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1875.jpg">"Embarkation of artillery in railway trains in India," from the Illustrated London News, 1875</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Nov. 2008</span><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1875.jpg">"The Prince of Wales reviewing the troops at Poonah," from The Graphic, 1875</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Feb. 2011</span><br /><hr size="2" width="100%" /><br /><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1875.jpg">"Native soldiers burning the dead</a></b><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1879.jpg"><b> after the assault on Peiwar Heights," from </b></a><b><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1875.jpg">the Illustrated London News, 1879</a>*</b><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Dec. 2013</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1876.jpg">"Camel riders of a native cavalry regiment preparing for a march," from The Graphic, 1876</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1876b.jpg">"Review before the Prince of Wales at Gwalior--the heavy battery passing," from The Graphic, 1876</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1880.jpg">"Volunteering in India--the Bahar Mounted Rifles of Bengal," from The Graphic, 1880</a>*; also *</span><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1880b.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;">"A Dust Storm in India," from The Graphic, 1880</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Nov. 2009</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/elephant1879.jpg">"Elephant armed for war," an engraving, 1879</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Apr. 2012</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/elephants1880s.jpg">"The Elephant Battery, Artillery Lines, Peshawar," a photo, c.1880's</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Nov. 2011</span><br /><p></p><hr width="100%" /><p><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/officers.jpg">Indian officers with three British superior officers and two servants, c.1880-90</a>*</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Aug. 2002<br /></p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1882.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;">"A camp of the Thirteenth Bengal Lancers," from the Illustrated London News, 1882</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, June 2011</span><br /><p></p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1885.jpg">"Lime-Cutting in India," from the Illustrated London News, 1885</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Oct. 2009</span><p></p><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="506" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/troopscairo.jpg" width="799" /></p></center><p><b>British and Indian officers of the 6th Prince of Wales Bengal Lancers in Cairo, 1885</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Nov. 2002<br /></p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/delhicamp1886.jpg">"The C in C's camp, Delhi, from the famous Ridge" (probably Badli ki Serai), an albumen print attributed to Lawrie, c.1886</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/delhicamp1886b.jpg">"Camp of Exercise, Delhi, 1886, at Budli-ka-Sarai"</a>*<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Aug. 2008</span><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1889.jpg">"Prince Albert Victor in India--review at Poonah, native infantry marching past," from the Illustrated London News, 1889</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Nov. 2008</span><br /><p></p><hr width="100%" /><p><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/bombay1.jpg">"The Bombay Artillery," c.1890, by the English military artist H. Bunnett</a>*</b></p><p>Source: ebay, June 2004</p><hr width="100%" /><p><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/diningmess1892.jpg">"Dining room, Hyderabad contingent "mess," Bolarum," an albumen print, c.1892</a>*</b></p><p>Source: ebay, May 2008</p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1892.jpg">"The elephants of the heavy field-battery taking fright at a passing train"</a>* from The Graphic, 1892; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1892b.jpg">"Indian military manoeuvres: a field day at Secunderabad"</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Nov. 2008</span><p></p><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="648" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/standards1890s.jpg" width="805" /></p></center><p><b>Standard-bearers; a photo from the 1890's</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Aug. 2007</p><hr size="2" width="100%" /><br /><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/sikhgurkha1900.jpg">"The Sikh and the Gurkha</a></b><b><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/sikhgurkha1900.jpg">, Both fighting men bold, Can't box the Boxers, Without Guinea-Gold," a cigarette ad, 1900</a>*</b><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Dec. 2012</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1902.jpg">"A troop dinner in India," from the Illustrated London News, 1902</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Dec. 2010</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/officers1903.jpg">"Group of Native Officers, 19th B.L. [Bengal Lancers?]," a photo by Raja Deen Dayal, 1903</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/bikaner1903.jpg">the Bikaner Camel Corps preparing lunch</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/deendayal1903.jpg">troops on the move</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/deendayal1903b.jpg">a field hospital</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/deendayal1903c.jpg">an army camp</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, July 2009</span> <hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/belgaum1860a.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;">"Interior of Barrack Room, Belgaum," a photo, 1860</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">*; *</span><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/belgaum1860b.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;">another view</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Apr. 2010</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1862.jpg">"The Punjab -- native troops in camp," from the Illustrated London News, 1862</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Aug. 2010</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><center><p><img height="767" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/china1864.jpg" width="1024" /></p></center><p><b>Sikh troops go to war in China, an engraving from 1864</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Oct. 2007</p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><div><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1864max.jpg"><img alt="" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1864.jpg" style="border: 4px solid; height: 622px; width: 800px;" /></a><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">"Milkwomen in the camp," from the Illustrated London News, 1864; click on the image for a very large scan</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Apr. 2009</span><br /><p></p><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="714" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/bengal1864.jpg" width="800" /></p></center><p><b>"Officers of the 9th Bengal Cavalry, 1864"</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Sept. 2007</p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1865.jpg">"Group of sepoys at Lucknow--from a photograph," from the Illustrated London News, 1865</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, July 2010</span><br /><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="646" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/parade1866.jpg" width="800" /></p></center><p><b>The 90th Regiment (Cameronians) on parade, 1866; probably by Bourne and Shepherd</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Sept. 2007</p><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="600" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/punjab1866.jpg" width="747" /></p></center><p><b>Officers of the 21st Punjab Infantry Regiment, an albumen print, 1866</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Nov. 2007</p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/ruffians1867.jpg">"The Ruffians, Rajkote, Sept. 1867" (a military cricket team)</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Oct. 2009</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/malta1870.jpg">"Our Indian contingent--landing troop horses of the Ninth Bengal Cavalry at Malta," a print, 1870 (with modern hand coloring)</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/malta2.jpg">"Indian troops leaving for Malta," a wood engraving</a>*<br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Feb. 2012</span><br /><p></p><hr width="100%" /><p><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1873.jpg">"The Army in India: Camp of Exercise at Hassan Abdul," from the Illustrated London News, 1873</a>*</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Feb. 2008</p><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="721" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/mysorehorse1874.jpg" width="1011" /></p></center><p><b>The Mysore Horse in camp; an albumen photo, 1874</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Feb. 2008</p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1875.jpg">"Embarkation of artillery in railway trains in India," from the Illustrated London News, 1875</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Nov. 2008</span><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1875.jpg">"The Prince of Wales reviewing the troops at Poonah," from The Graphic, 1875</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Feb. 2011</span><br /><hr size="2" width="100%" /><br /><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1875.jpg">"Native soldiers burning the dead</a></b><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1879.jpg"><b> after the assault on Peiwar Heights," from </b></a><b><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1875.jpg">the Illustrated London News, 1879</a>*</b><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Dec. 2013</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1876.jpg">"Camel riders of a native cavalry regiment preparing for a march," from The Graphic, 1876</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1876b.jpg">"Review before the Prince of Wales at Gwalior--the heavy battery passing," from The Graphic, 1876</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1880.jpg">"Volunteering in India--the Bahar Mounted Rifles of Bengal," from The Graphic, 1880</a>*; also *</span><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1880b.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;">"A Dust Storm in India," from The Graphic, 1880</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Nov. 2009</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/elephant1879.jpg">"Elephant armed for war," an engraving, 1879</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Apr. 2012</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/elephants1880s.jpg">"The Elephant Battery, Artillery Lines, Peshawar," a photo, c.1880's</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Nov. 2011</span><br /><p></p><hr width="100%" /><p><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/officers.jpg">Indian officers with three British superior officers and two servants, c.1880-90</a>*</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Aug. 2002<br /></p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1882.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;">"A camp of the Thirteenth Bengal Lancers," from the Illustrated London News, 1882</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, June 2011</span><br /><p></p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br style="font-weight: bold;" /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1885.jpg">"Lime-Cutting in India," from the Illustrated London News, 1885</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Oct. 2009</span><p></p><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="506" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/troopscairo.jpg" width="799" /></p></center><p><b>British and Indian officers of the 6th Prince of Wales Bengal Lancers in Cairo, 1885</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Nov. 2002<br /></p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/delhicamp1886.jpg">"The C in C's camp, Delhi, from the famous Ridge" (probably Badli ki Serai), an albumen print attributed to Lawrie, c.1886</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/delhicamp1886b.jpg">"Camp of Exercise, Delhi, 1886, at Budli-ka-Sarai"</a>*<br /><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Aug. 2008</span><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1889.jpg">"Prince Albert Victor in India--review at Poonah, native infantry marching past," from the Illustrated London News, 1889</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Nov. 2008</span><br /><p></p><hr width="100%" /><p><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/bombay1.jpg">"The Bombay Artillery," c.1890, by the English military artist H. Bunnett</a>*</b></p><p>Source: ebay, June 2004</p><hr width="100%" /><p><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/diningmess1892.jpg">"Dining room, Hyderabad contingent "mess," Bolarum," an albumen print, c.1892</a>*</b></p><p>Source: ebay, May 2008</p><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1892.jpg">"The elephants of the heavy field-battery taking fright at a passing train"</a>* from The Graphic, 1892; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1892b.jpg">"Indian military manoeuvres: a field day at Secunderabad"</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Nov. 2008</span><p></p><hr width="100%" /><center><p><img height="648" src="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/standards1890s.jpg" width="805" /></p></center><p><b>Standard-bearers; a photo from the 1890's</b></p><p>Source: ebay, Aug. 2007</p><hr size="2" width="100%" /><br /><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/sikhgurkha1900.jpg">"The Sikh and the Gurkha</a></b><b><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/sikhgurkha1900.jpg">, Both fighting men bold, Can't box the Boxers, Without Guinea-Gold," a cigarette ad, 1900</a>*</b><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Dec. 2012</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/iln1902.jpg">"A troop dinner in India," from the Illustrated London News, 1902</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Dec. 2010</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/officers1903.jpg">"Group of Native Officers, 19th B.L. [Bengal Lancers?]," a photo by Raja Deen Dayal, 1903</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/bikaner1903.jpg">the Bikaner Camel Corps preparing lunch</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/deendayal1903.jpg">troops on the move</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/deendayal1903b.jpg">a field hospital</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/deendayal1903c.jpg">an army camp</a>*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, July 2009</span><br /><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/elephants1909.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;">"Elephant batteries passing in review before the Amir of Afghanistan, 1909</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Mar. 2009</span><br /><p></p><hr width="100%" /><p><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/alwar1.jpg">"Commandant and a Trooper of the Alwar Lancers," by A. C. Lovett, London, 1911</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/lovettmadras.jpg">"The Madras Army, and Troops under the Government of India" by Lovett, from The Graphic, 1893</a>*</b></p><p>Source: ebay, June 2004</p><hr width="100%" /><center><p>== <a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routes/index.html#dates">Indian Routes index</a> == <a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routes/sitemap.html#sitemap">Indian Routes sitemap</a> == <a href="https://franpritchett.com/00glossary/index.html#index">Glossary</a> == <a href="https://franpritchett.com/#fwp">FWP's main page</a> ==</p><div><br /></div></center><hr style="height: 2px; width: 923px;" /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/elephants1909.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;">"Elephant batteries passing in review before the Amir of Afghanistan, 1909</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">*</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: white;">Source: ebay, Mar. 2009</span><br /><p></p><hr width="100%" /><p><b>*<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/alwar1.jpg">"Commandant and a Trooper of the Alwar Lancers," by A. C. Lovett, London, 1911</a>*; also *<a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/lovettmadras.jpg">"The Madras Army, and Troops under the Government of India" by Lovett, from The Graphic, 1893</a>*</b></p><p>Source: ebay, June 2004</p><hr width="100%" /><center><p>== <a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routes/index.html#dates">Indian Routes index</a> == <a href="https://franpritchett.com/00routes/sitemap.html#sitemap">Indian Routes sitemap</a> == <a href="https://franpritchett.com/00glossary/index.html#index">Glossary</a> == <a href="https://franpritchett.com/#fwp">FWP's main page</a> ==</p><div><br /></div></center>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-11459580605548493912024-03-18T00:51:00.000-07:002024-03-26T01:49:49.063-07:001931-Winston Churchill-""30CRORE PRIMITIVE PEOPLE OF INDIA""-[Sees Grave danger ,if independace given ]<p> 1931-Winston Churchill-""30CRORE PRIMITIVE PEOPLE OF INDIA""-[Sees Grave danger ,if independence given ]</p><p><br /></p><ytd-video-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-vertical-list-renderer" inline-title-icon="" is-search="" lockup="true" style="--yt-button-compact-background-color: var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); --yt-button-compact-text-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative;" use-search-ui=""><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; 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display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 4px; position: absolute; right: 0px;"><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" is-thumbnail-badge="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px 4px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="time-status" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); display: inline-flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); height: 12px; letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,.5px); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); 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color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="meta" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="title-wrapper" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="title-and-badge style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="Winston Churchill Sees Grave Crisis in India by British Movietone 41,741 views 8 years ago 1 minute, 59 seconds" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MD7yNtlKYG4&pp=ygVxZmlsbSAoUm95YWwgTWFpbCkoMTk0NilMbyBBYXlhIFJveWFsIE1haWwgMS4wMCAtIDEgdm90ZXMgIEsgTmFyYXlhbmEgUmFvCSBSb3lhbCBNYWlsICgxOTQ2KQlNdXN0YWZhIE5pc2FyIFVzbWFuaQk%3D" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: inherit; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></button><yt-interaction class="circular style-scope yt-icon-button" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">41K views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">8 years ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@BritishMovietone" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/ytc/AIdro_lBR82-9JRfkx8EKl7exBtpeCYTwHh_-M-2kgYs=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" dir="auto" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" respect-lang-dir="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" href="https://www.youtube.com/@BritishMovietone" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">British Movietone</a></yt-formatted-string></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); inset: -4px auto auto 392px; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" style="align-items: center; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-display,flex); flex-direction: row; margin-right: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-margin-right); vertical-align: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-vertical-align);" system-icons=""><div aria-label="Verified" class="badge badge-style-type-verified style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" role="img" style="background: none; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-badge-display,block); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,unset); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; white-space: var(--ytd-badge-white-space,inherit);"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" size="16" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-badge-icon-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: 14px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: 0px; position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: 14px;"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 14px; width: 14px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 14px; justify-content: center; width: 14px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 14px;"><svg focusable="false" height="24" style="display: inherit; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12s4.5 10 10 10 10-4.5 10-10S17.5 2 12 2zM9.8 17.3l-4.2-4.1L7 11.8l2.8 2.7L17 7.4l1.4 1.4-8.6 8.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><p class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" position="top" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></ytd-channel-name></div><div class="metadata-snippet-container style-scope ytd-video-renderer style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><yt-formatted-string class="metadata-snippet-text style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: inline;"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(16 Mar 1931) Conservative statesman makes forceful plea for a stronger hand. � Sub.</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">. British Movietone News, having shown ...</span></yt-formatted-string></div></div></div></ytd-video-renderer>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-9981727723114899362024-03-18T00:31:00.000-07:002024-03-18T00:31:20.201-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><ytd-video-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" inline-title-icon="" is-search="" lockup="true" style="--yt-button-compact-background-color: var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); --yt-button-compact-text-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-top: 0px; position: relative;" use-search-ui=""><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-video-renderer><ytd-video-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" inline-title-icon="" is-search="" lockup="true" style="--yt-button-compact-background-color: var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); --yt-button-compact-text-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-top: var(--ytd-item-section-item-margin,16px); position: relative;" use-search-ui=""><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="dismissible" style="align-items: flex-start; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" loaded="" size="large" style="display: block; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin-right: 16px; max-width: 360px; min-width: 240px; position: relative;" use-hovered-property=""><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJRRILEdx2Q&pp=ygV6ZmlsbSAoUm95YWwgTWFpbCkoMTk0NilBZSBTYWtpeWUgR3VsZmFtIFBlZSBBdXIgUGlsYSBKYWFtIDEuMDAgLSAxIHZvdGVzIENoYW5jaGFsIEt1bWFyaQlLIE5hcmF5YW5hIFJhbwkgUm95YWwgTWFpbCAoMTk0Nik%3D" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 12px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 201.984px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; 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right: 0px;"><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" is-thumbnail-badge="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px 4px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="time-status" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); display: inline-flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); height: 12px; letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,.5px); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px; padding: 3px 4px;"><span aria-label="57 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">0:57</span></div></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" style="align-items: center; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); color: white; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; line-height: 1.8rem; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 1;"><span class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" id="overlay-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOW PLAYING</span><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" style="bottom: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: 28px; margin: 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; width: 16px;"><svg class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" id="equalizer" viewbox="0 0 55 95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer"><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="0"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="20"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="40"></rect></g></svg></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="text-wrapper style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="meta" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="title-wrapper" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="title-and-badge style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="Report From India (1946) by British Pathé 1,096 views 9 years ago 57 seconds" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJRRILEdx2Q&pp=ygV6ZmlsbSAoUm95YWwgTWFpbCkoMTk0NilBZSBTYWtpeWUgR3VsZmFtIFBlZSBBdXIgUGlsYSBKYWFtIDEuMDAgLSAxIHZvdGVzIENoYW5jaGFsIEt1bWFyaQlLIE5hcmF5YW5hIFJhbwkgUm95YWwgTWFpbCAoMTk0Nik%3D" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; cursor: pointer; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;" title="Report From India (1946)"><yt-formatted-string aria-label="Report From India (1946) by British Pathé 1,096 views 9 years ago 57 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer">Report From India (1946)</yt-formatted-string></a></h3><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: -11px; opacity: 0;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" role="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="Action menu" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1K views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">9 years ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@britishpathe" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/ytc/AIdro_n4A9QNcLhW-QwV8E_FWuguHxGA7-vxKWLPuhWAJg=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" dir="auto" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" respect-lang-dir="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" href="https://www.youtube.com/@britishpathe" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">British Pathé</a></yt-formatted-string></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); inset: -4px auto auto 392px; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" style="align-items: center; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-display,flex); flex-direction: row; margin-right: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-margin-right); vertical-align: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-vertical-align);" system-icons=""><div aria-label="Verified" class="badge badge-style-type-verified style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" role="img" style="background: none; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-badge-display,block); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,unset); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; 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height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12s4.5 10 10 10 10-4.5 10-10S17.5 2 12 2zM9.8 17.3l-4.2-4.1L7 11.8l2.8 2.7L17 7.4l1.4 1.4-8.6 8.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><p class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" position="top" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></ytd-channel-name></div><div class="metadata-snippet-container style-scope ytd-video-renderer style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><yt-formatted-string class="metadata-snippet-text style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: inline;">Item title reads - Report from India. Bombay and New Delhi. Various shots of large crowd of Muslims kneeling and touching the ...</yt-formatted-string><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; left: 510.562px; outline: none; position: absolute; top: 144px; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="expandable-metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="buttons" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div></div><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-video-renderer><ytd-video-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" inline-title-icon="" is-search="" lockup="true" style="--yt-button-compact-background-color: var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); --yt-button-compact-text-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); background-color: white; display: block; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-top: var(--ytd-item-section-item-margin,16px); position: relative;" use-search-ui=""><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="dismissible" style="align-items: flex-start; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" loaded="" size="large" style="display: block; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin-right: 16px; max-width: 360px; min-width: 240px; position: relative;" use-hovered-property=""><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Tl6ekyMa6Q&pp=ygV6ZmlsbSAoUm95YWwgTWFpbCkoMTk0NilBZSBTYWtpeWUgR3VsZmFtIFBlZSBBdXIgUGlsYSBKYWFtIDEuMDAgLSAxIHZvdGVzIENoYW5jaGFsIEt1bWFyaQlLIE5hcmF5YW5hIFJhbwkgUm95YWwgTWFpbCAoMTk0Nik%3D" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 12px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 201.984px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill yt-core-image--loaded" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9Tl6ekyMa6Q/hqdefault.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEcCOADEI4CSFXyq4qpAw4IARUAAIhCGAFwAcABBg==&rs=AOn4CLDyBucgjWMTYyhjO8XKiaNa8a67kA" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 201.984px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 360px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" overlay-style="DEFAULT" style="bottom: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 4px; position: absolute; right: 0px;"><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" is-thumbnail-badge="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px 4px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="time-status" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); display: inline-flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); height: 12px; letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,.5px); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px; padding: 3px 4px;"><span aria-label="56 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">0:56</span></div></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" style="align-items: center; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); color: white; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; line-height: 1.8rem; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 1;"><span class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" id="overlay-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOW PLAYING</span><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" style="bottom: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: 28px; margin: 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; width: 16px;"><svg class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" id="equalizer" viewbox="0 0 55 95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer"><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="0"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="20"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="40"></rect></g></svg></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="text-wrapper style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="meta" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="title-wrapper" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="title-and-badge style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="Report From India (1946) by British Pathé 1,927 views 9 years ago 56 seconds" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Tl6ekyMa6Q&pp=ygV6ZmlsbSAoUm95YWwgTWFpbCkoMTk0NilBZSBTYWtpeWUgR3VsZmFtIFBlZSBBdXIgUGlsYSBKYWFtIDEuMDAgLSAxIHZvdGVzIENoYW5jaGFsIEt1bWFyaQlLIE5hcmF5YW5hIFJhbwkgUm95YWwgTWFpbCAoMTk0Nik%3D" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; cursor: pointer; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;" title="Report From India (1946)"><yt-formatted-string aria-label="Report From India (1946) by British Pathé 1,927 views 9 years ago 56 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer">Report From India (1946)</yt-formatted-string></a></h3><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: -11px; opacity: 0;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" role="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="Action menu" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-width,100%);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 24px; justify-content: center; width: 24px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: inherit; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></button><yt-interaction class="circular style-scope yt-icon-button" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.9K views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">9 years ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@britishpathe" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/ytc/AIdro_n4A9QNcLhW-QwV8E_FWuguHxGA7-vxKWLPuhWAJg=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" dir="auto" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" respect-lang-dir="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" href="https://www.youtube.com/@britishpathe" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">British Pathé</a></yt-formatted-string></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); inset: -4px auto auto 392px; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" style="align-items: center; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-display,flex); flex-direction: row; margin-right: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-margin-right); vertical-align: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-vertical-align);" system-icons=""><div aria-label="Verified" class="badge badge-style-type-verified style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" role="img" style="background: none; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-badge-display,block); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,unset); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; white-space: var(--ytd-badge-white-space,inherit);"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" size="16" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-badge-icon-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: 14px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: 0px; position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: 14px;"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 14px; width: 14px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 14px; justify-content: center; width: 14px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 14px;"><svg focusable="false" height="24" style="display: inherit; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12s4.5 10 10 10 10-4.5 10-10S17.5 2 12 2zM9.8 17.3l-4.2-4.1L7 11.8l2.8 2.7L17 7.4l1.4 1.4-8.6 8.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><p class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" position="top" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></ytd-channel-name></div><div class="metadata-snippet-container style-scope ytd-video-renderer style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><yt-formatted-string class="metadata-snippet-text style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: inline;">Thought to be Selected Originals from late 1940s material. Bombay and New Delhi, India. Various shots of large crowd of Muslims ...</yt-formatted-string></div></div></div></ytd-video-renderer>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-13145142455387152232024-03-16T23:37:00.000-07:002024-03-16T23:38:24.884-07:00<p> <span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 18.75px;">Insurgent Indians on the road into Prison, Bombay India. Photograph circa 1940s.</span><br style="animation-name: none; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none;" /><br style="animation-name: none; background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px; transition-property: none;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-size: 18.75px;">“India is fighting back.” In recent times the uprisings of the natives against British tyranny have increased again in India. Insurgents who have just been caught are being transported to prison here. -</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEotVUwGrKsaLXMEXsKJSGMUcxSdCGquk1e--jGGGdaKkCo44Wei1VIUNiPecN9YN7AIE4-2YFp8yW9EkIQjRhsX3CZR7wxUymnQM5U4ti88_jvmuNhUGy07MU0WNVSF3rbM8qYvUGxDCicE-NvSDi8UFyJywl3E6mgiDbAGe42tGfgmNUrURy281Zb_g" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="783" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEotVUwGrKsaLXMEXsKJSGMUcxSdCGquk1e--jGGGdaKkCo44Wei1VIUNiPecN9YN7AIE4-2YFp8yW9EkIQjRhsX3CZR7wxUymnQM5U4ti88_jvmuNhUGy07MU0WNVSF3rbM8qYvUGxDCicE-NvSDi8UFyJywl3E6mgiDbAGe42tGfgmNUrURy281Zb_g=s16000" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-54504313260094105392024-03-16T23:20:00.000-07:002024-03-16T23:20:38.172-07:00<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.75px;">Bombay celebrates INDIA’s newly gained independence: Decorated cars in a mile-long procession passing through one of the main streets of Bombay on 15th August 1947.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhnOipRzlVCnWRtMzJsewpjoHlfY-RRGoxiHkqd8DyMw2QZ11x3tRyzmuUxLXsqgZsXKJVtk0Crte7_vCv8foOASjg-kvoyOb7CriSKahmJ19nMmgEIzxum6i4tuu0UGG4Hp4imCerYB1-Jls2onUkiG7uzfJSQpniF3yXb0VeIg3vMim3AWdzaRUywuEY" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="562" data-original-width="582" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhnOipRzlVCnWRtMzJsewpjoHlfY-RRGoxiHkqd8DyMw2QZ11x3tRyzmuUxLXsqgZsXKJVtk0Crte7_vCv8foOASjg-kvoyOb7CriSKahmJ19nMmgEIzxum6i4tuu0UGG4Hp4imCerYB1-Jls2onUkiG7uzfJSQpniF3yXb0VeIg3vMim3AWdzaRUywuEY=s16000" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-71025359085140655012024-03-10T19:21:00.000-07:002024-03-10T19:21:06.280-07:00<p> </p><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><div class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" data-hveid="CA4QAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFSgAegQIDhAA" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" jscontroller="SC7lYd" lang="en" style="border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; width: 600px;"><div class="N54PNb BToiNc cvP2Ce" data-snc="DC8m5b" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: start; contain: layout paint; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: start; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECBAQAQ" href="https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/forgotten-massacre-of-1948/" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/forgotten-massacre-of-1948/&ved=2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECBAQAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Forgotten massacre of 1948</h3><div class="notranslate HGLrXd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; left: 0px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="H9lube" style="align-items: center; background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: inline-flex; height: 26px; justify-content: center; margin-right: 12px; vertical-align: middle; width: 26px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="eqA2re NjwKYd Vwoesf" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="XNo5Ab" data-atf="1" data-csiid="14" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="display: block; height: 18px; width: 18px;" /></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="color: #202124; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-wrap: nowrap;">Daily Excelsior</span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">https://www.dailyexcelsior.com<span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"> › Op-Ed</span></cite></div></div></div></div></a></span><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: auto; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><div class="HGLrXd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: none;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="H9lube" style="align-items: center; background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: inline-flex; height: 26px; justify-content: center; margin-right: 12px; vertical-align: middle; width: 26px;"><div class="eqA2re NjwKYd" style="height: 18px; margin-right: 0px; width: 18px;"></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"></span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"></span></cite></div></div></div></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="display: inline; height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-id="collectionitem-web-desktophttps://www.dailyexcelsior.com/forgotten-massacre-of-1948/" data-viewer-group="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;A4R9y4"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Qu5wMegQIEBAJ" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;A4R9zE" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="img" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" role="button" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; outline: 0px; position: absolute; width: 22px;" tabindex="0"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="1" data-snf="nke7rc" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf lVm3ye r025kc hJNv6b Hdw6tb" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="LEwnzc Sqrs4e" style="color: #70757a; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">26 Jun 2023 — </span>They escaped being <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">lynched</span> only by sheer chance of not being found in their houses at the time of the raids”. A senior Congress leader at that ...</div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="2" data-snf="mCCBcf" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;"></div></div></div></div><span data-csim="" id="z9PoV"></span></div><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><div class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" data-hveid="CBUQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFSgAegQIFRAA" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" jscontroller="SC7lYd" lang="en" style="border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; width: 600px;"><div class="N54PNb BToiNc cvP2Ce" data-snc="Ogfm3d" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: start; contain: layout paint; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: start; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECBIQAQ" href="https://www.opindia.com/2022/01/maharashtra-brahmin-massacre-nathuram-godse-gandhi-assassination/" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.opindia.com/2022/01/maharashtra-brahmin-massacre-nathuram-godse-gandhi-assassination/&ved=2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECBIQAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">It is about time we talk about the 1948 genocide of ...</h3><div class="notranslate HGLrXd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; left: 0px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="eqA2re UnOTSe Vwoesf" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="XNo5Ab" data-atf="1" data-csiid="15" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: block; height: 26px; width: 26px;" /></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="color: #202124; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-wrap: nowrap;">OpIndia</span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">https://www.opindia.com<span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"> › Political History of India</span></cite></div></div></div></div></a></span><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: auto; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><div class="HGLrXd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: none;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re UnOTSe" style="height: 26px; width: 26px;"></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"></span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"></span></cite></div></div></div></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="display: inline; height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-id="collectionitem-web-desktophttps://www.opindia.com/2022/01/maharashtra-brahmin-massacre-nathuram-godse-gandhi-assassination/" data-viewer-group="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;A4R9y4"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Qu5wMegQIEhAJ" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;A4R9zA" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="img" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" role="button" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; outline: 0px; position: absolute; width: 22px;" tabindex="0"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="1" data-snf="nke7rc" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf lVm3ye r025kc hJNv6b Hdw6tb" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="LEwnzc Sqrs4e" style="color: #70757a; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">30 Jan 2022 — </span>They escaped being <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">lynched</span> only by the sheer chance of not being found in their houses at the time of the raids.” Talking about the violence ...</div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="2" data-snf="mCCBcf" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;"></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="3" data-snf="oyZ5Hb" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="TXwUJf" style="color: #70757a;">Missing: <s>8K</s> | Show results with: <a class="fl" href="https://www.google.co.in/search?sca_esv=8031294fadf62b25&q=%228K%22+BRAHMINS+LYNCHED+AFTER+GANDHI%27S+DEATH&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Q5t4CegQIExAB" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">8K</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><div class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" data-hveid="CBYQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFSgAegQIFhAA" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" jscontroller="SC7lYd" lang="en" style="border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; width: 600px;"><div class="N54PNb BToiNc cvP2Ce" data-snc="TN27gc" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: start; contain: layout paint; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: start; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECBQQAQ" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaSpeaks/comments/1aeq51l/forgotten_massacre_of_1948_the_aftermath_of/" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaSpeaks/comments/1aeq51l/forgotten_massacre_of_1948_the_aftermath_of/&ved=2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECBQQAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Forgotten Massacre of 1948... The Aftermath of Gandhi's ...</h3><div class="notranslate HGLrXd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; left: 0px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="eqA2re UnOTSe Vwoesf" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="XNo5Ab" data-atf="1" data-csiid="16" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: block; height: 26px; width: 26px;" /></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="color: #202124; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-wrap: nowrap;">Reddit · r/IndiaSpeaks</span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">20+ comments · 1 month ago</cite></div></div></div></div></a></span><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: auto; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><div class="HGLrXd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: none;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re UnOTSe" style="height: 26px; width: 26px;"></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"></span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"></cite></div></div></div></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="display: inline; height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-id="collectionitem-web-desktophttps://www.reddit.com/r/IndiaSpeaks/comments/1aeq51l/forgotten_massacre_of_1948_the_aftermath_of/" data-viewer-group="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;A4R9y4"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Qu5wMegQIFBAK" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;A4R9y8" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="img" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" role="button" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; outline: 0px; position: absolute; width: 22px;" tabindex="0"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="1" data-snf="nke7rc" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf lVm3ye r025kc hJNv6b Hdw6tb" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Gandhi's</span> assassination on 30 January 1948 ... 8000 to 12000 <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Brahmins</span> were massacred with brutality. ... They escaped being <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">lynched</span> only by sheer ...</div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="2" data-snf="mCCBcf" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hlcw0c" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 44px;"><div class="MjjYud"><div class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" data-hveid="CBEQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFSgAegQIERAA" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" jscontroller="SC7lYd" lang="en" style="border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; width: 600px;"><div class="N54PNb BToiNc cvP2Ce" data-snc="taWLdf" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: start; contain: layout paint; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: start; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECA8QAQ" href="https://igauravmahajan.in/the-brahmin-files-independent-indias-first-political-genocide/" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://igauravmahajan.in/the-brahmin-files-independent-indias-first-political-genocide/&ved=2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECA8QAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">The Brahmin Files: Independent India's First Political Genocide</h3><div class="notranslate HGLrXd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; left: 0px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="eqA2re UnOTSe Vwoesf" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="XNo5Ab" data-atf="4" data-csiid="17" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABwAAAAcCAMAAABF0y+mAAAANlBMVEUWFhYODg4BAQE1NTVWVlZOTk7BwcH////z8vOVlZWKiop5eXleXl7e3t4oKCijo6Nubm6vr68C/bzOAAAA+0lEQVR4AbWQQY7sIAwFcQXyMEAI97/sD/pJS92t2c3UAiyXni05/AJ28YOBLaYA4Ru2XYvs35oi7TU278qRL9cPMKBlpbfNtqlzd7DynmTXcbvr464eqf3pxFcv2jO1EFiQAVa8DP7LpArnomm9mwXyfstDDlpM9S6dUNV5dnbsuAi+6yzajDz1yKmEXbCP0mdeQR5ppmyrphc0HHLhdQuicgNQrHeQXAm3TVl9lKQh10l26INwA6VLU6XivYnA3AkvAM4MAckJeP+48egYuDBo+VPO1EaNI8WZvIQ3rPlwL6P4PEcdH8mzlVZqrc3jVfAR5TgADAPCn/EP2lEJp1XvhjYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" style="background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: block; height: 26px; width: 26px;" /></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="color: #202124; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-wrap: nowrap;">igauravmahajan.in</span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">https://igauravmahajan.in<span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"> › the-brahmin-files-independ...</span></cite></div></div></div></div></a></span><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: auto; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><div class="HGLrXd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: none;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re UnOTSe" style="height: 26px; width: 26px;"></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"></span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"></span></cite></div></div></div></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="display: inline; height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-id="collectionitem-web-desktophttps://igauravmahajan.in/the-brahmin-files-independent-indias-first-political-genocide/" data-viewer-group="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;A4R9y4"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Qu5wMegQIDxAJ" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;A4R9zI" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="img" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" role="button" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; outline: 0px; position: absolute; width: 22px;" tabindex="0"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="1" data-snf="nke7rc" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf lVm3ye r025kc hJNv6b Hdw6tb" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;">Narayanrao Savarkar, <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">after</span> the later was <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">lynched</span> in the anti-Brahmin riots by butchers supporting Congress ideology. ... Gandhi ji's <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">death</span> ... It is estimated that ...</div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="2" data-snf="mCCBcf" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span class="oUAcPd" data-csim="" id="fld_1" lta="1710123580689"></span><div class="cUnQKe" data-hveid="CDgQAA" data-initq="8k brahmins lynched after gandhi's death" data-qc="Cig4ayBicmFobWlucyBseW5jaGVkIGFmdGVyIGdhbmRoaSdzIGRlYXRoEAAxAAAAwAKu0z99jhr8Pg" data-smqc="4" data-ulkwtsb="1" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QuU4oAHoECDgQAA" jsaction="HUiaHb:mlZWMd;FmigO:OKc46b;rcuQ6b:QyrbTd" jscontroller="Da4hkd" jsdata="Dmybpc;_;A4R9zM" jsname="bq0EGf" style="margin-bottom: 44px; position: relative;"><div class="Wt5Tfe" style="padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><div class="eJH8qe adDDi" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; 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box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: flex; max-height: none; outline: 0px; position: relative; width: 652px;" tabindex="0"><div class="JlqpRe" jsname="lN6iy" style="flex: 1 1 0%; margin: 12px 0px; overflow: hidden;"><span class="JCzEY ZwRhJd" jsname="r4nke" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: unset !important; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden;"><span class="CSkcDe" style="font-family: "Google Sans", arial, sans-serif; line-height: 24px;">How many Brahmins were killed in 1948?</span></span></div><div class="aj35ze" jsname="Q8Kwad" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg focusable=\"false\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"%2370757a\" d=\"M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z\"></path></svg>"); display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 24px;"></div><div class="L3Ezfd" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Quk56BAhDEAI" jsname="pcRaIe" style="height: 48px; 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position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-id="collectionitem-web-desktophttps://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-the-first-mob-lynching-in-India-was-done-by-so-called-Gandhians-of-Narayan-Savarkar-brother-of-Veer-Savarkar-in-Mumbai" data-viewer-group="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;A4R9y4"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Qu5wMegQIHRAJ" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;A4R9zc" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="img" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" role="button" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; outline: 0px; position: absolute; width: 22px;" tabindex="0"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="1" data-snf="nke7rc" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf lVm3ye r025kc hJNv6b Hdw6tb" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="LEwnzc Sqrs4e" style="color: #70757a; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">6 Jan 2022 — </span>... lynching incent <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">after</span> the killing of Mahatma Gandhi - The lynching of Dr. ... Ok coming back to main question why Sadhu's <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">lynched</span> to <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">death</span> ...</div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="2" data-snf="mCCBcf" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><div class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" data-hveid="CC0QAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFSgAegQILRAA" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" jscontroller="SC7lYd" lang="en" style="border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; width: 600px;"><div class="N54PNb BToiNc cvP2Ce" data-snc="wSYGYd" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: start; contain: layout paint; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: start; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECB4QAQ" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/congress-officials-orchestrated-anti-brahmin-pogrom-after-gandhi-s-death-no-cases-were-filed-vikram-sampath/789834" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/congress-officials-orchestrated-anti-brahmin-pogrom-after-gandhi-s-death-no-cases-were-filed-vikram-sampath/789834&ved=2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECB4QAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Congress officials orchestrated anti-Brahmin pogrom after ...</h3><div class="notranslate HGLrXd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; left: 0px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="eqA2re UnOTSe Vwoesf" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="XNo5Ab" data-atf="4" data-csiid="19" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" style="background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: block; height: 26px; width: 26px;" /></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="color: #202124; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-wrap: nowrap;">Times Now</span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">https://www.timesnownews.com<span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"> › India News</span></cite></div></div></div></div></a></span><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: auto; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><div class="HGLrXd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: none;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re UnOTSe" style="height: 26px; width: 26px;"></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"></span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"></span></cite></div></div></div></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="display: inline; height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-id="collectionitem-web-desktophttps://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/congress-officials-orchestrated-anti-brahmin-pogrom-after-gandhi-s-death-no-cases-were-filed-vikram-sampath/789834" data-viewer-group="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;A4R9y4"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Qu5wMegQIHhAJ" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;A4R9zk" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="img" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" role="button" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; outline: 0px; position: absolute; width: 22px;" tabindex="0"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="1" data-snf="nke7rc" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf lVm3ye r025kc hJNv6b Hdw6tb" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="LEwnzc Sqrs4e" style="color: #70757a; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">24 Jul 2021 — </span><span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Brahmins</span> of Maharashtra were targeted and thousands of them were murdered to avenge the <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">death</span> of Gandhi.</div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="2" data-snf="mCCBcf" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;"></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="3" data-snf="oyZ5Hb" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="TXwUJf" style="color: #70757a;">Missing: <s>8K</s> <s>LYNCHED</s></div></div></div></div></div><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><div class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" data-hveid="CCsQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFSgAegQIKxAA" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" jscontroller="SC7lYd" lang="en" style="border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; width: 600px;"><div class="N54PNb BToiNc cvP2Ce" data-snc="XNGwxd" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: start; contain: layout paint; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: start; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECB8QAQ" href="https://twitter.com/BeingBhagwa/status/1752636490897829990" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://twitter.com/BeingBhagwa/status/1752636490897829990&ved=2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECB8QAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Al Bhagwa</h3><div class="notranslate HGLrXd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; left: 0px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="eqA2re UnOTSe Vwoesf" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="XNo5Ab" data-atf="4" data-csiid="20" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABwAAAAcCAAAAABXZoBIAAAA/0lEQVR4AbXPIazCMACE4d+L2qoZFEGSIGcRc/gJJB5XMzGJmK9EN0HMi+qaibkKVF1txdQe4g0YzPK5yyWXHL9TaPNQ89LojH87N1rbJcXkMF4Fk31UMrf34hm14KUeoQxGArALHTMuQD2cAWQfJXOpgTbksGr9ng8qluShJTPhyCdx63POg7rEim95ZyR68I1ggQpnCEGwyPicw6hZtPEGmnhkycqOio1zm6XuFtyw5XDXfGvuau0dXHzJp8pfBPuhIXO9ZK5ILUCdSvLYMpc6ASBtl3EaC97I4KaFaOCaBE9Zn5jUsVqR2vcTJZO1DdbGoZryVp94Ka/mQfE7f2T3df0WBhLDAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" style="background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: block; height: 26px; width: 26px;" /></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="color: #202124; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-wrap: nowrap;">X · BeingBhagwa</span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">550+ likes · 1 month ago</cite></div></div></div></div></a></span><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: auto; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><div class="HGLrXd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: none;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re UnOTSe" style="height: 26px; width: 26px;"></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"></span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"></cite></div></div></div></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="display: inline; height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-id="collectionitem-web-desktophttps://twitter.com/BeingBhagwa/status/1752636490897829990" data-viewer-group="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;A4R9y4"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Qu5wMegQIHxAK" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;A4R9zg" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="img" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" role="button" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; outline: 0px; position: absolute; width: 22px;" tabindex="0"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="1" data-snf="nke7rc" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf lVm3ye r025kc hJNv6b Hdw6tb" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;">The first mob lynching in Independent India was done by <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Gandhi's</span> ... His only crime was to be a #Chitpavan Brahmin. 8000+ Chitpavan <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Brahmins</span> ...</div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="2" data-snf="mCCBcf" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><div class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" data-hveid="CDYQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFSgAegQINhAA" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" jscontroller="SC7lYd" lang="en" style="border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; width: 600px;"><div class="N54PNb BToiNc cvP2Ce" data-snc="SJC3uf" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: start; contain: layout paint; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: start; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECDAQAQ" href="https://www.thejaipurdialogues.com/itihasa/gandhi-godse-and-the-1948-brahmin-massacre-in-maharashtra/" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.thejaipurdialogues.com/itihasa/gandhi-godse-and-the-1948-brahmin-massacre-in-maharashtra/&ved=2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECDAQAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Gandhi, Godse and The 1948 Brahmin Massacre in ...</h3><div class="notranslate HGLrXd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; left: 0px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="eqA2re UnOTSe Vwoesf" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="XNo5Ab" data-atf="4" data-csiid="21" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: block; height: 26px; width: 26px;" /></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="color: #202124; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-wrap: nowrap;">thejaipurdialogues.com</span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">https://www.thejaipurdialogues.com<span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"> › itihasa › gandhi-...</span></cite></div></div></div></div></a></span><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: auto; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><div class="HGLrXd iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: none;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div class="eqA2re UnOTSe" style="height: 26px; width: 26px;"></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"></span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"></span></cite></div></div></div></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="display: inline; height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-id="collectionitem-web-desktophttps://www.thejaipurdialogues.com/itihasa/gandhi-godse-and-the-1948-brahmin-massacre-in-maharashtra/" data-viewer-group="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;A4R9y4"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Qu5wMegQIMBAJ" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;A4R9zw" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="img" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" role="button" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; outline: 0px; position: absolute; width: 22px;" tabindex="0"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="1" data-snf="nke7rc" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf lVm3ye r025kc hJNv6b Hdw6tb" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="LEwnzc Sqrs4e" style="color: #70757a; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">30 Jan 2024 — </span>Nathuram Godse, belonging to an orthodox Chittapavan Brahmin family in Pune, assassinated Gandhi on January 30, 1948. This event triggered a ...</div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="2" data-snf="mCCBcf" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;"></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="3" data-snf="oyZ5Hb" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="TXwUJf" style="color: #70757a;">Missing: <s>8K</s> <s>LYNCHED</s></div></div></div></div></div><div class="MjjYud" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><div class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" data-hveid="CDQQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFSgAegQINBAA" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" jscontroller="SC7lYd" lang="en" style="border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; width: 600px;"><div class="N54PNb BToiNc cvP2Ce" data-snc="nhTW6b" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: start; contain: layout paint; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: start; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECCEQAQ" href="https://www.facebook.com/untoldtruth14/photos/a.443306746222786/733232167230241/?type=3" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.facebook.com/untoldtruth14/photos/a.443306746222786/733232167230241/%3Ftype%3D3&ved=2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECCEQAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Anti-Brahmin Riots After Gandhi's Assassination Right ...</h3><div class="notranslate HGLrXd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; left: 0px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="H9lube" style="align-items: center; background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: inline-flex; height: 26px; justify-content: center; margin-right: 12px; vertical-align: middle; width: 26px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="eqA2re NjwKYd Vwoesf" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="XNo5Ab" data-atf="4" data-csiid="22" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="display: block; 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height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-id="collectionitem-web-desktophttps://www.facebook.com/untoldtruth14/photos/a.443306746222786/733232167230241/?type=3" data-viewer-group="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;A4R9y4"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8Qu5wMegQIIRAK" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;A4R9zs" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="img" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" role="button" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; outline: 0px; position: absolute; width: 22px;" tabindex="0"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="1" data-snf="nke7rc" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf lVm3ye r025kc hJNv6b Hdw6tb" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;">Anti-Brahmin Riots <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">After Gandhi's</span> Assassination Right <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">after</span> Gandhi was assassinated by Naturam Godse, the so called non violent Gandhians ...</div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce" data-sncf="2" data-snf="mCCBcf" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="color: #70757a; line-height: 1.58;"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hlcw0c" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 44px;"><div class="MjjYud"><div class="g Ww4FFb vt6azd tF2Cxc asEBEc" data-hveid="CDUQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFSgAegQINRAA" jsaction="QyLbLe:OMITjf;ewaord:qsYrDe;xd28Mb:A6j43c" jscontroller="SC7lYd" lang="en" style="border-radius: 0px; border-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px 0px 30px; position: relative; width: 600px;"><div class="N54PNb BToiNc cvP2Ce" data-snc="VNPxTe" style="-webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-pack: start; contain: layout paint; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: start; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="contain: layout paint; flex: 0 0 auto; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECCMQAQ" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi&ved=2ahUKEwjappfkkuuEAxVpcGwGHY3qAU8QFnoECCMQAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</h3><div class="notranslate HGLrXd NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; left: 0px; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><div class="q0vns" style="align-items: center; display: flex; padding: 0px;"><span class="DDKf1c" style="margin-right: 12px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="eqA2re UnOTSe Vwoesf" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="XNo5Ab" data-atf="4" data-csiid="23" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABwAAAAcCAAAAABXZoBIAAAAnklEQVR4AeTNIQiDQABG4b+u17X1aF6PK3YEO9iMJqPVau82y4FgMezS0oVLhqsHtrcqeqzDXv3CEz/6L4yTtZM3dnHmPTtjzXZAXKYVo4agkU2GI2Lloc6JDez1+flswMu1EQZ3xlE7lK8eKDkjtwE+crBMV+wesKmCiisGGepZIfQJpMj9SNb2MYWrChjVkULuCyCfRvsdmBieyQQAsoDk/9ryhFMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" style="background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: block; height: 26px; width: 26px;" /></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="color: #202124; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-wrap: nowrap;">Wikipedia</span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; 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-webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;">... lynching him". According to Matt Doeden and others, "Godse did not flee the scene, and he voluntarily surrendered himself to the police". <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Death</span> edit.</div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-65794527702366697392024-03-09T23:21:00.000-08:002024-03-09T23:21:53.311-08:00How Britain became rich by slave trade,drug trade,loot<p> <a href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/index.php" style="background-color: white; color: #33aaff; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14.52px; text-align: justify;" target="_top"><img align="middle" border="0" height="17" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tWoGlJkEyBn2ltBrX-uHqKsEvdoNR1rqKy5y8swvZV_nfqgLKStJHa45Y4M9Vs_h-qrr-feuXvOSD7qTTJ2qnlsYZaGVSfwZPgB5XUuxpYHYsj=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="125" /></a></p><hr align="center" size="5" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14.52px; text-align: justify;" width="100%" /><center style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14.52px;"><h1 style="margin: 0px; position: relative;">The British Empire Magazine<br /><i>Orbis / TimeLife / BBC</i></h1><br /><table border="9" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_utU-B4AdvCQ7OQbEL5sLOGy_BICQXywr5dwm2rsUaJIBSbZm0cP41Sg2hieGiDE3wiqSwIFAOgOw8pwhQy07wnGgFusPVMasBqM2Kz2Ed4gxVleDA=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">1: The Glorious Story of Our Nation's Heritage</a></center><br /><b>The Presence that Changed the World:</b> This introductory issue charts the rise and fall of the empire. It then asks what the full impact was of the largest empire the world had ever known?</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vTq4Y7UX8cDozh9jbuRF85_-BTzTTEHSsknaJq3R5CgBYpuCL4sN2f68HTOwh1_PEd1bB8BJHg1HGj-KVp0-6LKRvP73AxzOGd0TdYhfl_VhkJk5Q=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">2: Dawn of Empire - Tudor England's Heroic Explorers</a></center><br /><b>Dawn of Empire:</b> Optimism, aggressiveness and self-confidence define Hnry VIII and a growing band of hungry explorers<b>Searchers for Cathay:</b>As news returned of a New World, England sought new lands for herself.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Children of Paradise:</b>John White's recording of the coastal Indians of the New World.<br /><b>The Birth of Greater Britain:</b> Settlers aim to turn their dreams for the New World into reality.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vCagVaFUpsyWVTvPTp7clcLqkpgYfduzcDMjpSd0sGWYSoavltLoHKjTqu2r7IcZq9maI7uq1JgJ3jc0lR3Jz19jFLz26iqvwtixagGxGgdSDYy3M=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">3: Showdown with Spain - Drakes Beats the Armada</a></center><br /><b>Showdown with Spain:</b> Catholic Spain and Protestant England come to blows as religion and politics makes a deadly combination. <b>The Dragon of the Spanish Main:</b>Sir <a href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/biography/francisdrake.htm" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;">Francis Drake</a> would become a thorn in the side of the Spanish as he sought to find the source of their riches.<br /><b>The Embattled Tudors:</b>Elizabeth had inherited a nation that had veered from one crisis to another for decades. Could she settle the raging storm?<br /><b>The Great Armada:</b> How the most massive force in Naval history failed in its attempt to land an army in England.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_thNPMaCs9JarFxQyQYezHsKgeyHQzalCIza-hcBFWm3CY4fMC-mDJeYr6twjPs3SPtvsrH2KPF81NTo3IjIhiWY3_kqlHimj_Gi1klmbvdXGKUOQk=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">4: Black Ivory: Britain's infamous Slave Trade</a></center><br /><b>Black Ivory:</b> For 300 years, Europeans conducted a sordid trade, sending untold millions of West Africa negroes - 'black ivory' - into slavery across the Atlantic. <b>Picture Essay - A Corrupting Influence:</b>How the trade corrupted all who touched it, from the Africans providing the slaves to the Europeans transporting the cargo to the recipients in the New World.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Human Animals:</b>From the moment the red-hot trade-marks seared their skin, slaves were the helpless victims of their master's whims.<br /><b>The Dividends of Slavery:</b> The men (and they usually were men) who grew rich on the backs of the labour of their slaves.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vXsP8ZEkLWj1O0BzceSNy5WUWq7e2J2U03czmKQC8r8rOyYKDd8p_PIIiTSK3GI6lYCgkfgFw99skORqCzHF7qZmeITe_egRExL4tEq0trxk_3-A=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">5: Earth's Only Paradise</a></center><br /><b>Earth's Only Paradise:</b> England muscles in over the Spanish hold on the New World. Their settlements will shape the future of the British Empire as they bring their commerce and agriculture to the new continent. <b>The Pilgrims' London:</b> What had the pilgrims sacrificed and left behind as they entered the New World.<br /><b>Two Differing Nations:</b> The colonies of Massachusetts and Virginia contrasted sharply in their aims and values. Whether they be religious pioneers or secular fortune seekers, the imprint of both sets of settlers would play their decisive part in shaping the New World.<br /><b>The Divine Weed:</b> Tobacco would prove to be the bounty and the cash crop of the Americas. Making fortunes from its addictive nature.<br /><b>A Patchwork of Sects:</b> Many versions of Christianity, particularly within Protestantism, would welcome the new found freedom to establish their 'ideal' communities.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sGAMp4DcIKAD1eQP1GKaNvVOBYv74y6QjIcDDp-5vXPpB2_VafxLhBx9_NNE5eON0owvR3dJSYAWN3sRh_ztJ0luU4jtxKnxGBLTFRa0WrvD9aLOs=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">6: Britannia Claims: The Wealth of the Indies</a></center><br /><b>The Wealth of the Indies:</b> How Elizabethan sailors vied with Spanish, Dutch and French sailors for control of the bounty of the East. <b>Picture Essay - Exotic Novelties from the East:</b>The spices that fetched fortunes for those who could transport them back to Europe.<br /><b>On the Brink of Disaster:</b> It is the Dutch who become the serious rivals for control of the spice trade.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The East India Company:</b> The Crown Company that dominated the East Indies Trade.<br /><b>The First Steps to Empire:</b> How a trading company turned into an instrument of control and administration.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uW2KldwC6veUZV46JuZ_gRRwS5aXqnjsl4uoKDq7XqpHYpKzpt9UFDWaGTvdem8TY1D53b1PpWh-FLjmJ5Xtr0ItmF95SVduPQP5U4YLsIJViFzTk=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">7: The Conquest of Canada - Quebec: End of the French Dream</a></center><br /><b>The Conquest of Canada:</b> The Seven Years War becomes the French and Indian War as the British and French struggle for mastery over the Great Lakes region. <b>The Hudson's Bay Company:</b>The Trading Company that ruled over an area as large as Europe.<br /><b>Quebec:</b> Wolfe's desperate gamble to dislodge the French from their stronghold. It would settle the fate of the Continent.<br /><b>The Growing Pains of a Young Country:</b> The American Settlers were becoming more testy as the removal of the French threat made them more willing to test their relationship with Britain.<br /><b>No Quarter for Rebellion:</b> French Canadians led by Papineau rebel only to be crushed by decisive British action.<br /><b>A Painful Loosening of Old Bonds:</b> The Durham Report gives a surprising amount of autonomy to the Canadian Colony.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tm7zrCV2jCzsyLmq3fuRkDwms7ynf6On5zKL2Qr0xOnuMLucyOvUi88QNwQdeTMF1_PkDuQ-r_7QBev90FYmJnwqHkOBp3J4VE702q9z7_3v6lJw=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">8: Assault on India</a></center><br /><b>The Assault on India:</b> Details how the small, nimble East India Company out-manouevered its rivals to gain supremacy in the sub-continent. <b>Into the Black Hole:</b> Clive battles Suraj-ud-Daula for control of Calcutta.<br /><b>The Walkover at Plassey:</b> How 3,000 disciplined soldiers saw off an army of 50,000<br /><b>The Spoils of Victory:</b> How the military victories were converted into economic power and gain.<br /><b>The Tiger of Mysore:</b> Tipu Sahib offered a serious challenge to the East India Company at the end of the eighteenth century.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tW5wXkhdRbF6wh9nAfBh_RmX9v5gE5FFl_zr4CSLJPLIXeOuQaCszJWR3_OlWJi9ZhWzPDCKCWjB5Fw1gtv1cD6YAL8Brg13ovQew-7CAm6hcl=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">9: America's Road to Rebellion</a></center><br /><b>America's Road to Rebellion:</b> England's efforts to restore her war shattered economy by taxing Americans - and the colonists' own determination not to pay up. <b>Picture Essay - A Flourishing New Country:</b> The wealthy plantation owners, the rising merchants and independent farmers who, though admiring England, would no longer be bound by her dictates.<br /><b>To the Brink of War:</b> A spiral of bitterness, fed by oppressive taxation, dissident mobs, murderous reprisals and finally the crowning insult of the Boston Tea Party.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The First Blows for Freedom:</b> Bitter words and mob rule turn to all out violence as the Americans draw first blood at Lexington and Concord.<br /><b>The Decision to Rebel:</b> Tom Paine's clear-cut writings act as a clarion call to revolutionaries, who commit themselves to all out war for independence.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vEaIDbCEi3ZwW6xBtmgUdupxro27iYX2wiVM2Y1Rqm69EG88G7hBB29AhDq_D36BYyJAx6YE24TOt3aobbj3c6MKa0b6mC_-kekw08GhfMmMwnPlwf=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">10: The World Turned Upside Down - Global War: America Victorious, France Crushed</a></center><br /><b>The World Turned Upside Down:</b> Rebellion in America flares into all out war - marked by appalling British planning and disasters. <b>Picture Essay - America Breaks Away:</b> British victory in New York is offset by John Paul Jones's freebooting raids on the British coast and by the crushing American victory at Yorktown.<br /><b>The Frightful Strain of Global War:</b> The American War becomes a world war as Britain's enemies - France, Spain and Holland - seize their chance to fulfil long standing ambitions.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Battle of the Nile:</b> Nelson's devastating victory over Napoleon's fleet which made the Mediterranean an English sea.<br /><b>A Burgeoning Empire:</b> The final victories which established Britain as the supreme imperial power of the new century.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_si4aZ28mEXtj0rsiVNi7SiUa_ciLdZI7ZaBJ966mFKb4CVq2534q1yuD11W_54_Bmn-yYwm-GAiuZlq6sNWR9qNqBA4-JkLPeHCbTnj0nddpQ9dL5e=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">11: The World Revealed: Captain James Cook puts Australasia on the Map</a></center><br /><b>The World Revealed:</b> The 18th Century's scant knowledge of the Pacific, Captain James Cook's first two voyages into this unknown region and his charting of Australia and New Zealand. <b>Picture Essay - Endeavour, Resolution and Discovery:</b> The names of Cook's vessels aptly summarize his outward qualities - but not the driving ambition which inspired his explorations of Australasia, the Pacific, and the polar regions.<br /><b>The Gentle Navigator's Last Voyage:</b> From the warmth of the beloved Pacific isles, Cook, tired and becoming careless, probes the Arctic wastes and returns to violent death in Hawaii.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_ttpQfr5SLH1u1kIU8GJ8SAhf6butKdG6TigolmxfLxNPqOpS5Zwvy5T9pYF0zSYi-ymAoyF4Tr3yNbxoGZTHTpRkkFrWVwEWbLd4__rSAFAgiu6hlf=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">12: The Coming of the Raj: The British Master India</a></center><br /><b>The Coming of the Raj:</b> The spoils which many English - and some found - in the heady era following Clive's victory at Plassey. <b>Picture Essay - Through Indian Eyes:</b> Pictures commissioned from Indian artists by the English to commemorate their way of life.<br /><b>The Battle against Corruption 316:</b> The first controls imposed by London and the furore which surrounded Warren Hasting's impeachment for corruption.<br /><b>"Splendid Sloth and Languid Debauchery":</b> The impossible task facing those who attempted to impose humanity and good government o the British in India.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Skinner's Horse:</b> The story of the half-caste who won an Empire wide reputation with his own irregular cavalry regiment.<br /><b>Wellesley's 'Grand Design':</b> The beginnings of the hard fought British expansion of control over the rest of India.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_ty2jqxzZhxUOUi_LqoLyyZlDKwCnQj1NngTOIfwSkYP_DjDXLlDEUcpN-nNYFLVf6D7xLetnn5UacrLOdHUIJpNMvxZK2-IWUZVPfIxn2GYwtZ8Fs=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">13: Early Days Down Under: Australia, From Convict Colony to Fledgling Nation</a></center><br /><b>Early Days Down Unde:</b> The arrival of the first batch of convicts at Botany Bay and a review of the forbidding continent which they were to face. <b>Picture Essay - A Cruel, Hostile World:</b> Confronted by hostile Aborigines and with their own stores almost gone, the colonists for two years faced extinction.<br /><b>The Struggle for Survival:</b> The arrival of more convict ships and of the first free settlers who assured the colony's success.<br /><b>Picture Essay - A Green and Pleasant Land:</b> In the 1830s the coatal lands of South Australia attracted a mass of settlers who rapidly created thriving new settlements.<br /><b>The Last of the Convicts:</b> Independent minded Australians demanded an end to the convict system - and set themselves on the road to nationhood.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tpAQxWPckCJau2crov4xd7heUlxRFm-7bS8f6-LZN7qQFjBPIIcSPyXGv9EpZ1HDCWPcQ4CMdhbrvmTYIBKrxTkjVo04EJu39J8cTIOQxFeRrphNK-=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">14: The Clash of Cultures - The British force their ways on native India</a></center><br /><b>The Clash of Cultures:</b> The British begin to eradicate the social evils in their newly acquired Indian Empire: the murder of girl babies, the burning of widows, the Thugs. <b>Picture Essay - Holy Murder:</b> The Thugs's age-old method of slaughter and the campaign, headed by Sir William 'Thuggee' Sleeman, to stamp out their practices.<br /><b>The Assault on Traditional India:</b> The coming of English law and education, of canals and roads, as the British try to recreate Indian society according to their own ideaas of civilisation.<br /><b>Picture Essay - India's 'Grand Abomination':</b> The Hindu and Muslim practices - one of them particularly grisly - which came under assault by reforming British Christians.<br /><b>The Seeds of Rebellion:</b> The new spate of unsettling innovations by Lord Dalhousie and his series of annexations which left India ripe for revolt.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tgRteFnpsetDfsRbotz-TUVqos_GwC7JAh7vA6IYzuyi_OIsmKgjnDrGA1vkL8QFcJjSK0ehwsNjQ_jITWUkv5l0p5neloolIoyNfRCrKP5qcX-zg=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">15: Nelson at Trafalgar - Triumph and Tragedy</a></center><br /><b>Nelson at Trafalgar - Triumph and Tragedy:</b> The life of Britain's greatest naval hero up to the eve of Trafalgar, his greatest battle. <b>HMS Victory's Self-Contained World:</b> Nelson's ship: her cabins, her crowded, unhealthy gun decks and the life of her crew members.<br /><b>The Clash of the Fleets:</b> The British and the Franco-Spanish vessels meet off Trafalgar in the battle which established Britain as the world's dominant sea-power.<br /><b>Memories of a Hero:</b> A variety of souvenirs that were made and purchased by Nelson's deeply saddened countrymen.<br /><b>'Remember Nelson!':</b> The legacy of respect for Nelson and his achievements which both inspired and inhibited the 19th Century Navy.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vHButs_s2nPlKseqDJ01nEVuqL0_-dT2UVWNDVMi--rD1al-v9M5Yhep7bDTU4PhgPoXUXFrGVcwRzovfzwDqg65Y3Url2Y40Ev61oG8rVdb8Nv9C2=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">16: Planters and Pirates: Sugar-Kings and Freebooters of the British Caribbean</a></center><br /><b>Planters and Pirates:</b> The arrival of the British in West Indies, their struggles against the Spanish, the 'white slavery' of indentured labour and Cromwell's disastrous Caribbean campaign against the Spanish. <b>Picture Essay - Under the Jolly Roger:</b> Some of the pirates and privateers whose bloodthirsty ventures made them legends in their own lifetime.<br /><b>"King Sugar" and the Sugar Kings:</b> The men whose vast slave-based sugar estates made them among the richest and most influential men in Britain.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Slaves, Sugar, Rum: a Recipe for Wealth:</b> The back-breaking work of the slaves on a sugar plantation as they plant sugar-cane, harvest it and produce sugar and rum.<br /><b>Decline and Fall:</b> The end of slavery and stiff competition from sugar-growers elsewhere turns many West Indian islands into backwaters.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_soC4wv4sgS8HKy4K213-9Dq7AIyh9vLEtK8JNp6FZsEiNLA7qwtEQbl1BOO4XCXo7AsjJTW5AfEC_7SrMa3JMWjf44aespS_0kwXYHguuAP9KWQBRi=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">17: Revolt Against Slavery</a></center><br /><b>Revolt against Slavery:</b> The slow dawn of anti-slavery sentiment in Britain and Granville Sharp's fight for negro rights under the law. <b>Picture Essay - Insurrection:</b> The brutally suppressed negro revolts in Jamaica and Demerara that convinced many at home of the evils of slavery.<br /><b>A gruelling Campaign:</b> The long struggle, headed by William Wilberforce, that in 1807 - after 18 years of angry debate - led t the end of the slave-trade in the Empire.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Mission of Mercy:</b> The anti-slaving voyage of the Linnet, one of the many naval vessels used to suppress the international slave trade.<br /><b>Breaking the Bonds:</b> The rising tide of public opinion finally forces through the measure which outlawed slavery throughout the Empire.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uerqqRv57DNeQGAxvKeJONMLsy8cv7fb7h4gJU9BQdR57xJPtiNChrGCFc2bT_XcTHZSbf9oSF3O7z1UzXRCTNh9edy7H2I-Uheklp0knurD6_VGDa=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">20: Into the Dark Continent</a></center><br /><b>Into the Dark Continent:</b> Early British interest in unknown Africa and the first attempts at systematic exploration. Mungo Park's two epic journeys. <b>Picture Essay - To the 'Sink of Africa':</b> The explorations of Denham, Oudney and Clapperton among the colourful, warring sultanates in the region of Lake Chad.<br /><b>Unwitting Pioneers of Empire:</b> The 19th Century explorer whose determined search for the knowledge eventually led to the coming of British rule in West Africa.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tyzXb6EjBEBLFaTfHf9eAn734CveQzc2-Lc-CaOIuAqgnaAEHGJ1ePd-_dXsJOxHf3035fC1LOKn349QuqN_RsJITpcnad_po3CxpQ-5MSuYF092kO=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">21: The Opium War</a></center><br /><b>The Opium War:</b> The dependence of the East Indies Company - and the British public - on Opium. The first attempts of the Company to trade with the unbending Chinese Emperor. <b>Picture Essay - A Fruitless Mission:</b> The hopeless efforts of Lord George Macartney to obtain a trade agreement from the aged Emperor Ch'ien-lung.<br /><b>Exporting the 'Pernicious Drug':</b> The immensely profitable trade in opium smuggled into China from India to pay for tea.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Traders in Oblivion:</b> How the opium was gathered, cured and shipped from Calcutta to the waiting addicts in China.<br /><b>The 'Barbarians' sweep to Victory:</b> Chinese efforts to ban opium smuggling leads to a British invasion and, after a rapid campaign, to China's humiliation.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_szKApB6-rEHdPtF9YMxCjpH51v4Ebf1TkRh9IryExxc_6_998JeQ_5a1_K1_7eGOiNRqt9nKFGbds_OEJFlZQu0BbjFd76aTItlIblUCMxptwqFSm5=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">22: Buccaneers of the East: Raffles of Singapore, Brooke of Sarawak</a></center><br /><b>Buccaneers of the East:</b> The men whose drive led to an unexpected expansion of the imperial frontier of the Far East. <b>The Founder of Singapore:</b> Thomas Stamford Raffles' career and his acquisition of one of the greatest ports of the East.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Raffles</b> His administration of Java and Singapore and his work as a naturalist.<br /><b>The Legacy of Raffles:</b> Singapore burgeons into a great trading port as British power slowly extends through all the Malayan peninsula.<br /><b>The White Rajah's of Sarawak:</b> James Brooke's empire building in Borneo and his establishment of a dynasty remembered with affection in Sarawak.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Brooke</b> Rajah Brooke's suppression of piracy and his failure to suppress - head-hunting<br /><b>King of the Cocos Islands:</b> John Clunies-Ross takes possession of some remote Indian Ocean islands.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uHGbRPraMI_5E7iEqAvqUN3Gfs1vCkfpbwzWw5BfFPWU6luGy8goTneDeFl1RCsQb-wBNGnXrZxL2zfliiRNHwx8UR6b4t9UOK_QJXrvioIPy0omI=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">23: The </a><a href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/mutiny.htm" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;">Indian Mutiny</a></center><br /><b>The <a href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/mutiny.htm" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;">Indian Mutiny</a>:</b> The causes of the great revolt, the first bloody outbreak in Meerut, and the rebel march to Delhi. <b>Picture Essay - The Siege of Delhi:</b> For months, an inadequate force of British and sepoys preserved a precarious position outside Delhi until heavy reinforcements allowed them to take the city.<br /><b>A Year of Bloodshed:</b> Two other towns, Lucknow and <a href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/cawnpore.htm" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;">Cawnpore</a> - were centres of revolt before the start of the vengeful campaign which finally crushed the mutineers.<br /><b>Picture Essay - A Heritage of Anger:</b> How Victorian artists portrayed the Great Mutiny as an epic tragedy.<br /><b>The End of the Devil's Wind:</b> Queen Victoria's proclamation ends Company rule and places the government of India firmly in the hands of the Crown.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tWWkAduHrdW1D_UzsNQiUt6IsVYRtsXmWTFnaYDCyNu_6lOHhwDvX1m0KTg9YeoTijuz1hyZl6-KkB8WvbbHj5NthHLHM9r4Yx8ZE_TZhoF2e7M2I=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">24: Specks Upon the Sea</a></center><br /><b>Specks Upon the Sea:</b> A survey of the innumerable islands that became part of the Empire and some of the reasons why the British acquired them. <b>Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</b> Two of the world's remotest islands.<br /><b>St Helena</b> Napoleon's place of exile.<br /><b>Mauritius</b> Sugar Island in the Indian Ocean.<br /><b>Diamond Rock</b> A Gibraltar of the West Indies.<br /><b>Nicobar, Andaman and Redonda</b> Sweltering, lazy backwaters in the Indian Ocean.<br /><b>The 'Bounty' and Pitcairn</b> The mutiny that led to the colonisation of Pitcairn.<br /><b>Fiji</b> The 'Cannibal Isles'?</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uw_TrdXulCqAOriE-OSSw-TbuvrO5xlB3puLUBP-t2aEQpZI9NTJpwC1SvTvAsnN9tJwFDXbFWQrYoxPTUiKupFEtaNdUpztHfJ1nGtzWNjGdH4tTc=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">25: Maori Challenge - The Settling of New Zealand</a></center><br /><b>The Maori Challenge:</b>The effect of the arrival of the first Europeans in New Zealand on the Maori inhabitants. <b>Picture Essay - The Lost World of the Maoris:</b> The life of the early 19th Century Maoris, as seen by an English Artist, when their ways were still much as they had been for hundreds of years.<br /><b>The Struggle for Possession:</b> The conflicts between the two races that eventually flared into all out and prolonged war.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Taming the Land:</b> The colonists whose land-clearing, building and farming achievements created the foundation of the modern nation of New Zealand.<br /><b>'God's Own Country':</b> The exhilaration of those caught up in the building of an egalitarian, politically mature, thriving community.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_v8ZgE14T1rqlRtMxMtkkNAJqc3QFymlIq9GzKSTSMwKCoWw43gyLI9YFexesA-vqRtsZGZje_vrtUJy_xACYb9xYomqsYIj7PtPY7p3EEgmUHCSMrD=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">26: Livingstone and Stanley</a></center><br /><b>The Life and Explorations of Dr. Livingstone:</b>The first of the epic travels into Africa by the most famous of all 19th Century explorers. <b>Picture Essay - Momentous Meeting, Fruitless Search:</b> Livingstone and Stanley meet; the Doctor's march to his death.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Livingstone: A Jaundiced View:</b> Previously unpublished water-colours reveal that the adulation of Livingstone was not universal.<br /><b>Livingstone's heir:</b> Stanley's organised explorations reveal the true geography of Central Africa... but his return from Darkest Africa brought only begrudging praise.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Presumptious Mr. Stanley:</b> Stanley's journey to 'relieve' a man who didn't need rescue.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_v67xcydniN-E-1HD2O03P6X6CQFQDynkiyWwbu8sOkTcpRHXIiSB7BxpGywkpKxC99Fnj9CgtROwwxMDUyniiqvm5o23yUcOEAK_fG35m6nHjOqLq0=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">27: Light in the Darkness</a></center><br /><b>Light in the Darkness:</b>The self-confident and, in retrospect, arrogant attempt of the missionaries to bring British religion and civilisation to non-Christian peoples. <b>Picture Essay - 'From Greenland's Icy Mountains':</b> Missionaries' publicity for their work in many parts of the world, answering - so they believed - the heathen's call.<br /><b>In Need of Protection:</b> The ambivalent attitudes of missionaries in far away places who asked for government protection but when the gunboat or district officer arrived had second thoughts.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Little Pockets of Civilisation:</b> The secondary work of the missionaries in spreading literacy, medicine and simple technologies.<br /><b>A Tea-Drinking Existence:</b> The end of the missionaries' pioneering days.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sWv_GeHT2pBS64Gu286zUhk1o6WnUYebMMuAPpC_dygcabVlnTz_JLkD6y_2-k7Ao_2S0FMHPfkat9TscdixRwfhbTZ25fIkQ-c9v7Laxd9WOq2WIO=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">28: The Business of Empire - British Trade Spans the Seas</a></center><br /><b>The Business of Empire:</b> The enormous opportunity for world trade offered by Britain's command of the seas during the Napoleonic Wars, and how shrewd men developed trading skills.<b>Picture Essay - The Racing Clippers:</b> 'Iron men in wooden ships' drove beautiful vessels across the stormy seas to win the rewards of being the first in London with the fragrant new tea-crop.<br /><b>Discovering the Empire:</b> The growing realisation that the previously ignored colonies were excellent prospects for profitable investment.<br /><b>The 'Great Eastern'</b> With a vision far out-reaching the technical progress of his time, Isambard Kingdom Brunel built an enormous and terribly unlucky ship that, in effect, killed him.<br /><b>The Competition Stiffens:</b> As other nations reached industrial maturity, Britain found that its markets, even in the Empire, were slipping.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_shWYGznSjvuNZreCkAdHpu9nmOCTQJGt3kfgLHnBFIA3U54HUiFbc9yjiN_mw9ggb2XL4DDFvbEV0QjjRLRq5CBGjUmfKVk9f-gwneBOfwVSHDg-w=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">29: Buckets of Diamonds</a></center><br /><b>Buckets of Diamonds:</b> The dramatic story of the discovery of diamonds in South Africa; the wealth that it brought to some and the misery to others; the changed fortunes of Cape Colony.<b>Picture Essay - The Big Hole:</b> The enormous excavation of the ancient, extinct volcano to secure the diamonds encased in the blue earth - left by an eruption that took place millions of years ago.<br /><b>The Great British Diamond Theft:</b> The growing conflict between the diggers, who were largely British, and the Boers who claimed dominion over the diamond fields; the role of Cecil Rhodes.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Cullinan Diamond</b> The largest diamond ever found; how it was split into 105 pieces, some of which form part of the British Crown Jewels.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_ujtl8u7eDRuEqtX61a7D-aK3jcqCr81s08FjowlzZpjQKUiG7AYNyu11AkJZBiqNyCD85BtT7YGpEhizrtVPOHZrKnt-5H7MZTtupnVCWIh2kxLAFu=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">31: Canada Makes Good</a></center><br /><b>Canada Makes Good:</b> The struggle to create a federated nation out of the various, widely separated colonies that made up British North America. <b>Picture Essay - Canadian Pacific Railway:</b> Despite repeated political and financial crises, the rails that linked the east and west coasts of Canada were finally completed.<br /><b>The Welding of the Nation:</b> Sir John A. MacDonald, spurred by the vision of a united Canada, faced rebellions and political crises - apart from the building of a transcontinental railroad.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Gold Rush to the Klondike</b> When the news of a gold strike in the remote Klondike region reached the outside world, a horde of fortune seekers pushed their way through impossible terrain in the pursuit of riches.<br /><b>Canada Comes of Age:</b> Suddenly, after decades of slow progress, Canada begins to reap the harvest of success.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sF3Hc7Y7GoACNYIUoFn8PYf72l39XvKPmehOHGsBzk2v8230f-oz2PfcWoi-O5vB0ySC6r7R_f3aCCTZkVpe9cCs8QrXtNH5RS7OZtr6knXw1VGnPU=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">32: A Remote Elite - Anglo-Indians at Work and Play</a></center><br /><b>A Remote Elite:</b> The Attitudes of those who came to administer India in the second half of the 19th Century. <b>Picture Essay - POSH:</b> The joys of the quick sea voyage to India. POSH via the newly opened Suez Canal.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Our Life in India:</b> An album of photographs portraying Anglo-Indians at work and at ease.<br /><b>Asserting the Right to Rule:</b> The self-righteousness of the British in India, reinforced by the attitudes of the memsahib, leads to a growing separation between the races.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Stores:</b> The founding of the famous Army and Navy Stores - suppliers to Officers and their families travelling to India.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_viXqOQ8nARIrpBkWO_3zzqSETXUoZSUe5-8pAkQdUT90Yrz7rNnfFx9dVrNkGLCXD53QW9hORarmY9NKDSfMu-4hrlrRom479pyu57OJ4FUW4dXzw=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">33: The Mystique of Empire - The Makers of a Victorian Mythology</a></center><br /><b>The Mystique of Empire:</b> The imperial fever at the end of the 19th Century, its ideology and its leading practitioners. <b>Picture Essay - School for Empire:</b> Haileybury, once the East India Company College, became a public school and preserved its strong imperial associations.<br /><b>The Study of Patriotism:</b>The ways in which imperial feeling was extolled in education and literature.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Victoria's 'Little Paradise':</b> Osborne, the royal private home that acquired a special place in the heart of the Queen Empress.<br /><b>Penny Papers - Jingo Times:</b> The diffusion of imperialism through the new, sensation seeking Press - and nostalgic popular songs of the music halls.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tUcOZflOlYvipKEh1YHbev02iihaPpdXiZDBO4fInBWTMl8zbCjTJ_rU6-rhQGR2FqOt9D5DAAzeKuwKwnI4ta2VO0oUQkF82ZQjJJNKeLMSfWWa4=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">34: Enlarging the Jewel - The Conquest of Burma and Ceylon</a></center><br /><b>Enlarging the Jewel:</b> A long history of Anglo-Burmese controversies culminates in the invasion of Burma by troops of the East India Company. <b>Picture Essay - The First Burmese War:</b> The Southern Campaign and capture of Rangoon.<br /><b>The Death of a Nation</b> Despite victory in the First Burmese War there were two more campaigns before annexation was completed in 1886.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Road to Mandalay:</b> Life after the Third Burmese War.<br /><b>Take over in Ceylon:</b> With the help of bribery and subversion, Britain succeeds in wresting Ceylon from the Dutch.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Tea:</b> The most successful tea planter in Ceylon was Sir Thomas Lipton, who sold the profitable product in his own chain of shops.<br /><b>Disaster and Recovery:</b> When a plant disease destroyed the coffee plantations of Ceylon, the introduction of tea-growing brought new prosperity to the island.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vGpdvVljxLplBwnxarQob0u8KktnkRKoL90qDuvkRIQy0s1dP5r06ZYtJzgdUbj4RBgno8QjxFNfgwbI-vQ6UH9KyHA-8BPuAR4SX3dDdYoveU9uD_=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">35: Guardians of Empire - The Far-Flung Imperial Army</a></center><br /><b>Guardians of Empire:</b> The origins of the imperial army and the aims and attitudes that dominated it throughout the 19th Century.<b>Picture Essay - Scenes from a Soldier's Life:</b> Deeds of Derring-do from a Regency Picture and Verse story.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Toy Soldier:</b> Infantry Training according to an 1861 Drill Book.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Guns that Won the Empire:</b> Rifles, side-arms, cannons and machine-guns that assured the British victories over native foes.<br /><b>Good Life and Reform:</b> The army world in India - idyllic for most officers - and the late century reforms that prepared Britain for World War.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vJKnWAeydsdVSCNFmhb3_o82cIHhOSERjq_WQ8KoDQjl0_zyzdipucjgymoA73a0-MSDBASh5z3O5TedU2dCCE3woi4_4mybZfBmZlkkkO0S5NjzEU=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">36: Britannia Rules the Waves</a></center><br /><b>Britannia Rules the Waves:</b> The Navy and its background as it stands on the threshold of a century of peace-keeping at sea.<b>Picture Essay - A Sailor's Life:</b> Until well into the 19th Century, the Navy offered a brutally tough existence for seamen.<br /><b>The Coming of Steam:</b> Admirals growing old in peacetime office interminably blocked innovation - including the technical revolution promised by steam.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Navy in the Crimea:</b> In Britain's major 19th Century war, the Navy played a vital role in support of the Army.<br /><b>Unwieldy Guardian of the Pax:</b> After 75 years of peace, the Navy, more concerned with display than action, at last found the reformer of which it was so badly in need - Admiral Fisher.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tHML-8n9U_qv5cR93dWbHu_qcuXMQTXVEzTF6dg1JS9xb-Sjn9HKkehlLdyEbrQGKH_AhrhVwSXE5Va0Ict0MmyV9vKXWeJTwRTTnTxzsEF-71SAqa=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">37: The Source of the Nile</a></center><br /><b>The Source of the Nile:</b> The first journey by Richard Burton and John Speke to find a gaol that was to obsess British explorers for the next 30 years; their quarrel; Speke's discoveries with Grant and the last journeys of the Bakers. <b>Picture Essay - The Secret Revealed:</b> A pictorial record of the explorations by Speke and James Grant that found the Nile's source and of Baker, who charted much of its course.<br /><b>Picture Essay - A Romantic Hero in Decline:</b> Richard Burton, explorer, adventurer, translator - who failed to achieve personal success in life.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Baker Pasha, Ruler of Equatoria:</b> Samuel Baker's ill-fated attempt to wipe out the Arab-run slave-trade on the Upper Nile.<br /><b>The Search Ends:</b> An assessment of what a great age of exploration had achieved and what remained to be done.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_swj164nBx_-BVp6ZPon6TvtAlpKtjou331XjUo-7tXKOwmxwOZUM8LLMKQZfZQBQmA3OBkSdB5fKyv0YmkGtqaSF5Pq0VFN5TytZ2hb9MpquMyiA4J=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">38: From Suez to Khartoum - Gordon's Death: Kitchener's Revenge</a></center><br /><b>From Suez to Khartoum:</b> Disraeli's acquisition of a controlling interest in the Suez Canal - the first step in Britain's ever deepening involvement in Egyptian affairs. <b>Picture Essay - Rout and Revenge:</b> The agonizingly slow advance of Wolseley's relief force up the Nile, Gordon's death at Khartoum at the hands of the Dervishes and <a href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/africancampaigns/boerwar/kitchener.htm" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;">Kitchener</a>'s bloody revenge at Omdurman 13 years later.<br /><b>Flashpoint at Fashoda:</b> Kitchener's victory preceded a further advance up the Nile - this time to confront a French force that was threatening to seize the whole of the Upper Nile Valley for France.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sWPEBZn_aujlGBnBp9OL95uROWXDa9p1b148Ya5I65eqTJh_M3sUQiA5dIMmzu6xrkS9D6Fj5fq9lhkOb1uxQLtyls0wCqkVt6W_s_bbKR8qlqet-j=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">39: Take-Over in East Africa</a></center><br /><b>Take-Over in East Africa:</b> From a position of influence only in Zanzibar and the Sudan, the demands of strategy lead Britain into Europe's scramble for African colonies. <b>Picture Essay - Rescue from Bondage:</b> To crush Arab slave-trade was a prime reason for the British presence in Zanzibar.<br /><b>Bargaining for Imperial Security:</b> European politics eventually dictate the colonial boundaries in East Africa; Britain wins Kenya.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Lunatic Line:</b> An inefficient attempt to construct a railway inland to protect the source<br /><b>Playground for Aristocrats:</b> The first wealthy settlers arrive in the new colonies.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The First Safaris:</b> Hunting big game was a challenging and popular sport.<br /><b>The Halcyon Days:</b> The coming of full-scale 'settlement' in East Africa lays the basis for future unrest.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uRCY8w-E0iqg6XEVZs8IBuzMkRP5QdhDeCGrpfEcGdEHtFNWqrwL1fwzNlqnYBsBnSWKMEUpxyOX0-oSbrRAf4JCMUoebh-iS5bevXMhQ_7h61MyJi=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">40: White Man's Grave: Winning West Africa's Fever-ridden Hinterland</a></center><br /><b>White Man's Grave:</b> The disease-ridden West African coastline and the rise of the warlike Ashanti, who eventually the British into the interior. <b>Picture Essay - The Ashanti War:</b> In a brilliant piece of improvised campaigning, Sir Garnet Wolseley becomes an imperial hero by shattering the Ashanti.<br /><b>The Taming of the Interior:</b> The final chapter in the struggle with the Ashanti and the way that the Royal Niger Company dragged an unwilling government into Nigeria.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Through African Eyes:</b> Cartoon-like carvings of the Queen, and of Europeans who came to Africa, spotlight the impact made by the British rule.<br /><b>New Nation on the Niger:</b> Sir Frederick Lugard welds warring tribes of the southern Sahara into a single unit.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tCTOgL7bw-UH4L8zHt3bBnhPABfZ9ckYVhKIqMOhHZR6l_OPuDqIFvuUG32N_NV6eEQyALUOmoiLU1OYlVT1POW9Pmj3P_tfOWnMN80UAnnhAJTUg=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">41: On Tour Round the Empire</a></center><br /><b>On Tour Round the Empire:</b> British tourism from the days of the early explorers and the Grand Tour to the great age of Steam.<b>Picture Essay - The Man from Cook's:</b> How a travel agency's representative became a quasi-imperial figure, a plenipotentiary of British civilisation abroad.<br /><b>The Ubiquitious Englishman: Holiday with a Kodak: Passage to the Orient: Globe Trotters in Australia: Steel of Empire: With Love from Maude: Life on the Ocean Wave: The Craze of the Cruise: Pleasure for the Millions:</b></td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sseCffbPJ_qc2OSGTdy05jNTxMqChYcGRu3yCDW83DdUwkfpACbMpa4yMjXg7uWud0c2ShRgd-JKjitOc5Ua_jhIJFqqI_elSGvjc3sMxdiZ-R4do=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">42: Australia Strikes it Rich</a></center><br /><b>Australia Strikes it Rich:</b> Australia is found to be 'Gold Country' and in the early 1850s becomes the California of the British Empire, with its own feverish gold rush, eager settlers and mushrooming cities. <b>Picture Essay - Gold:</b> Hysteria follows the discovery of gold in New South Wales and Victoria; whole towns become deserted; passages to Australia are booked out; diggers start grubbing in the earth.<br /><b>Out of Chaos, Unity</b> Riding on the crest of economic expansions, Australia's five colonies bury their differences and become one nation.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Steel Lifeline:</b> The rival railways bring wool from the outback and keep exports on the move to the coast.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Escape to the Sun</b> The lure of Australia for the British immigrant before the Second World War.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sDvNPMXMVISHG5AOfwpO7Zjhpy9lsOH2mx_5yQsHA50630cLmaQymxC296cLYoO2cp_oVaidHesjSaB184dASeteTk0NXBsypvqul2SLHnjYkoMt7f=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">43: Opening the Outback - Explorers find the dry heart of Australia</a></center><br /><b>Opening the Outback:</b> Heroic feats of early explorers carry the Union Jack west from Sydney into the hinterland and across the trackless expanses of South and Western Australia. <b>Picture Essay - The First Australians:</b> Introduction to the Aborigines, an astonishingly primitive people with complex and at times thoroughly crude customs.<br /><b>The Great Exploration Race:</b> The stories relating the rival attempts to discover the secrets of Central and Northern Australia.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Disaster at Cooper's Creek:</b> The tragicomedy of the most expensive and most disastrous expedition in the history of Australia.<br /><b>The End of the Dream:</b> The explorers' day is done, settlers move in, everyday life replaces epic adventure.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uNtYZeABchHIhSDB3LycpNlQ6hJuOKIf06kzTJptIj5bYvYuQzNToFGw_Ml5Cia3CHyYmQH9AqOFjTyYTCdi6K0R4eJ3LuKvxk1QryDqhhu51i3qY=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">44: Abyssinian Adventure</a></center><br /><b>Abyssinian Adventure:</b> To rescue a British consul and other European captives enchained in the mountain castle of the half-civilised Emperor of Abyssinia, Britain launched a full scale military invasion. With the news stories of a dozen top war correspondents flooding in, it attracted all the publicity of an adventure story come true. <b>Picture Essay - The Road to Magdala:</b> The course of the campaign described, with illustrations of the rusty railway from Bombay, Theodore's giant mortat and the actions that hit the headlines.<br /><b>The Conquering Hero:</b> Napier became a Victorian hero, and his victory turned into an exercise in national self-congratulation.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vv4TwI80tY-oH0K9mdsRfflpTEduop8rBWAj3UGqk1zZ57B5J4fsQmAll-ZRNbnKj4uY6J3f6Xn5a-zsRNsX_rPOfvQz1mhX9TWDSOxR_5-26jn200=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">45: Empire of Iron and Steel</a></center><br /><b>Empire of Iron and Steel:</b> The missionary fervour of Britain's early engineers. <b>Picture Essay - Power to Move Mountains:</b> Glimpses of Victorian machines, some of them technical masterpieces, that were exported from Britain.<br /><b>A Wild Land Tamed:</b> India transformed by the mammoth irrigation works, roads, railways, harbours and telegraph of British engineers.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Welding of India:</b> Chapters in the modernisation of a barren country including the pioneering Crompton road steamer.<br /><b>The Eighth Wonder of the World:</b> The Aswan Dam on the Nile, the Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence and other miracles of British engineering.<br /><b>Cleopatra's Needle:</b> The dramatic transporting of this obelisk to London in 1878.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_syouUTaIc96yhEVZNUjCEULtmzYX6mY_5RFkT2HGKbG7YaevLhBan2P9bbH04Q3ICr6Q4MCMR1i0xRukpMsoz1iiU8FM89C8Xm8J6P3X49Rkl4j8sR=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">46: Peacekeepers of the Prairies: The Mounties Tame Canada's Wild West</a></center><br /><b>Peacekeepers of the Prairies:</b> The origins of the North West Mounted Police, fromed to pacify Canada's Wild West, the vast, barely inhabited North-West Territories. <b>Picture Essay - Cavalry for Peace:</b> How the Mounties, a crack cavalry unit, established an astonishing and well-deserved reputation for good works.<br /><b>Peace with the Indians:</b> The Mounies' part in incorporating, without serious bloodshed, nomadic Indian tribes into the framework of a white, Western state.<br /><b>Picture Essay - A Doomed Nation:</b> A last glimpse of the Indian way of life and the sad results that followed the arrival of modern civilisation.<br /><b>The White Invasion:</b> New duties for the Mounties as a rush of white settlers opened up the prairies.<br /><b>The Last Mounted Mounties:</b> Horsemanship for the 'Musical Ride'.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_s-rtwk45Xm7R4kYWwJXLjsG7mcYkY6leiuVTtJA2-aCIAPsOW9uemmvgNrNQifJgIyk2kq7WhIbOGNfymg0yyfqDDGwWzM6zFA6YO5_XjZCpaPDIK3=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">47: The New Rome: London as Imperial Capital</a></center><br /><b>The New Rome - London as Imperial Capital:</b> The largest city in the 19th Century world and how all lines of communication led to this, the New Rome, centre of the largest Empire ever. <b>Picture Essay - The Hub of Empire:</b> Imposing buildings, bustling streets, markets, docks, bridges and parks - all the magnificence and squalor of Victorian London.<br /><b>The Cracked Facade:</b> Moral doubts, declining economic power, political isolation and growing disaffection in the colonies threaten the Empire and portend the day when London would no longer be an imperial capital.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Make-Believe in Mayfair:</b> The fancy-dress ball.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Naughty Nineties:</b> Idols of the music halls and the cameras.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tMKAuIzE8MqFaoetnBAFsfF7PLqdo2FP5u_YD6YMoiPSUs1Klz3r9OstxL-RRBnhvu2da9wAbVUlhzpwfoTOmkmWXj_jNYec7MCXOss43D-pdx1bn8=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">48: The Great Game - Britain keeps the Russian bear from India</a></center><br /><b>The Great Game:</b> Political chess in Asia, played by Russia and Britain with India as one of the most important pieces on the board. <b>Picture Essay - Kabul to Kandahar:</b> One of the legends of British military history - the epic 300 mile march led by 'Bobs' Roberts across Afghanistan.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Futile Mission:</b> One of the strangest expeditions ever undertaken by a British force, in which Colonel Younghusband found oddly submissive victims for a massacre in the never-never land of Tibet.<br /><b>Last Throw of the Dice:</b> Britain's action to make Tibet secure against Russia turns out to have been unnecessary: Russia had no ambitions there in the first place.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_v-8VTwc53qd0qSq7RYwYfCoJOEeikxWhd3fib0tQiXL6yo9pmsLgFt5wjILDcHdZYoBdrKppD5h8vvh1OeCrErjpGUIjKWCdRRVBFvPqPD-qHpZqc=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">49: Rivals for the Heartland - The Struggle for Rhodesia and the Transvaal</a></center><br /><b>Rivals for the Heartland:</b> Cecil Rhodes's ambitious dreams meet opposition from Kruger of the Transvaal and the fighting Matabele warriors. <b>Africa's El Dorado:</b> Fortune hunters in the gold-fields of Johannesburg.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Making of Rhodesia:</b> The Pioneer Column treks into Matabeleland with surprising ease, but then has to fight t preserve Rhodes's new colony.<br /><b>Jameson's Raid:</b> Rhodes's ambitious attempt to take over the Transvaal by fomenting rebellion in Johannesburg comes to naught when Jameson's raid is smashed.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_svNAMSQbaZutRdcWsBpmYbeGsKhfFhYfQaf2cYt86DGwZx5X_JuWkkv6bR_0rsMh23U-fuUN5lQsHM1ejNajx6WCxYdsKEygW-KcJBIJx0eS5eBITT=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">50: Industrial Explosion - Britain inaugurates the Modern Age</a></center><br /><b>Industrial Explosion:</b> The age of iron and steam, forerunner of modern industrial society, hit Britain with the force of an explosion, transforming her way of life almost overnight and making her the wealthiest, most powerful nation in the world.<b>Picture Essay - The Great Exhibition:</b> A look inside the Crystal Palace - the Cathedral of glass built for the Great Exhibition of 1851 - at the show put on by the workshop of the world.<br /><b>Industry and Empire:</b> How Empire seemed increasingly important to Britain as her industrial supremacy was challenged by other rising nations.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Railway Madness:</b> Alarm, novelty and excitement in the 1840s railway boom.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vhusmG42bfyy0e1k9e9ry0CVAa8ARPuG6LCEpgzAtj-i-rV99M4k2KqQY_VPJXfj0dNdF0rBFl4qbmhFkM1SBodxpqYpDCd4nUbI__hc6qR6FSgRkI=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">51: China Humiliated - The Celestial Empire controlled by Foreigners</a></center><br /><b>China Humiliated:</b> After Britain's success in the Opium War, British officials in the East determine to open a still recalcitrant China to British diplomacy and trade. <b>Picture Essay - The Struggle for Peking:</b> In a swift and all-too-easy campaign, the British and French fight, burn and loot their way to China's capital.<br /><b>China awakened from the Past:</b> The Chinese Dragon, prodded into wakefulness by the foreigners, prepares to take revenge on its tormentors.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Boxer Rebellion:</b> The ferocious Boxer rebels besiege the foreigners in Peking until Western victory delivers China once again into foreign hands.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sWnL8Eq02k0S1S_F0DF_lBqwk8k3GBZXSQNYeVM99nqLHdCJgtW8zqGnineftd8mmol9rN5_a6ciLlW_EDsdF79nd6Z8Gi8gntTpt35XvnqvNbLlC5=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">52: The Imperial Machine</a></center><br /><b>The Imperial Machine:</b> Who ran the British Empire? The truth about the imperial machine is dispassionately revealed. <b>Picture Essay - A Hotchpotch of Styles:</b> Government houses and residencies were made in a hotchpotch of architectural styles from palatial mansions to crofter's cottages.<br /><b>Picture Essay - A The Crown Agents:</b> The Paraphernalia of colonial government, from red tape to dredgers, and the work of the Crown Agents who supplied them.<br /><b>Servants of the Crown:</b> The men who served their kind and country in many parts of the world and whether they benefitted the native peoples.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uFyKzmTawFE3Ni-YBh2DdUBX6R_jt_EWQBdXL0Q0C-iH__alEqvJnKER0Ow8OFdTCNjUR9ptB3Aqe-NKDeOnvdQe8AYU8059Fa8iOfYlKyyBL-UVc=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">54: Kings in All but Name: The Men who Ruled India</a></center><br /><b>Kings in All but Name:</b> How ordinary Englishmen, appointed by a trading company and later by the British Crown, were invested with all the trappings of Oriental suzerainty. <b>Picture Essay - A The Crown Agents:</b> The Paraphernalia of colonial government, from red tape to dredgers, and the work of the Crown Agents who supplied them.<br /><b>Would-be Autocrats:</b> Several Viceroys learned the hard way the limits of their power.<br /><b>Picture Essay - 'Up the Country' with the Edens:</b> Letters from a Governor-General's sister and companion.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Viceroy On Show and Off Duty:</b> Scenes from the photograph album of a 19th Century Viceroy.<br /><b>Ceremonial Glitter:</b> Behind the facade of viceregal magnificence, what was the substance of power. <b>Picture Essay - The Monuments of British Power:</b> Government House, Calcutta and the Viceregal Lodge, Simla.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vEqFRxqoitxGlcS0fbbtE5Y4KFuYBcrQpl3xTPBfdUKDGAaRQ9YFhfKpB7zcf9cGx_mpRCdZAbQQH-ycn85k1xozTIMl44v5X_9OyVA7bv2E7g8Og=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">55: Rule Britannia - Hope and Glory for Armchair Imperialists</a></center><br /><b>Rule Britannia:</b> The novels, pulp magazines and poems that reflected the imperial enthusiasm of the late 19th Century with tales of derring-do in the Empire. <b>Picture Essay - Empire in the Limelight:</b> The fad for all things imperial spread readily to theatre; one musical on a Chinese theme, San Toy, proved particularly successful.<br /><b>Awakening to Imperial Reality:</b> The novels of life in India - written by those with personal experience of India - highlighted the difficulties of Britain's relations with the sub-continent.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sz4G0WcstuL4D4zn3xBoiKAjYUmqx8MBQtPEYe7GOyJxP5uPWaQKYSof-zbvvNaFJPgcOhST77MXRExjxsKoq3l5P06vfjjj0yT2Amx-8NeFWCN0A=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">56: Victoria's Reign: The High Noon of Empire</a></center><br /><b>High Noon of Empire:</b> The gathering of peoples from all over the Empire to take part in celebrations that commemorated the Diamond Jubilee, the 60th year of Queen Victoria's reign. <b>Picture Essay - London's Great Day:</b> The great Jubilee procession of June 22nd, 1897, reported in photographs and paintings.<br /><b>The Spirit of Empire:</b> A recall of the extent of the largest Empire the world had ever seen and what it meant to those alive.<br /><b>The British Empire 1897:</b> A map showing the world splashed with imperial red, together with statistics of area and population of the various possessions.<br /><b>Picture Essay - A Queen's Story:</b> An album of pictures tracing Victoria's life from childhood through nearly eight decades.<br /><b>The Spithead Review:</b> The Home Fleet, arrayed in columns extending for miles, gave proof to assembled dignataries that Britain ruled the waves.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_s1T6c-RBbvWwhMNUJumvf6BdQNVn3iVHbmYiGg8WXBz_P5_JwiB5Q6b29bkzmSWDVhKUYywm3jITO3jStBSso1DfBIL-cTLSlzVUjHjg9FPls0o4U3=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">57: The Boer War - John Bull's bitter victory</a></center><br /><b>The Boer War:</b> The futile beginning of hostilities in which the British offer themselves as sitting targets for siege practice at 3 towns on the border. <b>Picture Essay - The Death and Glory Boys:</b> Some of the work from the war artists' portfolios painted in the popular Victorian Heroic style, an art form that glorified British defeats as moments of heroism.<br /><b>All Out War:</b> The big set pieces of the war from the British disasters of Black Week to the near-crushing of the Boer republics by conventional warfare.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The War of Words:</b> The propaganda campaigns of Boers and British with both sides emerging as villains and murderers.<br /><b>The Bitter End:</b> Guerilla war, concentration camps, scorched earth policies all designed to draw the bitter war to an end.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sNu0WSUE8_Qs-9alGuOAoqlKjb-sBtiC0UXRjPU7Mn3RU6LytqQKgzWFTjfzixnQYWnxp8HgPcwxJ6GF4YQP7-FZYKbwMf6KRrqHP8d9k3KyDo7WZI=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">58: The Boer War - Eyewitnesses to Conflict</a></center><br /><b>Eyewitnesses to Conflict:</b>Eyewitness accounts from both Boer and British sides reveal some of the buffooneries and tragedies of the war's campaigning phase. <b>Picture Essay - An Army's Might, a Nation's Will:</b> A photograph album of the war as it was experienced by ordinary men of both nations.<br /><b>A Nation Crushed:</b> The passion and bitterness of the guerilla war, and the scorched earth tactics required to humble a proud and stubborn nation.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Coming of the Concentration Camp:</b> Inside views of an unpleasant 20th Century institution used by the British.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Peace at Last:</b> The emotional end to a war that had been both militarily and morally exhausting.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uGvz41OBMjC816ZlNo1AanamyJ7YDVg1AH5KLpkeseB4j40nmpcQxOUYGq87Q3mhoYvySyGmQa5voWsTCmWzSIxQClHi2HbiO9rz3hcDtkSX1qMDHF=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">59: A Most Superior Person - George Nathaniel Curzon, Viceroy Extraordinary</a></center><br /><b>Ireland - The Tortured Colony:</b> Over Ireland's first six centuries as a colony of Britain, social, religious and racial differences became so deeply embedded that any attempt to create a united Irish nation was doomed. <b>Picture Essay - The Great Famine:</b> A gruesome catastrophe that soured relations between Britain and Ireland in the 19th Century and added a grim determination to Irish nationalism.<br /><b>Moderation or Violence:</b> The fateful struggle fought between moderates and extremists, and in the mind of Charles Stewart Parnell, for a constitutional or a revolutionary solution to Irish problems.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Ireland Split Asunder:</b> Extremist and violent scenes in the streets of Belfast and Dublin.<br /><b>Two Nations in One Island:</b> The final nemesis of Britain's failure either to conquer Ireland effectively or to colonise her completely: a partial solution to the Irish Question.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_v79EOSPnYdrslDaaaS5MGkcTcPPq7eQ7W8UwjaCbp10t8NwJu3QKl2WAJM1upeBu_lB1gHAcsrgn1JALvUBaY_erXWIedgJG5cLeBnQZ5cgd5uVJBu=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">60: A Most Superior Person - George Nathaniel Curzon, Viceroy Extraordinary</a></center><br /><b>A Most Superior Person:</b> George Nathaniel Curzon's brilliant early years, his towering ambition to rule India, his work to achieve his aim. <b>Picture Essay - The Great Delhi Durbar:</b> The glittering highpoint of Curzon's Viceroyalty in which he sought, in lavish ceremony, to give British rule the stamp of permanence.<br /><b>A Tarnished Brilliance:</b> Curzon's last years as Viceroy, his increasing conflict with colleagues in India and at home and his failure to achieve the rewards for which he believed himself destined.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vu8KOw82XT0_NrbYoxpguBvym2uH-Tu3_VidBVHlCM9qENQsMmqSXhZ2UhXfsiJWdLjWw4mYoJ3i30MQ_hikFoOTa7lUUmS68rwSXlPHqMbynzXtRM=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">61: A Parade of Princes - India's Rajahs, Maharajahs, Nizams and Nawabs</a></center><br /><b>A Parade of Princes:</b> The princes of India, ranging from millionaires to demigods, are reviewed in a quick sketch that gives their history, assesses their significance and describes their astonishing magnificence. <b>Picture Essay - Benighted Playboys, Enlightened Despots:</b> Glimpses of the palaces, family life, ceremonies, bejewelled persons and vices and virtues of the princes..<br /><b>Medieval Monarchs in the 20th Century:</b> The decline and fall of some of the last feudal autocrats to survive in the modern world.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vVBsQdUhXtXlMz9an1OdKX-0w_kAoe_EHZvMMUhPCepEAlbCDvYdUkSouUJM__1_fYs7daJSG2h9hg21u8NpCiFJZyjIXscVtvEp_YzCRhw7QET3U=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">62: The Mask of Savagery - The Art of the Empire's Subject Peoples</a></center><br /><b>The Mask of Savagery:</b> The change in attitude - from outright rejection to admiration - towards the art of Britain's imperial subjects. <b>Canada:</b> Totems in wood and stone.<br /><b>Egypt:</b> The treasures of the Pharoahs.<br /><b>Benin:</b> Classic works in bronze and ivory.<br /><b>India:</b> Monuments to artistic endeavour.<br /><b>Burma and Ceylon:</b> Golden pagodas, savage masks.<br /><b>Java:</b> Puppetry and music.<br /><b>Oceania:</b> Noble savagery in the South Seas.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uZ7K53ZUcBsquZRZFprFowJXg5sQyzAbNa2e3-8OM4jlyAPDoy1RAzRbyeh-hQ6kPeKf4_vg8wSlt-V-HWkuW1dx5j_-9TKRij1olZ3NXMI6R3O_g=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">63: Antarctic Epic</a></center><br /><b>Antarctic Epic:</b> British explorers of the great Antarctic continent, and how the immensity of their task turned both their successes adn their failures into epics. <b>The Glorious Defeat of Captain Scott:</b> The moving story of Captain Scott's defeat at the Pole and his personal struggle with death, dramatically captured in photographs taken by various members of the expedition, including Scott himself.<br /><b>Heroes to the Last:</b> The heroic age of Antarctic exploration and its end with the coming of snow cats, centrally heated pre-fabs and all the other paraphernalia of modern technology.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vSB1H3t1CKszbTwsuqrOcCXfP7TXpYm_YYM-lcQT0WwSO1GEV-Poax5az0teEXRvfFU1u3_zBASAgDqchpCfegZDIHFbVAfxfc-II97K9Q0-KNRWDs=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">64: The Top Families - Aristocrats and Empire</a></center><br /><b>The Top Families:</b> The origins, relationships and aspirations of the 5,000 landed families who ruled Britain and the Empire until the beginning of the twentieth century. <b>Picture Essay - A Family Affair:</b> A profile of the Elgins of Scotland, who - often at high personal cost - maintained a long family tradition of top level imperial service.<br /><b>Dozens of Cousins:</b> The Great Reform Bill of 1832 was the first step on the road to universal franchise - but real power remained in the hands of the top families and their favoured 'cousins'.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Seedbed of the Imperial Elite:</b> Some of the institutions that moulded the men in chief colonial posts.<br /><b>The Last of the Line:</b> Descendants of families that had helped to shape and run the Empire were still in harness when the end of imperial rule came after the Second World War.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tCkxInBgen04QH9AppDLoCUiHL9dSEHmgRTz1GGPmvx6l1aPOso-OdokbAFeMZt6Qum0wyjdOaRMDRE868RiVm6pAUNnSXvATE6TmwzUSeqXIzv5sM=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">65: Women in a Man's Empire - Wives, Feminists, Missionaries and Prostitutes</a></center><br /><b>Women in a Man's Empire:</b> The women who left their kith and kin to travel across the world to make a new life for their families and a new country for their Empire. <b>Picture Essay - Women with a Mission:</b> Groups of women who wanted to play more than a merely supporting role on the stage of Empire: Missionaries, adventurers and nurses.<br /><b>White Women against a Dusky Background:</b> India and Africa, lands where women had to hold up the lamp of Victorian civilisation in continents of heathens.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Marianne North:</b> The gentle painter of flowers who managed to visit every continent and most of the countries of the Empire during her sedate travels.<br /><b>Beating at the Gates of Power:</b> Two women who, in their different ways, wanted to do more than live in the Empire - they wanted to change it.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uyj3IQBFc_EnHEq4HYPy4ebWZW_-4igsRqQAfOM9Pn_m9ByZiySGlLCYgGMrFqivAP_A_aaybIf5DuyElyoXZDxrMHvYdc43y2Ww7WR_9u8yEpuDYv=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">66: Fighting Admiral Fisher - Scuppers the 'Fossil' Navy</a></center><br /><b>Scuppering the 'Fossil' Navy:</b> At the turn of the century, the Royal Navy prided itself on ruling the waves. But to Sir John Fisher it appeared as a picturesque and petrified fossil. <b>Picture Essay - Fisher's Landlubber Sailors:</b> New shore-based training establishments are set up for officers and ratings and the lower deck gets a new deal.<br /><b>A Hurricane Hits the Admiralty:</b> Ships, officers, traditions - all feel the cyclonic effect of Fisher's reforming zeal.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Fighting Fleet:</b> Determined to provide Britain with the world's most powerful navy, fisher launches a revolution in warship design.<br /><b>Meeting the German Menace - 1915:</b> Fisher clashes with another self-willed and tempestuous giant - Winston Churchill.<br /><b>Fisher's Final Fling:</b> A vain bid for autonomy.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_trr1IMvX3SyHP4UEMPXK7WNJzW_AYDL3YynrKB-gIiCtnWWMQNafE0B-KKLVQbTGMpGP9ur8Ir4Z5fzqKu1kcTfdRxX8XVxYrsITWUXJ0Bg-UbliB5=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">67: 1914 - 1918 The Empire at War</a></center><br /><b>1914 - 1918 The Empire at War:</b> The massive contributions of India and the white Dominions to Britain's military strength in the First World War. <b>Picture Essay - Western Front:</b> Glimpses of key actions fought by Empire troops in France and Belgium.<br /><b>The Battle and the Honours</b> War as a catalyst of change and how the sharing of the honours loosened the bonds of Empire.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sugmB2d05aM5Xbf5mf43WTVveQc0VHbPwHnNfiJaBsxHgvQTmV5ZB8TubegvscV81DhOv-RQvY79-F21AOiK_3QCaFojYHN4Xlx88hXUJg9yGZBVsl=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">69: Birthpangs of Commonwealth</a></center><br /><b>Birthpangs of Commonwealth:</b> While Britain's Dominions manouevre for increased say in their own affairs. Ireland fights a bloody war to free herself from Britain. <b>Picture Essay - Civil War in Ireland:</b> The 1921 treaty between Britain and Ireland splits the Irish Free State into two warring factions.<br /><b>Death Knell of the Empire:</b> Britain agrees to confer her Dominions the new status of independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations.<br /><b>Picture Essay - It's Not Cricket:</b> The 'bodyline bowling' controversy erupts into a diplomatic crisis between Britain and Australia.<br /><b>The Last Achievement:</b> Commonwealth countries bury their differences in the Second World War.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tMHzMq7DQD5B-qR-wUOioyB0Pgoc2VS9uUPZH1cbAovP6GCSjxYfw9nWCHRB5BDEXbuqsxK5SeUzN0JjO2Rm0mvjQ44qFcwe-uzHmMyDhKR5UWD1pg=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">72: Empire in El Dorado</a></center><br /><b>Empire in El Dorado:</b>Britain's disastrous attempts to gain a military Empire in Latin America and her enormous success in creating an economic bonanza. <b>Picture Essay - Into Guiana:</b> The story of Britain's small colony on the north-east coast of the continent, illustrated by the romantic paintings of the artist, Charles Bentley.<br /><b>Under the Union Jack:</b> How Britain gained her two small red patches on the Latin America map and the part they played in the history of the Empire.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The British Boom:</b> Ports, railways and champter-ports - Britain's biggest market during the 19th Century was the emergent countries of Latin America.<br /><b>The English Century:</b> Though Latin America was never part of the Empire, thousands of British settlers, merchants, bankers and technicians played their part in the development of the continent during the 19th Century.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sRw94qbzsQE19h8Wk0B3qbZW6Rou0wo19RlaeJcwxeC_-eYiqojJgWBkV3unUXrRZvftx4BnCmAQGJPQkzQcjRdV429WOIwMeMypP8Qbc0Y9AZgfET=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">73: The Army at Ease - Military Manners at home and abroad</a></center><br /><b>The Army at Ease:</b> When it was not campaigning against rebellious colonial subjects, the Army of Victorian Britain was a dull and complacent institution, fettered to outworn traditions and scorned or ignored by the public. <b>Picture Essay - Work, Sport and Play:</b> Army life for officers - whether in Colchester or Cairo - was simply a repetition of the gentlemanly routine on which they had been nurtured as civilians. For other ranks it was hard, dreary and often brutal.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Royal Tournament:</b> Originally organised with the modest aim of arousing public interest in the Army, the Royal Tournament had become by the end of the 19th Century a graphic affirmation of the imperial ideal.<br /><b>Heroes of the Nation:</b> Haunted by the spectre of an expansionist Germany and inflamed by the Boer challenge to British supremacy, a jingoistic British public raises the once despised Tommy to the status of national hero.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_t6ArMf5KS3worDiBVEkaN9h7H-rS-6AbqX16aOPQT36GsThdtPeAkuqQkKhYdRCoYwJ2_Zh1bYw02vKSZpTB45VJH4oHiT-DyDFSjAYtpVqu_XzBSn=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">74: The Imperial Facade</a></center><br /><b>The Imperial Facade:</b> Despite having won the first world war and the empire being larger than ever, the imperial structure was to prove no more than a glittering facade. <b>Picture Essay - Royal Tourist:</b> The Prince of Wales tours the Empire.<br /><b>The Machinery of Empire</b> Attempts to draw the dominions closer to Britain founder.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Medals of Empire:</b> The shining rewards for service.<br /><b>Forging the Family Bonds:</b> Literature, films, radio and air travel hold the bonds of Empire together.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Be Prepared:</b> Baden-Powell's Scout Movement.<br /><b>The Decline of British Influence:</b> The drives towards imperial de-centralisation.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The New Pioneers:</b> Trail Blazing Aviators.<br /><b>The Final Curtain:</b> End of the Imperial show.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_skqif-K9XZwNXHOKs8_cE3l7wC-3O4m99vefO-UIR5GOKJGQQKRi_Qi1DOEP8SiL-fgTlnnGkWGDfpftGrhwETMtT5GSTymJUkOshaJJXBrBtd5Jhc=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">75: South Africa's Jan Christian Smuts: Prophet of the New Empire</a></center><br /><b>Smuts: Prophet of the New Empire:</b> Jan Christian Smuts, a young Boer Lawyer, takes up arms to resist the might of the British Empire and proclaim a new ideal British Commonwealth<b>Picture Essay - Into the Awful Desert:</b> Troops from the fledgling Union of South Africa fight Britain's cause in the First World War.<br /><b>Years of Trial and Victory:</b> Praised for his wise international diplomacy, Smuts becomes the focus of controversy and conflict in his own country.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Coming of Apartheid:</b> New men with a new and ruthless concept of race relations assume power in South Africa.<br /><b>The Final Trek:</b> With his policies rejected by the electorate and his health failing, Smuts in his last years seeks consolation outside politics.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_u_KFWKfCnh0aZVMh1dXYfsU2PT1XNKUfxa0rpB5Br2f6KsxGkgX8NKSpjAqhKb1JKttDwbyjPmS9V24KDC3mk8FChtgVhf2gov31XDOtxx5cxRxT07=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">76: Lawrence and his Legacy</a></center><br /><b>Lawrence and his Legacy</b> The story of how Britain helped the Arabs in their fight against the Turks, and how an unprepossessing young captain became a legend. <b>Picture Essay - The Legend of Lawrence:</b> Illustrated with some of his own pictures, an account of Lawrence's daring exploits in the deserts of Arabia - activities that turned him into a hero to the British.<br /><b>Kingdom's Built Upon Sand:</b> After the glory of the desert campaigns, the reckoning. At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Arabs discovered how hollow were British promises.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_ttcFrKGr6Y80X-UdIzV-ARE2Gl4ediiTaNyIgosmVL6JDhcri-fi8x1di8fJHNXOtsXrxmxIj0G-KB_i2Ocb7jXEoD-8GfBPVlPdw726P8ZzTrJJDw=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">77: 1939 - 1943 The Empire in Peril</a></center><br /><b>The Empire in Peril</b> Britain goes to war with Nazi Germany and the overseas Dominions range themselves on the side of the Mother country. <b>Picture Essay - First of the Imperial Few:</b> Pilots from all parts of the Empire slow their heroism in the Battle of Britain.<br /><b>An Appeal to the Empire:</b> Winston Churchill urges the Empire to concentrate its energies and resources on securing victory in Europe.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The War in the Desert:</b> British and Empire forces throw Rommel's Afrika Korps into retreat at El Alamein.<br /><b>Shadow of the Rising Sun:</b> Preoccupied with Europe and the Middle East, British planners neglect the Japanese threat to Malaya and Singapore.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Disaster in the Far East:</b> The Japanese occupy Singapore - one of the worst military and political disasters for Britain.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tXst4U8j1RrF9genIJwNq5mw7OgjrRgYhj6T5aSI_HPSwp2Ivdgd5yG1moD05JmxSXYKv8I8ToQseeIKXcenqwG9q7pbYe5RN47r1AvV1qloivEnPs=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">78: Malta - Prize of the Mediterranean</a></center><br /><b>Prize of the Mediterranean</b> In 1798, Britain extended her 'special and temporary' protection to Malta as part of the fight against a common enemy - Napoleon Bonaparte. The island was still under British protection when another common enemy had to be resisted nearly a century and a half later. <b>Picture Essay - Minorca - the other Malta:</b> The strategic Mediterranean base of the 18th Century, finally lost to Spain in 1802.<br /><b>Picture Essay - His Majesty's Devoted Island:</b> Malta endures bombing and starvation during the Second World War, winning the admiration of the Empire and receiving a uinque honour from King George VI.<br /><b>Malta takes her Revenge:</b> After her days of peril and privation, the George Cross island becomes the key to a dramatic new Allied offensive against the Axis powers.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_t26SptsR_xw7j3t5Hs7CcHQM675FpL6LIzoiPLgEv-M8Nr8lsJLjGxHiFiArMw2G9nkWSwDimThcJZmaR1OX8nL7ozwUWcW9G3soyyEd7eyIS0Ega9=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">79: 1943 - 1945 - The Road to Victory</a></center><br /><b>1943 - 1945 - The Road to Victory:</b> By the beginning of 1943, Empire forces were on the offensive, chasing the remnants of Rommel's shattered Afrika Korps into Tunisia and striking back against the Japanese in Burma. <b>The Lion Trainer:</b> An unorthodox and dynamic military commander, General Orde Wingate, leads a legendary force of jungle fighters - the Chindits - against the Japanese.<br /><b>The Other War:</b> Churchill is caricatured in Japanese propaganda leaflets smuggled into India, while Australia wages its own war of words against the Japanese invaders in New Guinea.<br /><b>Operation Overlord:</b> British, Canadian and American forces storm their way ashore at Normandy after the greatest amphibious operation in history.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_u4si25hySNcDu9JYAkXufj12UOORjE12QqADcM1dIz07ErcbZSUjqU8QfTI08lHMbMTUkJwWBNJv57G3ljNL5SViOR52Rphvjai8TgNYS6zfkkDo1t=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">80: The All Red Routes - Steamships, Cables and Aircraft bind the Empire</a></center><br /><b>The All Red Routes:</b> Britain led the world throughout the 19th Century in the development of post and telegraph services. The 'All-Red' routes spread out from London, criss-crossing the Empire and reducing the barriers of time and space between the colonies and the mother country. <b>Picture Essay - A Postal Service for the People:</b> A popular and efficient postal service develops in Britain and grows to embrace the Empire.<br /><b>From the Ocean Depths to the Clouds:</b> Submarine telegraph cables revolutionize imperial communications, but within two generations wireless and the aeroplane have an even more drastic impact.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tEDsab-iD6Ymj_bUgoe60nWgl8cVy_qGmoMzJY0t99d5LWoMcWOxoSWRB6MMG9eLvYaKNRfy6MX1IgtIaNgFGc8BcelzJT7hQE8CkQmp5uc8m-430H=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">81: The Empire on Film</a></center><br /><b>The Empire on Film:</b> The early days of sound cinema when the Empire was seen aas little more than a source of stirring escapist romances. <b>Picture Essay - The Romantic Image:</b> Four inter-war films that gloried in the stories of men facing fearful odds for the honour of King and Country.<br /><b>Return to Reality:</b> The war brings an increasing interest in real events, and film-makers working in the field bring a new realism to cinema views of the Empire.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The End of the Raj:</b> Two films - Bhowani Junction and Nine Hours to Rama - exploit the dramatic events of Indian Independence in 1947.<br /><b>The Imperial Epic:</b> The big screen gives new life to imperial history, presented outstandingly in Lawrence and Khartoum.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sh75CUJTgM5W2Yzb9Q5pJKe7SVZde2-zYVeCWbDrnkZv3vvzO7tBBz0LWKcOp8iF05R49F0KjpRIcIQcDS_f5u6O5VidwoMD4dEDWhKit9OgM3zFwj=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">82: Palestine: Britain's Crown of Thorns</a></center><br /><b>Palestine: Britain's Crown of Thorns:</b> Britain's decision to back the return of the Jews to Palestine - the birth of an insoluble dilemma. <b>Picture Essay - Return from Diaspora:</b> Jews returning to their historical homeland find themselves in increasingly violent conflict with local Arabs.<br /><b>Terror and Counter-Terror:</b> The strife of the 1930s in Palestine and Britain's inability to control the situation.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Finale with Bloodshed:</b> The Jews fight the British, themselves and the Arabs as Britain decides to escape from the thankless task of governing the ungovernable.<br /><b>The Birth of Israel:</b> A new Jewish nation emerges in a welter of bloodshed to continue a struggle for survival that shows no sign of ending.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tmfiUv0wp44SSrnZZfGA-fgPxnymHjdUJN4tiP8xZ2r0WFqIQI0tM2KpEi4mxb_ZdMiZyPAZFNBk3HO8I2C5Wy8vp1-gLJWZRXnGvFTpoz1SVavUA=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">83: The Rise and Fall of Britain's Arab Oil Empire</a></center><br /><b>Britain's Arabian Oil Empire:</b> A British oil prospector strikes it rich in Iran and opens up a fresh era in Britain's imperial history. Now, Britain was concerned with far more than the protection of the route to India. <b>Picture Essay - The Battle of Aden:</b> A former outpost of the British Raj, Aden becomes the embattled bulwark of Britain's Middle East possessions with British soldiers and their families as hostages.<br /><b>Britain Pulls out of Arabia:</b> Unwilling any longer to stand against the fierce tidal wave of Arab nationalism, Britain cuts her losses in Arabia and the Persian Gulf and moves out.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vY5PL2Vnc1qseI47Or4uMZB_qWUkII2AFkEsMPV0dDn94H6-mLGfuhIDldRTQ-WLcgUnq46FR8GfZH1IguEKoD3VlMg4jeIa1Gchp34e1q0N9a4u4c=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">84: The Lost Jewel - Britain loses India</a></center><br /><b>The Lost Jewel:</b> The situation in India on the outbreak of the Second World War and what happened when the British continued to ignore the ground swell of nationalism sweeping the sub-continent. <b>Picture Essay - The Heirs of Gandhi:</b> Three men - Nehru, Bose and Jinnah - who in their different ways evolved out of the non-violent protest movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi.<br /><b>The Last Days of the British Raj:</b> The Labour government of 1945 at last decides to give India her freedom. But how will they hand over the country - united or torn along religious lines?<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Bloody Birth of Two Nations:</b> The cost in human misery of the politicians' decisions in 1947.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_v1CRc5VCJjLffyPobfFlPSknZImDV2W3YlJkIrHZK1tvrnTC-PO4GqNzwf1VYxvseG8uYVtaub7c6kJSE767TtNq5mXLrVdjZP-1W64fsPVBRaSCQS=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">85: Britain's Pacific Islands</a></center><br /><b>Britain's Pacific Islands:</b> The first approaches by the British to the islands that lay north and east of Australia and the beginnings of annexation. <b>Picture Essay - Australia's Isle of Wight:</b> With the acquisition of New Guinea - vital, many thought, for safeguarding Australia's frontiers - an expedition arrives to assess the area.<br /><b>The Making of Island Nations:</b> British and Australian administration of the Empire's island dependencies leads several of them to independence.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_t4lmRChFQmGzKfQYXjaopgew19uOwZW4FI6Q0D4rRQ3b5MCsbBM6YOytsWj7RLyB5ybssObqNEhAgEZ1sQ0cF3-OYvuU14uLLO8ugUuoqgfDqx01Hc=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">86: Because it is there</a></center><br /><b>Because it's there:</b> The 19th Century background to the British habit of looking for - and exploring - the most remote areas of the world. <b>Picture Essay - Assault on Everest:</b> The tragic effort to scale Mount Everest in 1924 which resulted in the disappearance of Irving and Mallory, as seen through the lens of the photographer, Captain John Noel.<br /><b>The Greatest Conquests:</b> The rugged individualism of seafarer the late Sir Francis Chichester compared with the teamwork that took the Union Jack to the top of Everest.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sappJcswo89IXO6eTfi2C51WLha8gFlv2Kftf7HLNlP6Q2KGtiyZotCf8fVkz9mm2UAzUudlMnB9SPpZRtNg58OXfPa4sofwFHZ8CjQV7h4Vb1jWpa=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">87: Kenyatta Brings Uhuru for Kenya</a></center><br /><b>Uhuru for Kenya:</b> Weary and resentful of European domination, Kenya's Africans take up the cry of 'Uhuru' - Freedom - and focus their hopes on one man: Jomo Kenyatta. <b>Picture Essay - Mau Mau:</b> Militants among the Kikuyu tribe wage a barbaric terrorist war against whites and Africans alike in their determination to drive out the settlers.<br /><b>Journey to the Promised Land:</b> The settlers win their war against the Mau Mau, but nothing can prevent the African advance to majority rule.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Burning Spear:</b> Feared and detested by the whites as the leader of Mau Mau, Jomo Kenyatta graduates from prison to the Prime-Ministership of independent Kenya.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vDGWXPFiGYkfCLx8BPPFePkR6uGUnlT356jqfRdPcVwTja-R2d6kTC8DdDvjlilwRtwmsMAjLFFXEAJ_cP3Kae9uNMA5Gn9aDlcUNNE2J2hrj0oUiW=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">88: India and Pakistan - The Struggle for Identity</a></center><br /><b>India and Pakistan - The Struggle for Identity:</b>Pakistan's unhappy attempts to set up a democracy and India's early years under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. <b>Picture Essay - India at War:</b> The new country of India finds herself at war twice during the sixties - with her neighbours China and Pakistan.<br /><b>The Rule of Indira Gandhi:</b> Mrs Gandhi, elected in 1965 almost entirely because she was the daughter of Nehru, had to prove herself while facing both trouble in her own country and the war between the two wings of Pakistan.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Bangladesh:</b> East Pakistan declares its independence as the new country of Bangladesh and one of the bitterest wars in modern times breaks out.<br /><b>A Continent in Collapse:</b> The breakaway of Bangladesh means that Pakistan lost the fight to remain as one country. Might India go the same way?</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sNdbzt-Q5-GJSDU0ZJx76h8JYz7CeqE3LZ_duudwtmJ-vTQlB0Wkhay_ew3PiJhiwpplOhtO5lWINtVLkFI2_ww9dZ3DZ5qln6mgmqaHz25u4MXs1G=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">89: The Wind of Change Hits Africa</a></center><br /><b>Africa's Wind of Change:</b>Pakistan's unhappy attempts to set up a democracy and India's early years under the leadership of Jawaharlal NehruIn 1960 British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan noted 'the wind of change' stirring in Africa. Within five years it had swept away the last vestiges of British rule in the continent. <b>Picture Essay - Mixed Harvest:</b> Long overdue attempts to develop the vast economic potential of British possessions in Africa yield a mixed harvest of failure and achievement.<br /><b>Saturday's Child Comes Home:</b> Kwame Nkrumah returns to the Gold Coast as the hope of white liberals and black nationalists.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Redeemer:</b> Having won independence for Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah turns his attention to the rest of Africa.<br /><b>Breaking the White Barrier:</b> A group of powerful and determined nationalist leaders mount the assault against white rule in East and Central Africa.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Angry Partners:</b> The rise and fall of the strife-torn Central African Federation.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_shVklGtRJpumhE5QWP4442VBx9cGtM-IH4spgEEZt8ZyFcX8osExhA-7xvBVVW2uY9AWNKS409cItlhyb8j5WL6uU66lZ0GK5aT7T4wSYHR1YVB5ft=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">90: Britain and her Imperial Rivals</a></center><br /><b>Britain and her Imperial Rivals:</b>Britain's early Empire is established in the face of prior claims to overseas territory made by Spain, Portugal and Holland. <b>Picture Essay - The Dutch Traders:</b> In the East Indies, the Dutch oust the Portugese, prevent British incursion and establish a successful commercial empire that lasts for over 200 years.<br /><b>The Rush for Colonies:</b> Britain, supreme overseas in the early 19th Century, is challenged by ambitious powers with very different ideas about controlling their imperial territories.<br /><b>Picture Essay - France's Bloody Retreat:</b> France loses the battle to retain Vietnam and is brought near to civil war by unrest in Algeria.<br /><b>A Not-So-Bitter End:</b> By comparison with her less adaptable rivals, Britain's own retreat from Empire seems a relatively peaceful affair.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vbaNo2_C_9M5T7evo6kBOla4mTU8VRiQid0DH2CR2xA0wS3JcCmL4y09Lzg3C_VthqQKx5GB9rQFM9ZV3bBQm1gIdq4_BiloBn9wPObEcXY6DOqo8=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">92: King Sugar's Bitter Bequest</a></center><br /><b>King Sugar's Bitter Bequest:</b> Angered by the abolition of slavery and the elimination of preferences for their produce. British sugar planters in the 19th Century Caribbean accuse London of betrayal. <b>Picture Essay - Declining Splendour:</b> In spite of reduced profits, the planters still manage to live in sumptuous style.<br /><b>The New Slavery:</b> The estate owners import thousands of labourers to supplant their former slaves - and create a new form of bondage.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Fruits of Progress:</b> New crops appear in the West Indies to challenge the traditional supremacy of sugar.<br /><b>The Nationalist Upsurge:</b> After the First World War, Britain faces new demands from her Caribbean Empire.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Guyana - New Nation in Ferment:</b> Racial and political tensions explode in the mainland colony of British Guiana.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sjLu0BlfdcKwyTQxkwFR2RfcIEnMqys0Heceb19MA5oWOQADfe-rI3Ln88tftMDPbQH4548UlKvBAMGEdczABbXwnUeGhBrWt2_hsN-mbshvdd-73vag=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">93: How Others Saw Us</a></center><br /><b>How Others Saw Us:</b> While Britain's Empire was extending by leaps and bounds, other nations, especially France, were growing increasingly angry at Britain's continuing successes in the colonial race. <b>Picture Essay - The Brutish British:</b> Cartoons from the world's press show how everyone - apart from the British - saw the Boer War as a brutal attempt to smash a small nation and grab its wealth.<br /><b>May God Punish England:</b> As Germany begins her policy of building up a colonial empire, invective against the British reaches a new height.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Ohm Kruger:</b> Goebbels's masterly propaganda film, produced during the Second World War, twists well-known British characters into grotesque caricatures.<br /><b>Capitalist Exploiter of the Foreign Masses:</b> As Britain divests herself of her Empire during the 20th Century only Communist Russia attacks her on the grounds that she still has an economic Empire.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tB42fiu6fb_zgfP-du5OGorl-d1o73BvgKpWr9SK-jUaM_kUNTtwTA-mSKnoXMB4FK6wcSELSeCAVn-wsnY7BmKNDvJFlbYheDW9OJHKu49GlDc8Ev=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">94: Cyprus - Island of Sorrows</a></center><br /><b>Cyprus - Island of Sorrows:</b> British and Cypriots alike were delighted when Disraeli acquired Cyprus from the Sultan of Turkey in 1878. But the mood was short lived and within 50 years the island had become a political battle-ground. <b>Picture Essay - Island at War:</b> In 1955 Greek Cypriots, determined to win Enosis - Union - with Greece, launch a guerilla war against the British.<br /><b>The British Pull Out:</b> With Cyprus locked in conflict between Greeks, Turks and British, Britain decides to grant the island independence.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Bloody Christmas:</b> On Christmas Eve, 1963, Greek and Turkish Cypriots plunge into a bloody civil war.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uRlh4Zxb-bLcOxYkBbQxA4rNfDmgZ5f9y2speao_IaIq5bjPWRXe83ZXXLJPBoIGipC5N0kUwZQrZVW6FeKc-XJu9o8R8eLUv8XT59hZRMhAjDOFU=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">95: The Loose Ends of Empire</a></center><br /><b>The Loose Ends of Empire:</b> Although the British Empire is a fading memory, Britain's imperial past continues to create problems at home and abroad. <b>Picture Essay - UDI:</b> Britain's remaining colony in Africa launched a rebellion and declared Unilateral Declaration of Independence.<br /><b>Picture Essay - The Empire Comes to Britain:</b> Social conflict and political controversy break out as thousands of Commonwealth citizens flock to Britain.</td></tr><tr><td align="CENTER"><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vnLgSr8tev9za8lLXyHxMuH4cd0BydMzUSppz1TEwAmb0ZTB_ZosI6oM1ZOuycSRcCq-5TedpEhXvTaJ0T-I4mSva0oiLGNgOGF7oUZRM98xJ5DgHx=s0-d" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" /></a></td><td align="left" width="600"><center><a href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/710-53481-19255-0/1?type=3&campid=5335838131&toolid=10001&customid=Mags&ext=British+Empire+Magazine&satitle=British+Empire+Magazine" style="color: #2288bb; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">96: Retreat in the Far East - Imperial Sunset in China and Malaya</a></center><br /><b>Retreat in the Far East:</b> Preoccupied with problems elsewhere in the world, Britain gradually loses her supremacy in the Far East during the first half of the 20th Century. <b>Picture Essay - Battle Zone:</b> Britain watches anxiously as her vast business interests in Shanghai are threatened by the escalating conflict between China and Japan.<br /><b>Clash of the Island Empires:</b> Once a close ally and admirer of the British Empire, Japan becomes an implacable foe.<br /><b>Picture Essay - Malayan Emergency:</b> British forces fight a prolonged but successful campaign against Communist rebels in Malaya.<br /><b>The Last Confrontation:</b> Indonesia threaten the newly independent Federation of Malaysia - and Britain engages in her final Far Eastern struggle.<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></center>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-60757446159022916212024-02-26T22:24:00.000-08:002024-02-26T22:24:37.351-08:001930 anti salt tax demonstration in Bombay city at Hornby vellard <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhBOhdTojyT23knqaXggJY9SejNE7Spfn6GfCZkgwe62_P-hUppIPnirjIeyiruNmNsiALpVSxpqShtANXRisA_aaJX_fkbQQdkYYGI_j0mDBDvn_g3pzJ0Xw4_yuZ_U0Y23MJSmjeijv7N_dtJPrSWyipVnrtrWaGk9pbxkBEB2L9uRaH93J__Q35VT38" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhBOhdTojyT23knqaXggJY9SejNE7Spfn6GfCZkgwe62_P-hUppIPnirjIeyiruNmNsiALpVSxpqShtANXRisA_aaJX_fkbQQdkYYGI_j0mDBDvn_g3pzJ0Xw4_yuZ_U0Y23MJSmjeijv7N_dtJPrSWyipVnrtrWaGk9pbxkBEB2L9uRaH93J__Q35VT38=s16000" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-57636784220086259072024-02-20T08:48:00.000-08:002024-02-20T08:48:14.408-08:00Netaji becomes the leader (re-upload) GOLDEN INDIA<p> </p><p><br /></p><div class="style-scope ytd-search" id="header" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; 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animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: 24px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: 24px;"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 24px; justify-content: center; width: 24px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15 17h6v1h-6v-1zm-4 0H3v1h8v2h1v-5h-1v2zm3-9h1V3h-1v2H3v1h11v2zm4-3v1h3V5h-3zM6 14h1V9H6v2H3v1h3v2zm4-2h11v-1H10v1z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></div><yt-touch-feedback-shape style="border-radius: inherit;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape--down yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape--touch-response" style="background: transparent; 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animation-delay: var(--paper-tooltip-delay-in, 500ms); animation-duration: var(--paper-tooltip-duration-in, 500ms); animation-fill-mode: forwards; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-name: keyFrameFadeInOpacity; animation-timing-function: ease-in; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--paper-tooltip-background, #616161); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: var(--paper-tooltip-text-color, white); font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 8px; opacity: 0; outline: none; padding: 8px; word-break: normal;">Search filters</div></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></ytd-button-renderer></div></ytd-search-header-renderer></div><ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-search" is-search="true" mini-guide-visible="" style="--yt-horizontal-list-renderer-width: 856px; background-color: white; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1280px; min-width: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer" id="primary" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; flex: 1 1 auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 1096px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-section-list-renderer class="style-scope ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer" hide-bottom-separator="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="header-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="header" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="sub-menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" style="display: block;"><div class="style-scope ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer" id="filter-menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer" id="container" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-toggle-button-renderer align-by-text="" button-renderer="true" class="style-scope ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer" style="--paper-button-ink-color: var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive); --yt-button-margin: 0; --yt-button-padding-minus-border: 9px 15px; --yt-button-padding: 10px 16px; display: inline-block; font-size: var(--ytd-tab-system-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-tab-system-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-tab-system-letter-spacing); text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: middle;"><yt-button-shape style="display: flex; flex: 1 1 1e-09px;"></yt-button-shape><tp-yt-paper-tooltip disable-upgrade="" fit-to-visible-bounds="" offset="8" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></ytd-toggle-button-renderer></div></div></ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="contents" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-item-section-renderer class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" style="display: block;" top-spacing-zero="" use-height-hack=""><div class=" style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" id="header" style="--yt-feed-filter-chip-bar-margin-left-first-item: 0; --yt-feed-filter-chip-bar-margin: 0; --yt-feed-filter-chip-bar-padding-left: 36px; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" id="spinner-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class=" style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" id="contents" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-video-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" inline-title-icon="" is-search="" lockup="true" style="--yt-button-compact-background-color: var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); --yt-button-compact-text-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: block; margin-top: 0px; position: relative;" use-search-ui=""><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="dismissible" style="align-items: flex-start; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" loaded="" size="large" style="display: block; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin-right: 16px; max-width: 360px; min-width: 240px; position: relative;" use-hovered-property=""><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eiNVls_1WE4&t=187s&pp=ygUzTmV0YWppIGJlY29tZXMgdGhlIGxlYWRlciAocmUtdXBsb2FkKSAgR09MREVOIElORElB" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 12px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 201.984px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill yt-core-image--loaded" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/eiNVls_1WE4/hq720.jpg?sqp=-oaymwE2COgCEMoBSFXyq4qpAygIARUAAIhCGAFwAcABBvABAfgB1AaAAuADigIMCAAQARheIF4oXjAP&rs=AOn4CLAE7rEyXPFubiLcNrRXgBZugdLW4Q" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 201.984px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 360px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-resume-playback-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" style="background-color: var(--yt-spec-text-disabled); bottom: 0px; display: block; height: 4px; left: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; z-index: 1;"><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-resume-playback-renderer" id="progress" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-red); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; height: 4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 151.188px;"></div></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-resume-playback-renderer><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" overlay-style="DEFAULT" style="bottom: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 4px; position: absolute; right: 0px;"><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" is-thumbnail-badge="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px 4px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="time-status" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); display: inline-flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); height: 12px; letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,.5px); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px; padding: 3px 4px;"><span aria-label="7 minutes, 18 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">7:18</span></div></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" style="align-items: center; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); color: white; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; line-height: 1.8rem; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 1;"><span class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" id="overlay-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOW PLAYING</span><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" style="bottom: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: 28px; margin: 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; width: 16px;"><svg class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" id="equalizer" viewbox="0 0 55 95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer"><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="0"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="20"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="40"></rect></g></svg></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="text-wrapper style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="meta" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="title-wrapper" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="title-and-badge style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="Netaji becomes the leader (re-upload) by GOLDEN INDIA 391,340 views 2 years ago 7 minutes, 18 seconds" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eiNVls_1WE4&t=187s&pp=ygUzTmV0YWppIGJlY29tZXMgdGhlIGxlYWRlciAocmUtdXBsb2FkKSAgR09MREVOIElORElB" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; cursor: pointer; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;" title="Netaji becomes the leader (re-upload)"><yt-formatted-string aria-label="Netaji becomes the leader (re-upload) by GOLDEN INDIA 391,340 views 2 years ago 7 minutes, 18 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer">Netaji becomes the leader (re-upload)</yt-formatted-string></a></h3><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: -11px; opacity: 0;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="Action menu" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-width,100%);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 24px; justify-content: center; width: 24px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></button><yt-interaction class="circular style-scope yt-icon-button" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer byline-separated" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">391K views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2 years ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@GOLDENINDIAnetaji1897" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/ytc/AIf8zZRcp_faoiYZSMUyELVhk7jdgIRjGPDBCkvTdoKg5g=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/@GOLDENINDIAnetaji1897" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">GOLDEN INDIA</a></yt-formatted-string></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); inset: -4px auto auto 392px; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-channel-name></div><div class="metadata-snippet-container style-scope ytd-video-renderer style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><yt-formatted-string class="metadata-snippet-text style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: inline;"><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Netaji</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> #INA #RashBehariBose #Bose #</span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Leadership</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> #Army #Independence #Movement #IIL </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Netaji</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> along with Rash Behari Bose ...</span></yt-formatted-string><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; left: 510.562px; outline: none; position: absolute; top: 144px; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="expandable-metadata" style="background: transparent; 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position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-video-renderer><ytd-channel-renderer bigger-thumb-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" style="background-color: transparent; display: block; margin-top: var(--ytd-item-section-item-margin,16px);"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-renderer" id="content-section" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-renderer" id="avatar-section" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px 16px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: 240px; padding: 0px;"><a class="channel-link yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-channel-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@GOLDENINDIAnetaji1897" style="cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; justify-content: center; min-width: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-renderer" id="avatar" style="align-items: center; 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border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3.91K subscribers</span></div><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-renderer" id="description" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word;"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In this channel I </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">upload</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> videos about different revolutionaries of </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">India</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> and their struggle to liberate </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">India</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">. 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initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer byline-separated" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">6.3K views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2 years ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@GOLDENINDIAnetaji1897" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/ytc/AIf8zZRcp_faoiYZSMUyELVhk7jdgIRjGPDBCkvTdoKg5g=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/@GOLDENINDIAnetaji1897" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">GOLDEN INDIA</a></yt-formatted-string></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-channel-name></div><div class="metadata-snippet-container style-scope ytd-video-renderer style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><yt-formatted-string class="metadata-snippet-text style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: inline;"><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Netaji</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> #Radio #Broadcast #November #GreaterEastAsiaConference #SubhasBose #WhereIsNetaji #Bose #IndianNationalArmy ...</span></yt-formatted-string><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; left: 510.562px; outline: none; position: absolute; top: 170px; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="expandable-metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="buttons" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div></div><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-video-renderer><ytd-video-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" inline-title-icon="" is-search="" lockup="true" style="--yt-button-compact-background-color: var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); --yt-button-compact-text-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: block; margin-top: var(--ytd-item-section-item-margin,16px); position: relative;" use-search-ui=""><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="dismissible" style="align-items: flex-start; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" loaded="" size="large" style="display: block; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin-right: 16px; max-width: 360px; min-width: 240px; position: relative;" use-hovered-property=""><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAeDQYl5zLQ&pp=ygUzTmV0YWppIGJlY29tZXMgdGhlIGxlYWRlciAocmUtdXBsb2FkKSAgR09MREVOIElORElB" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 12px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 201.984px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill yt-core-image--loaded" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/EAeDQYl5zLQ/hqdefault.jpg?sqp=-oaymwE2COADEI4CSFXyq4qpAygIARUAAIhCGAFwAcABBvABAfgB9gSAAuADigIMCAAQARhlIGUoZTAP&rs=AOn4CLDwi6WC5UF6GQVfpofZDqB6jO_sHA" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 201.984px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 360px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" overlay-style="DEFAULT" style="bottom: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 4px; position: absolute; right: 0px;"><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" is-thumbnail-badge="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px 4px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="time-status" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); display: inline-flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); height: 12px; letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,.5px); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px; padding: 3px 4px;"><span aria-label="1 minute, 17 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">1:17</span></div></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" style="align-items: center; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); color: white; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; line-height: 1.8rem; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 1;"><span class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" id="overlay-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOW PLAYING</span><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" style="bottom: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: 28px; margin: 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; width: 16px;"><svg class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" id="equalizer" viewbox="0 0 55 95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer"><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="0"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="20"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="40"></rect></g></svg></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="text-wrapper style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="meta" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="title-wrapper" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="title-and-badge style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="Original Video of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose discussing war plan by Team Netaji 264,973 views 2 years ago 1 minute, 17 seconds" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAeDQYl5zLQ&pp=ygUzTmV0YWppIGJlY29tZXMgdGhlIGxlYWRlciAocmUtdXBsb2FkKSAgR09MREVOIElORElB" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; cursor: pointer; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;" title="Original Video of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose discussing war plan"><yt-formatted-string aria-label="Original Video of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose discussing war plan by Team Netaji 264,973 views 2 years ago 1 minute, 17 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer">Original Video of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose discussing war plan</yt-formatted-string></a></h3><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: -11px; opacity: 0;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="Action menu" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-width,100%);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 24px; justify-content: center; width: 24px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></button><yt-interaction class="circular style-scope yt-icon-button" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer byline-separated" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">264K views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2 years ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@TeamNetaji" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/C6LIZFyh2dy5VkSIArR833HKDskv25K9KHVFmjfuEbCrJkUok7TPANe038pQ7-8NHkYP-dfIOg=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/@TeamNetaji" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">Team Netaji</a></yt-formatted-string></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-channel-name></div><div class="metadata-snippet-container style-scope ytd-video-renderer style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><yt-formatted-string class="metadata-snippet-text style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: inline;"><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Netaji</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Subhas Chandra Bose discussing war plan with Japanese officers in HQ.</span></yt-formatted-string><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; left: 510.562px; outline: none; position: absolute; top: 152px; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="expandable-metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="buttons" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div></div><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-video-renderer><ytd-video-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" inline-title-icon="" is-search="" lockup="true" style="--yt-button-compact-background-color: var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); --yt-button-compact-text-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: block; margin-top: var(--ytd-item-section-item-margin,16px); position: relative;" use-search-ui=""><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="dismissible" style="align-items: flex-start; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" loaded="" size="large" style="display: block; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin-right: 16px; max-width: 360px; min-width: 240px; position: relative;" use-hovered-property=""><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cW_csU6FN5c&pp=ygUzTmV0YWppIGJlY29tZXMgdGhlIGxlYWRlciAocmUtdXBsb2FkKSAgR09MREVOIElORElB" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 12px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 201.984px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill yt-core-image--loaded" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cW_csU6FN5c/hq720.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEcCOgCEMoBSFXyq4qpAw4IARUAAIhCGAFwAcABBg==&rs=AOn4CLDSigE1Rwyg2bpwK25xAUKobcrohg" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 201.984px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 360px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" overlay-style="DEFAULT" style="bottom: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 4px; position: absolute; right: 0px;"><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" is-thumbnail-badge="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px 4px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="time-status" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); display: inline-flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); height: 12px; letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,.5px); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px; padding: 3px 4px;"><span aria-label="4 minutes, 7 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">4:07</span></div></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" style="align-items: center; background-color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-background-heavy); color: white; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; line-height: 1.8rem; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 1;"><span class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" id="overlay-text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOW PLAYING</span><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" style="bottom: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: 28px; margin: 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; width: 16px;"><svg class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" id="equalizer" viewbox="0 0 55 95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer"><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="0"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="20"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="40"></rect></g></svg></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="text-wrapper style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="meta" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="title-wrapper" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="title-and-badge style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="Netaji radio broadcast in Hindi by GOLDEN INDIA 3,295 views 3 years ago 4 minutes, 7 seconds" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cW_csU6FN5c&pp=ygUzTmV0YWppIGJlY29tZXMgdGhlIGxlYWRlciAocmUtdXBsb2FkKSAgR09MREVOIElORElB" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; cursor: pointer; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;" title="Netaji radio broadcast in Hindi"><yt-formatted-string aria-label="Netaji radio broadcast in Hindi by GOLDEN INDIA 3,295 views 3 years ago 4 minutes, 7 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer">Netaji radio broadcast in Hindi</yt-formatted-string></a></h3><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="menu" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: -11px; opacity: 0;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="Action menu" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-width,100%);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 24px; justify-content: center; width: 24px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></button><yt-interaction class="circular style-scope yt-icon-button" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: var(--yt-spec-touch-response); background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer byline-separated" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3.2K views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3 years ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@GOLDENINDIAnetaji1897" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/ytc/AIf8zZRcp_faoiYZSMUyELVhk7jdgIRjGPDBCkvTdoKg5g=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/@GOLDENINDIAnetaji1897" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">GOLDEN INDIA</a></yt-formatted-string></div></div></ytd-channel-name></div></div></div></ytd-video-renderer></div></ytd-item-section-renderer></div></ytd-section-list-renderer></div></ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-47288327978088346122023-11-30T23:55:00.000-08:002023-11-30T23:55:40.992-08:00<p> </p><div class="style-scope ytd-search" id="header" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1096px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-search-header-renderer class="style-scope ytd-search" has-chip-bar="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 56px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-search-header-renderer" id="filter-button" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-button-renderer button-next="" button-renderer="" class="style-scope ytd-search-header-renderer" style="display: inline-block;"><yt-button-shape style="display: flex; flex: 1 1 1e-09px;"><button aria-label="Search filters" class="yt-spec-button-shape-next yt-spec-button-shape-next--text yt-spec-button-shape-next--mono yt-spec-button-shape-next--size-m yt-spec-button-shape-next--icon-trailing" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-radius: 18px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0f0f0f; cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 500; height: 36px; justify-content: center; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding: 0px 16px; position: relative; text-wrap: nowrap;" title=""><div class="yt-spec-button-shape-next__button-text-content" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span class="yt-core-attributed-string yt-core-attributed-string--white-space-no-wrap" role="text" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Filters</span></div><div class="yt-spec-button-shape-next__icon" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px -6px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><yt-icon style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: 24px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: 24px;"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 23.9915px; width: 23.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 23.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 23.9915px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 23.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 23.9915px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15 17h6v1h-6v-1zm-4 0H3v1h8v2h1v-5h-1v2zm3-9h1V3h-1v2H3v1h11v2zm4-3v1h3V5h-3zM6 14h1V9H6v2H3v1h3v2zm4-2h11v-1H10v1z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></div><yt-touch-feedback-shape style="border-radius: inherit;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape--touch-response" style="background: transparent; border-radius: inherit; border: 0px; display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute;"><div class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape__stroke" style="background: transparent; border-radius: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape__fill" style="background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-radius: inherit; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></div></yt-touch-feedback-shape></button></yt-button-shape><tp-yt-paper-tooltip fit-to-visible-bounds="" offset="8" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></ytd-button-renderer></div></ytd-search-header-renderer></div><ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-search" is-search="true" mini-guide-visible="" style="--yt-horizontal-list-renderer-width: 856px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1280px; min-width: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer" id="primary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; flex: 1 1 auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 1096px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-section-list-renderer class="style-scope ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer" hide-bottom-separator="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="header-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="header" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="sub-menu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" style="display: block;"><div class="style-scope ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer" id="filter-menu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer" id="container" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-toggle-button-renderer align-by-text="" button-renderer="true" class="style-scope ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer" style="--paper-button-ink-color: var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive); --yt-button-margin: 0; --yt-button-padding-minus-border: 9px 15px; --yt-button-padding: 10px 16px; display: inline-block; font-size: var(--ytd-tab-system-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-tab-system-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-tab-system-letter-spacing); text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: middle;"><yt-button-shape style="display: flex; flex: 1 1 1e-09px;"></yt-button-shape><tp-yt-paper-tooltip disable-upgrade="" fit-to-visible-bounds="" offset="8" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></ytd-toggle-button-renderer></div></div></ytd-search-sub-menu-renderer></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" id="contents" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-item-section-renderer class="style-scope ytd-section-list-renderer" style="display: block;" top-spacing-zero="" use-height-hack=""><div class=" style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" id="header" style="--yt-feed-filter-chip-bar-margin-left-first-item: 0; --yt-feed-filter-chip-bar-margin: 0; --yt-feed-filter-chip-bar-padding-left: 36px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" id="spinner-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class=" style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" id="contents" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-showing-results-for-renderer class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" style="display: inline-block; margin-top: 0px;"><yt-search-query-correction class="style-scope yt-showing-results-for-renderer" style="display: block; margin-top: var(--ytd-margin-6x);"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope yt-search-query-correction" id="corrected" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem;">Showing results for</yt-formatted-string> <a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-search-query-correction" href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=INDIAN+INDEPENDENCE+MOVEMENT+ARTICLES" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration-line: none;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope yt-search-query-correction" id="corrected-link" style="font-size: var(--ytd-link-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-link-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--yt-search-correction-corrected-link-font-weight,var(--ytd-link-letter-spacing)); line-height: var(--ytd-link-line-height);"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">INDIAN </span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string italic" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">INDEPENDENCE</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> MOVEMENT ARTICLES</span></yt-formatted-string></a> <yt-formatted-string class="style-scope yt-search-query-correction" id="original" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; padding-left: var(--ytd-margin-2x);">Search instead for</yt-formatted-string> <a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-search-query-correction" href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=INDIAN+INDEPENDACE+MOVEMENT+ARTICLES&sp=QgIIAQ%253D%253D" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration-line: none;"><yt-formatted-string class="original-link style-scope yt-search-query-correction" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); font-size: var(--ytd-link-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-link-font-weight); letter-spacing: var(--ytd-link-letter-spacing); line-height: var(--ytd-link-line-height);">INDIAN INDEPENDACE MOVEMENT ARTICLES</yt-formatted-string></a></yt-search-query-correction></yt-showing-results-for-renderer><ytd-reel-shelf-renderer class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" modern-typography="" style="border-bottom: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); border-top: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="title-container" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: 2rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--reel-shelf-title-margin-left); margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="icon" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--iron-icon-height,24px); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: 8px; margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--iron-icon-width,24px);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 23.9915px; width: 23.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 23.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 23.9915px;"><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 23.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 23.9915px;"><svg focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M17.77,10.32l-1.2-.5L18,9.06a3.74,3.74,0,0,0-3.5-6.62L6,6.94a3.74,3.74,0,0,0,.23,6.74l1.2.49L6,14.93a3.75,3.75,0,0,0,3.5,6.63l8.5-4.5a3.74,3.74,0,0,0-.23-6.74Z" fill="red"></path><polygon fill="#fff" points="10 14.65 15 12 10 9.35 10 14.65"></polygon></g></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><span class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 1; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 2.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Shorts</span><span class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="title-superscript" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 4px 4px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"></span></h2><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="menu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px auto; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="More actions" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-width,100%);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 23.9915px; width: 23.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 23.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 23.9915px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 23.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 23.9915px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></button><yt-interaction class="circular style-scope yt-icon-button" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="contents" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 24px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-horizontal-list-renderer at-start="" can-show-more="" class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" grid-video-width="0" has-big-thumbs-reel-items="" mini-guide-visible="" override-arrow-position-for-reel-items="" style="--ytd-reel-item-thumbnail-height: 373.3333333333333px; --ytd-reel-item-width: var(--ytd-reel-item-compact-layout-width,210px); --ytd-thumbnail-height: 118px; display: block; max-width: var(--yt-horizontal-list-renderer-width,auto); position: relative;"><div class="style-scope yt-horizontal-list-renderer" id="left-arrow" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; height: var(--ytd-reel-item-thumbnail-height,302px); justify-content: center; left: var(--yt-horizontal-list-left-arrow-offset,0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: var(--ytd-horizontal-list-arrow-top,0); width: 0px; will-change: transform; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="style-scope yt-horizontal-list-renderer" id="scroll-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope yt-horizontal-list-renderer" id="items" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: var(--ytd-horizontal-list-margin-bottom,24px); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-wrap: nowrap; transform: translateX(0px); transition-duration: 0.15s; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.05, 0, 0, 1); will-change: transform;"><ytd-reel-item-renderer class="style-scope yt-horizontal-list-renderer" lockup="true" style="display: inline-block; padding-right: 16px; position: relative; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: top; width: var(--ytd-reel-item-width,210px);"><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="dismissible" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" computed-object-fit="COVER" is-original-aspect-ratio="" loaded="" object-fit="COVER" size="medium" style="display: block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: var(--ytd-reel-item-thumbnail-height,auto); position: relative; width: 210px;" use-hovered-property="" width="210"><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/ClaBDIKUnps" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 8px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 373.324px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill yt-core-image--loaded" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ClaBDIKUnps/hq720.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEdCJUDENAFSFXyq4qpAw8IARUAAIhCcAHAAQbQAQE=&rs=AOn4CLAHwz1KZ7ukmyP3d6M6C3egS5rU4g" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 373.324px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 210px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><h3 class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px; padding: 8px 24px 0px 0px;"><a aria-label="The real Freedom Fighters of India 🇮🇳 #shorts #freedomfighter #india - 25 seconds - play video" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/ClaBDIKUnps" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; overflow-x: hidden; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The real Freedom Fighters of India 🇮🇳 #shorts #freedomfighter #india"><span class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="video-title" role="text" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;">The real Freedom Fighters of India 🇮🇳 #shorts #freedomfighter #india</span></a></h3><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="grid style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer byline-separated" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: column wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">13M views</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="menu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; 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will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="badges" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; left: 0px; margin: 5px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></div><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-reel-item-renderer><ytd-reel-item-renderer class="style-scope yt-horizontal-list-renderer" lockup="true" style="display: inline-block; padding-right: 16px; position: relative; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: top; width: var(--ytd-reel-item-width,210px);"><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="dismissible" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" computed-object-fit="COVER" is-original-aspect-ratio="" loaded="" object-fit="COVER" size="medium" style="display: block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: var(--ytd-reel-item-thumbnail-height,auto); position: relative; width: 210px;" use-hovered-property="" width="210"><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/0nV4937_xtc" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 8px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 373.324px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill yt-core-image--loaded" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0nV4937_xtc/oar2.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEdCJUDENAFSFWQAgHyq4qpAwwIARUAAIhCcAHAAQY=&rs=AOn4CLBEwT7vSrwmk6FQ3YS7k7r1AffyCw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 373.324px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 210px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><h3 class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px; padding: 8px 24px 0px 0px;"><a aria-label="Timeline of Indian Independence Movement #upsc - 6 seconds - play video" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/0nV4937_xtc" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; overflow-x: hidden; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Timeline of Indian Independence Movement #upsc"><span class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="video-title" role="text" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Timeline of Indian Independence Movement #upsc</span></a></h3><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="grid style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer byline-separated" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: column wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">924 views</span></div></div><div class="style-scope 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style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="More actions" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: 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margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="badges" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; left: 0px; margin: 5px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></div><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-reel-item-renderer><ytd-reel-item-renderer class="style-scope yt-horizontal-list-renderer" lockup="true" style="display: inline-block; padding-right: 16px; position: relative; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: top; width: var(--ytd-reel-item-width,210px);"><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="dismissible" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" computed-object-fit="COVER" is-original-aspect-ratio="" loaded="" object-fit="COVER" size="medium" style="display: block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: var(--ytd-reel-item-thumbnail-height,auto); position: relative; width: 210px;" use-hovered-property="" width="210"><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/VuEboTJHmBg" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 8px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 373.324px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill yt-core-image--loaded" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/VuEboTJHmBg/oar2.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEdCJUDENAFSFWQAgHyq4qpAwwIARUAAIhCcAHAAQY=&rs=AOn4CLAqIB9TLghWNhe0GrYTJJnK2wjxdQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 373.324px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 210px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><h3 class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; 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text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 373.324px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: hidden; width: 210px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><h3 class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px; padding: 8px 24px 0px 0px;"><a aria-label="History Revision for UPSC - Indian Independence Act of 1947 - 38 seconds - play video" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/aZMOt9DTaVM" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; overflow-x: hidden; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History Revision for UPSC - Indian Independence Act of 1947"><span class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="video-title" role="text" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;">History Revision for UPSC - Indian Independence Act of 1947</span></a></h3><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="grid style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer byline-separated" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: column wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">17K views</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="menu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: 4px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: -8px; top: -4px;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="More actions" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-width,100%);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 23.9915px; width: 23.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 23.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 23.9915px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 23.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 23.9915px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></button><yt-interaction class="circular style-scope yt-icon-button" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="badges" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; left: 0px; margin: 5px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></div><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-reel-item-renderer><ytd-reel-item-renderer class="style-scope yt-horizontal-list-renderer" lockup="true" style="display: inline-block; padding-right: 16px; position: relative; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: top; width: var(--ytd-reel-item-width,210px);"><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="dismissible" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" computed-object-fit="COVER" is-original-aspect-ratio="" object-fit="COVER" size="medium" style="display: block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: var(--ytd-reel-item-thumbnail-height,auto); position: relative; width: 210px;" use-hovered-property="" width="210"><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/erCiM58Dt78" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 8px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 373.324px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 373.324px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: hidden; width: 210px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><h3 class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px; padding: 8px 24px 0px 0px;"><a aria-label="History|Timeline Chart|important events of Indian National Movement|important years|1850-1950 - 59 seconds - play video" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/erCiM58Dt78" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; overflow-x: hidden; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History|Timeline Chart|important events of Indian National Movement|important years|1850-1950"><span class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="video-title" role="text" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;">History|Timeline Chart|important events of Indian National Movement|important years|1850-1950</span></a></h3><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="grid style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer byline-separated" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: column wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">28K views</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="menu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: 4px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: -8px; top: -4px;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="More actions" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-width,100%);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 23.9915px; width: 23.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 23.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 23.9915px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 23.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 23.9915px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 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opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="badges" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; left: 0px; margin: 5px; position: absolute; top: 0px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></div><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-reel-item-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-reel-item-renderer></div></div><div class="style-scope yt-horizontal-list-renderer" id="right-arrow" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; height: var(--ytd-reel-item-thumbnail-height,302px); justify-content: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: var(--yt-horizontal-list-right-arrow-offset,4px); top: var(--ytd-horizontal-list-arrow-top,0); width: 0px; will-change: transform; z-index: 200;"><ytd-button-renderer button-next="" button-renderer="" class="arrow style-scope yt-horizontal-list-renderer" style="align-items: center; border-radius: 24px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 4px 4px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 4px; cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; height: 40px; justify-content: center; width: 40px;"><yt-button-shape style="display: flex; flex: 1 1 1e-09px;"><button aria-label="Next" class="yt-spec-button-shape-next yt-spec-button-shape-next--text yt-spec-button-shape-next--mono yt-spec-button-shape-next--size-m yt-spec-button-shape-next--icon-only-default" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-radius: 50%; border-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0f0f0f; cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 500; height: 40px; justify-content: center; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-wrap: nowrap; width: 40px;" title=""><div aria-hidden="true" class="yt-spec-button-shape-next__icon" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><yt-icon style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: 24px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: 24px;"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 23.9915px; width: 23.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 23.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 23.9915px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 23.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 23.9915px;"><svg focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m9.4 18.4-.7-.7 5.6-5.6-5.7-5.7.7-.7 6.4 6.4-6.3 6.3z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></div><yt-touch-feedback-shape style="border-radius: inherit;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape--touch-response" style="background: transparent; border-radius: inherit; border: 0px; 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inline-title-icon="" is-search="" lockup="true" style="--yt-button-compact-background-color: var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); --yt-button-compact-text-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: block; margin-top: var(--ytd-item-section-item-margin,16px); position: relative;" use-search-ui=""><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="dismissible" style="align-items: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" loaded="" size="large" style="display: block; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin-right: 16px; max-width: 360px; min-width: 240px; position: relative;" use-hovered-property=""><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" 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margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 357.926px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" has-icon="" overlay-style="SHORTS" style="bottom: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 4px; position: absolute; right: 0px;"><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" is-thumbnail-badge="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px 4px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="time-status" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); display: inline-flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); height: 12px; letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,.5px); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px; padding: 3px 4px; z-index: 1;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" size="16" style="--iron-icon-height: 16px; --iron-icon-width: 16px; align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--iron-icon-height,24px); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); 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d="M10.65,1C10.65,1,10.65,1,10.65,1c-0.37,0-0.75,0.1-1.09,0.31L4.25,4.46C3.44,4.93,2.96,5.89,3,6.9 C3.05,7.9,3.58,8.77,4.39,9.18c0.02,0.01,0.75,0.35,0.75,0.35l-0.9,0.53c-1.14,0.68-1.58,2.27-0.98,3.55C3.69,14.49,4.5,15,5.35,15 c0.37,0,0.74-0.1,1.09-0.31l5.31-3.15c0.8-0.48,1.29-1.43,1.24-2.45c-0.04-0.99-0.58-1.87-1.39-2.27c-0.02-0.01-0.75-0.35-0.75-0.35 l0.9-0.53c1.14-0.68,1.58-2.27,0.97-3.55C12.31,1.51,11.49,1,10.65,1L10.65,1z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><span aria-label="Shorts" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: var(--yt-shorts-compact-label-text-hidden); margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; max-height: 1.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">SHORTS</span></div></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" style="align-items: center; color: white; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; line-height: 1.8rem; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 1;"><span class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" id="overlay-text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOW PLAYING</span><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" style="bottom: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: 28px; margin: 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; width: 16px;"><svg class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" id="equalizer" viewbox="0 0 55 95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer"><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="0"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="20"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="40"></rect></g></svg></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="text-wrapper style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="meta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="title-wrapper" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="title-and-badge style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="Mahatma Gandhi's Role in the Indian Independence Movement | Indian History | Afreen Azmat by Afreen Azmat 22,600 views 1 year ago 56 seconds - play Short" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/shorts/A7qO1ASNjAs" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; cursor: pointer; display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;" title="Mahatma Gandhi's Role in the Indian Independence Movement | Indian History | Afreen Azmat"><yt-formatted-string aria-label="Mahatma Gandhi's Role in the Indian Independence Movement | Indian History | Afreen Azmat by Afreen Azmat 22,600 views 1 year ago 56 seconds - play Short" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer">Mahatma Gandhi's Role in the Indian Independence Movement | Indian History | Afreen Azmat</yt-formatted-string></a></h3><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="menu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: -11px; opacity: 0;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="Action menu" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-width,100%);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 23.9915px; width: 23.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 23.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 23.9915px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 23.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 23.9915px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></button><yt-interaction class="circular style-scope yt-icon-button" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">22K views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1 year ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@AfreenAzmat" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/M9hb5jVrZaw8CM_9kMBtDDxgiokET37QTD2OAoQMcRAxfLZXfphPnp6FNzi-EDGmzH_8XfSTvA=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/@AfreenAzmat" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">Afreen Azmat</a></yt-formatted-string></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); inset: 22.3494px auto auto 389.915px; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" style="align-items: center; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-display,flex); flex-direction: row; margin-right: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-margin-right); vertical-align: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-vertical-align);" system-icons=""><div aria-label="Verified" class="badge badge-style-type-verified style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" role="status" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-badge-display,block); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,unset); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; white-space: var(--ytd-badge-white-space,inherit);"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" size="16" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-badge-icon-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); 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viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12s4.5 10 10 10 10-4.5 10-10S17.5 2 12 2zM9.8 17.3l-4.2-4.1L7 11.8l2.8 2.7L17 7.4l1.4 1.4-8.6 8.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><p class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" position="top" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></ytd-channel-name></div><div class="metadata-snippet-container style-scope ytd-video-renderer style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><yt-formatted-string class="metadata-snippet-text style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: inline;">New FREE SSC-CPO BOOK Link - https://embibe-student.app.link/hAlNryS8stb October Current Affairs Playlist ...</yt-formatted-string><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; left: 466.016px; outline: none; position: absolute; top: 170.676px; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="expandable-metadata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="buttons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div></div><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-video-renderer><ytd-video-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" inline-title-icon="" is-search="" lockup="true" style="--yt-button-compact-background-color: var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); --yt-button-compact-text-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: block; margin-top: var(--ytd-item-section-item-margin,16px); position: relative;" use-search-ui=""><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="dismissible" style="align-items: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><ytd-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" loaded="" size="large" style="display: block; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin-right: 16px; max-width: 360px; min-width: 240px; position: relative;" use-hovered-property=""><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint inline-block style-scope ytd-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoUAdTocj0E&pp=ygUkSU5ESUFOIElOREVQRU5EQUNFIE1PVkVNRU5UIEFSVElDTEVT" id="thumbnail" rel="null" style="border-radius: 12px; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200.824px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" ftl-eligible="" notify-on-loaded="" notify-on-unloaded=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill yt-core-image--loaded" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/RoUAdTocj0E/hq720.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEcCNAFEJQDSFXyq4qpAw4IARUAAIhCGAFwAcABBg==&rs=AOn4CLCATriB3x8ybUFsQKJLoEKFESSGBQ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 200.824px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 357.926px;" /></yt-image><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" overlay-style="DEFAULT" style="bottom: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 4px; position: absolute; right: 0px;"><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" is-thumbnail-badge="" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px 4px;" system-icons=""></ytd-badge-supported-renderer><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="time-status" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); display: inline-flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); height: 12px; letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,.5px); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px; padding: 3px 4px;"><span aria-label="5 minutes, 36 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer" id="text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">5:36</span></div></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-time-status-renderer><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" style="align-items: center; color: white; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; line-height: 1.8rem; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 1;"><span class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" id="overlay-text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOW PLAYING</span><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" style="bottom: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: 28px; margin: 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; width: 16px;"><svg class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" id="equalizer" viewbox="0 0 55 95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer"><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="0"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="20"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="40"></rect></g></svg></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="mouseover-overlay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-thumbnail><div class="text-wrapper style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="meta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="title-wrapper" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h3 class="title-and-badge style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a aria-label="Indian Independence Movement...in five minutes or less by TheMrGranito 72,677 views 3 years ago 5 minutes, 36 seconds" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RoUAdTocj0E&pp=ygUkSU5ESUFOIElOREVQRU5EQUNFIE1PVkVNRU5UIEFSVElDTEVT" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; cursor: pointer; display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;" title="Indian Independence Movement...in five minutes or less"><yt-formatted-string aria-label="Indian Independence Movement...in five minutes or less by TheMrGranito 72,677 views 3 years ago 5 minutes, 36 seconds" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer">Indian Independence Movement...in five minutes or less</yt-formatted-string></a></h3><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="menu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; height: 2.4rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: -11px; opacity: 0;"><div class="top-level-buttons style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="top-level-buttons-computed" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="flexible-item-buttons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><yt-icon-button class="dropdown-trigger style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" id="button" style-target="button" style="--yt-icon-button-icon-height: 24px; --yt-icon-button-icon-width: 24px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-size: 0px; height: var(--yt-icon-height); position: relative; width: var(--yt-icon-width);"><button aria-label="Action menu" class="style-scope yt-icon-button" id="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 40px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-menu-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-menu-renderer-button-color,var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-height,100%); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--yt-icon-button-icon-width,100%);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 23.9915px; width: 23.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 23.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 23.9915px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 23.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 23.9915px;"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 16.5c.83 0 1.5.67 1.5 1.5s-.67 1.5-1.5 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5-1.5zM10.5 12c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5zm0-6c0 .83.67 1.5 1.5 1.5s1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5-1.5.67-1.5 1.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></button><yt-interaction class="circular style-scope yt-icon-button" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></yt-icon-button></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer byline-separated" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">72K views</span><span class="inline-metadata-item style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3 years ago</span></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></ytd-video-meta-block></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-info" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; padding: 12px 0px;"><a aria-label="Go to channel" class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/@TheMrGranito" id="channel-thumbnail" style="padding-right: 8px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer no-transition" loaded="" style="border-radius: 50%; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; opacity: 1; overflow: hidden; transition: none 0s ease 0s;" width="24"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://yt3.ggpht.com/ytc/APkrFKZvx4XXaLFjJ6leWLyfaFL7LRlne9iRylPJPQhP=s68-c-k-c0x00ffffff-no-rj" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px;" width="24" /></yt-img-shadow></a><ytd-channel-name class="long-byline style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); -webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-self: center; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; z-index: 300;" wrap-text="true"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" has-link-only_="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-display); font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); word-break: break-word;" title=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/@TheMrGranito" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">TheMrGranito</a></yt-formatted-string></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); inset: 22.3494px auto auto 389.915px; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-channel-name></div><div class="metadata-snippet-container-one-line style-scope ytd-video-renderer style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><yt-formatted-string class="metadata-snippet-text style-scope ytd-video-renderer" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: inline;"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">This is a brief explanation of the </span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string bold" dir="auto" style-target="bold" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-color,inherit); font-weight: var(--yt-formatted-string-bold-font-weight,500); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Indian independence movement</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">. I know its a bit over 5 minutes...sorry! Disclaimer: As much as I ...</span></yt-formatted-string><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; left: 466.016px; outline: none; position: absolute; top: 152.679px; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="expandable-metadata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" show-right-side-label="" style="--yt-img-border-radius: 4px; --yt-lightsource-icon-activated-color: rgba(89,80,61,1.000); --yt-lightsource-icon-disabled-color: rgba(224,217,201,0.949); --yt-lightsource-icon-inactive-color: rgba(181,169,144,1.000); --yt-lightsource-primary-title-color: rgba(25,22,17,1.000); --yt-lightsource-secondary-title-color: rgba(112,101,77,1.000); --yt-lightsource-section1-color: rgba(101,91,70,1.000); --yt-lightsource-section2-color: rgba(248,246,241,1.000); --yt-lightsource-section3-color: rgba(242,238,231,1.000); --yt-lightsource-section4-color: rgba(235,231,221,1.000); border-radius: 8px; border: none; display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 357.926px;" use-custom-colors=""><div class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer" id="header" skip-key-interaction="" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: 36px; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 4px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer" id="left-section" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer" id="thumbnail" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; flex-shrink: 0; height: 28px; margin: 4px; padding: 0px; width: 52px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer no-transition" loaded="" object-fit="FILL" style="display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: 27.9972px; opacity: 1; transition: none 0s ease 0s; width: 51.9886px;"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/RoUAdTocj0E/hqdefault_79000.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEcCNACELwBSFXyq4qpAw4IARUAAIhCGAFwAcABBg==&rs=AOn4CLC_Q7Y56o8mlyikvhD6o932F7aPLw" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; height: 27.9972px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px; width: 51.9886px;" /></yt-img-shadow></div><div class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer" id="collapsed-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 1; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 0px 8px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer">What you need to know... | British Rule | Indian National Congress | Muslim League | World War I | Amritsar Massacre - 1919 | Salt March - 1930 | Quit India Movement - 1942 | The Partition of India - 1947</yt-formatted-string></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer" id="right-section" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer" id="collapsed-label" style="--iron-icon-height: 16px; align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-size: 1.3rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer"><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">9</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> moments</span></yt-formatted-string></div><div class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer" id="expand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-button-renderer button-next="" button-renderer="" class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer" style="display: inline-block;"><yt-button-shape style="display: flex; flex: 1 1 1e-09px;"><button aria-label="More" class="yt-spec-button-shape-next yt-spec-button-shape-next--text yt-spec-button-shape-next--mono yt-spec-button-shape-next--size-m yt-spec-button-shape-next--icon-only-default" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-radius: 50%; border-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0f0f0f; cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 500; height: 40px; justify-content: center; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-wrap: nowrap; width: 40px;" title=""><div aria-hidden="true" class="yt-spec-button-shape-next__icon" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><yt-icon style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); display: inline-flex; fill: 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5.65-5.65z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></div><yt-touch-feedback-shape style="border-radius: inherit;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape--touch-response" style="background: transparent; border-radius: inherit; border: 0px; display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute;"><div class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape__stroke" style="background: transparent; border-radius: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape__fill" style="background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-radius: inherit; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></div></yt-touch-feedback-shape></button></yt-button-shape><tp-yt-paper-tooltip disable-upgrade="" fit-to-visible-bounds="" offset="8" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></ytd-button-renderer></div></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer" id="content" style="--yt-macro-marker-list-first-item-margin-left: 16px; --yt-macro-marker-list-item-height: 160px; --yt-macro-marker-list-item-margin-right: 12px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer at-start="" can-show-more="" card-list-style="HORIZONTAL_CARD_LIST_STYLE_TYPE_ENGAGEMENT_PANEL_SECTION" class="style-scope ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer" is-search="" mini-guide-visible="" modern-chapters="" style="--ytd-horizontal-card-list-item-width: 286.40000000000003px; --ytd-modern-macro-markers-width: 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style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; max-height: 160px; padding: 0px; text-wrap: nowrap; transform: translateX(0px); transition-duration: 0.15s; transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.05, 0, 0, 1); will-change: transform;"><ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer class="style-scope ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer" enable-problem-walkthrough="" layout="MACRO_MARKERS_LIST_ITEM_RENDERER_LAYOUT_VERTICAL" modern="" rounded="" style="--ytd-macro-markers-list-item-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-secondary-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-timestamp-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-title-color: initial; background-attachment: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; 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margin-left: unset; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 150px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer no-transition" loaded="" object-fit="FILL" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: 85px; opacity: 1; transition: none 0s ease 0s; width: 150px;"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/RoUAdTocj0E/hqdefault_79000.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEcCNACELwBSFXyq4qpAw4IARUAAIhCGAFwAcABBg==&rs=AOn4CLC_Q7Y56o8mlyikvhD6o932F7aPLw" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px; width: 150px;" /></yt-img-shadow></div><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; flex: 1 1 auto; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 8px 4px 4px; width: 150px;"><h4 class="macro-markers style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: wrap;" title="What you need to know..."></h4><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="time" style="align-self: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: unset; padding: 0px 4px; text-transform: uppercase; z-index: 1;"></div></div></a></ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer><ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer class="style-scope ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer" enable-problem-walkthrough="" layout="MACRO_MARKERS_LIST_ITEM_RENDERER_LAYOUT_VERTICAL" modern="" rounded="" 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flex: 1 1 1e-09px; height: 152.017px; user-select: none; width: 150px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="thumbnail" style="background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-radius: 8px; border: 0px; flex-shrink: 0; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: unset; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 150px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer no-transition" loaded="" object-fit="FILL" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: 85px; opacity: 1; transition: none 0s ease 0s; width: 150px;"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/RoUAdTocj0E/hqdefault_133200.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEcCNACELwBSFXyq4qpAw4IARUAAIhCGAFwAcABBg==&rs=AOn4CLA-diMETOJvHzQjrf9x4jtNiqC8qQ" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px; width: 150px;" /></yt-img-shadow></div><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; flex: 1 1 auto; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 8px 4px 4px; width: 150px;"><h4 class="macro-markers style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: wrap;" title="British Rule"></h4><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="time" style="align-self: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: unset; padding: 0px 4px; text-transform: uppercase; z-index: 1;"></div></div></a></ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer><ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer class="style-scope ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer" enable-problem-walkthrough="" layout="MACRO_MARKERS_LIST_ITEM_RENDERER_LAYOUT_VERTICAL" modern="" rounded="" style="--ytd-macro-markers-list-item-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-secondary-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-timestamp-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-title-color: initial; background-attachment: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; border-radius: 8px; border: unset; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 0 auto; height: var(--yt-macro-marker-list-item-height,165px); margin-right: var(--yt-macro-marker-list-item-margin-right,12px); padding: 4px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 156px;" use-custom-colors=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" draggable="false" id="endpoint" style="align-items: flex-start; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; height: 152.017px; user-select: none; width: 150px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="thumbnail" style="background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-radius: 8px; border: 0px; flex-shrink: 0; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: unset; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 150px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer no-transition" loaded="" object-fit="FILL" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: 85px; opacity: 1; transition: none 0s ease 0s; width: 150px;"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/RoUAdTocj0E/hqdefault_172966.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEcCNACELwBSFXyq4qpAw4IARUAAIhCGAFwAcABBg==&rs=AOn4CLB2rUFrDODzLP1pc9-oRK_ThAoHeg" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px; width: 150px;" /></yt-img-shadow></div><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; flex: 1 1 auto; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 8px 4px 4px; width: 150px;"><h4 class="macro-markers style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: wrap;" title="Indian National Congress"></h4><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="time" style="align-self: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: unset; padding: 0px 4px; text-transform: uppercase; z-index: 1;"></div></div></a></ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer><ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer class="style-scope ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer" enable-problem-walkthrough="" layout="MACRO_MARKERS_LIST_ITEM_RENDERER_LAYOUT_VERTICAL" modern="" rounded="" style="--ytd-macro-markers-list-item-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-secondary-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-timestamp-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-title-color: initial; background-attachment: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; border-radius: 8px; border: unset; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 0 auto; height: var(--yt-macro-marker-list-item-height,165px); margin-right: var(--yt-macro-marker-list-item-margin-right,12px); padding: 4px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 156px;" use-custom-colors=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" draggable="false" id="endpoint" style="align-items: flex-start; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; height: 152.017px; user-select: none; width: 150px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="thumbnail" style="background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-radius: 8px; border: 0px; flex-shrink: 0; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: unset; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 150px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer no-transition empty" object-fit="FILL" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: 85px; opacity: 1; transition: none 0s ease 0s; width: 150px;"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px; visibility: hidden; width: 150px;" /></yt-img-shadow></div><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; flex: 1 1 auto; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 8px 4px 4px; width: 150px;"><h4 class="macro-markers style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: wrap;" title="Muslim League"></h4><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="time" style="align-self: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: unset; padding: 0px 4px; text-transform: uppercase; z-index: 1;"></div></div></a></ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer><ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer class="style-scope ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer" enable-problem-walkthrough="" layout="MACRO_MARKERS_LIST_ITEM_RENDERER_LAYOUT_VERTICAL" modern="" rounded="" style="--ytd-macro-markers-list-item-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-secondary-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-timestamp-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-title-color: initial; background-attachment: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; border-radius: 8px; border: unset; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 0 auto; height: var(--yt-macro-marker-list-item-height,165px); margin-right: var(--yt-macro-marker-list-item-margin-right,12px); padding: 4px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 156px;" use-custom-colors=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" draggable="false" id="endpoint" style="align-items: flex-start; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; height: 152.017px; user-select: none; width: 150px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="thumbnail" style="background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-radius: 8px; border: 0px; flex-shrink: 0; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: unset; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 150px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer no-transition empty" object-fit="FILL" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: 85px; opacity: 1; transition: none 0s ease 0s; width: 150px;"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px; visibility: hidden; width: 150px;" /></yt-img-shadow></div><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; flex: 1 1 auto; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 8px 4px 4px; width: 150px;"><h4 class="macro-markers style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: wrap;" title="World War I"></h4><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="time" style="align-self: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: unset; padding: 0px 4px; text-transform: uppercase; z-index: 1;"></div></div></a></ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer><ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer class="style-scope ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer" enable-problem-walkthrough="" layout="MACRO_MARKERS_LIST_ITEM_RENDERER_LAYOUT_VERTICAL" modern="" rounded="" style="--ytd-macro-markers-list-item-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-secondary-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-timestamp-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-title-color: initial; background-attachment: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; border-radius: 8px; border: unset; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 0 auto; height: var(--yt-macro-marker-list-item-height,165px); margin-right: var(--yt-macro-marker-list-item-margin-right,12px); padding: 4px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 156px;" use-custom-colors=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" draggable="false" id="endpoint" style="align-items: flex-start; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; height: 152.017px; user-select: none; width: 150px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="thumbnail" style="background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-radius: 8px; border: 0px; flex-shrink: 0; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: unset; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 150px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer no-transition empty" object-fit="FILL" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: 85px; opacity: 1; transition: none 0s ease 0s; width: 150px;"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px; visibility: hidden; width: 150px;" /></yt-img-shadow></div><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; flex: 1 1 auto; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 8px 4px 4px; width: 150px;"><h4 class="macro-markers style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: wrap;" title="Amritsar Massacre - 1919"></h4><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="time" style="align-self: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: unset; padding: 0px 4px; text-transform: uppercase; z-index: 1;"></div></div></a></ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer><ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer class="style-scope ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer" enable-problem-walkthrough="" layout="MACRO_MARKERS_LIST_ITEM_RENDERER_LAYOUT_VERTICAL" modern="" rounded="" style="--ytd-macro-markers-list-item-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-secondary-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-timestamp-background-color: initial; --ytd-macro-markers-list-item-title-color: initial; background-attachment: unset; background-clip: unset; background-image: unset; background-origin: unset; background-position: unset; background-repeat: unset; background-size: unset; border-radius: 8px; border: unset; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; flex-direction: row; flex: 0 0 auto; height: var(--yt-macro-marker-list-item-height,165px); margin-right: var(--yt-macro-marker-list-item-margin-right,12px); padding: 4px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 156px;" use-custom-colors=""><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" draggable="false" id="endpoint" style="align-items: flex-start; color: var(--yt-endpoint-color,var(--yt-spec-text-primary)); cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; height: 152.017px; user-select: none; width: 150px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="thumbnail" style="background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-radius: 8px; border: 0px; flex-shrink: 0; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: unset; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: 150px;"><yt-img-shadow class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer no-transition empty" object-fit="FILL" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; flex: 0 0 auto; height: 85px; opacity: 1; transition: none 0s ease 0s; width: 150px;"><img alt="" class="style-scope yt-img-shadow" draggable="false" id="img" style="background: transparent; border-radius: var(--yt-img-border-radius,none); border: 0px; display: block; height: 85px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--yt-img-margin-left,auto); margin-right: var(--yt-img-margin-right,auto); margin-top: 0px; max-height: var(--yt-img-max-height,none); max-width: var(--yt-img-max-width,100%); padding: 0px; visibility: hidden; width: 150px;" /></yt-img-shadow></div><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="details" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; flex: 1 1 auto; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 8px 4px 4px; width: 150px;"><h4 class="macro-markers style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 4rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: wrap;" title="Salt March - 1930"></h4><div class="style-scope ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer" id="time" style="align-self: flex-start; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-brand-white); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.6rem; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: unset; padding: 0px 4px; text-transform: uppercase; z-index: 1;"></div></div></a></ytd-macro-markers-list-item-renderer></div></div><div class="arrow-container style-scope ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer" id="right-arrow-container" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; bottom: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -16px; top: 0px; z-index: 200;"><div class="style-scope ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer" id="right-arrow-button" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-button-renderer arrow="" button-next="" button-renderer="" class="style-scope ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer" style="border-radius: 24px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 4px 4px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 4px; color: var(--yt-spec-icon-inactive); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 40px; pointer-events: all; width: 40px;"><yt-button-shape style="display: flex; flex: 1 1 1e-09px;"><button aria-label="" class="yt-spec-button-shape-next yt-spec-button-shape-next--text yt-spec-button-shape-next--mono yt-spec-button-shape-next--size-m yt-spec-button-shape-next--icon-only-default" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-radius: 50%; border-style: none; border-width: initial; color: #0f0f0f; cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 500; height: 40px; justify-content: center; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-wrap: nowrap; width: 40px;" title=""><div aria-hidden="true" class="yt-spec-button-shape-next__icon" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 24px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 24px;"><yt-icon style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: 24px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: 24px;"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 23.9915px; width: 23.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 23.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 23.9915px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 23.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 23.9915px;"><svg focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m9.4 18.4-.7-.7 5.6-5.6-5.7-5.7.7-.7 6.4 6.4-6.3 6.3z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon></div><yt-touch-feedback-shape style="border-radius: inherit;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape--touch-response" style="background: transparent; border-radius: inherit; border: 0px; display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute;"><div class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape__stroke" style="background: transparent; border-radius: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="yt-spec-touch-feedback-shape__fill" style="background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-radius: inherit; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></div></yt-touch-feedback-shape></button></yt-button-shape><tp-yt-paper-tooltip disable-upgrade="" fit-to-visible-bounds="" offset="8" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></ytd-button-renderer></div></div></div></ytd-horizontal-card-list-renderer></div></ytd-expandable-metadata-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="buttons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div></div><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-video-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-video-renderer><ytd-playlist-renderer bigger-thumbs-style="DEFAULT" class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" is-search="" lockup="true" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-top: var(--ytd-item-section-item-margin,16px); position: relative;" use-modern-collections-v2=""><ytd-playlist-thumbnail class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" enable-web-modern-collections-v2="" is-double-stack="" size="large" style="display: block; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin-right: 16px; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 360px; min-width: 240px; position: relative;" thumbnail-size="large" use-hovered-property=""><yt-collections-stack class="collections-stack-wiz style-scope ytd-playlist-thumbnail"><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="collections-stack-wiz__collection-stack2" style="background: rgb(191, 172, 133); border-radius: 12px; border: 0px; height: 200.824px; left: 12px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.5; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 12px; top: -8px; width: calc(100% - 24px);"></div><div class="collections-stack-wiz__collection-stack1 collections-stack-wiz__collection-stack1--large" style="background: rgb(191, 172, 133); border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-radius: 12px; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; height: 200.824px; left: 8px; margin: -1px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: -4px; width: calc(100% - 16px);"></div></div></yt-collections-stack><a aria-hidden="true" class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-playlist-thumbnail" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCZppgEvxBI&list=PLyrP9bB6V-8u1SR1-Fd2jhnzHJ4563mWC" id="thumbnail" style="border-radius: 12px; border-top: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-base-background); cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200.824px; inset: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1"><div class="style-scope ytd-playlist-thumbnail" id="playlist-thumbnails" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute;"><ytd-playlist-video-thumbnail-renderer class="style-scope ytd-playlist-thumbnail" style="inset: 0px; position: absolute;"><yt-image alt="" class="style-scope ytd-playlist-video-thumbnail-renderer" ftl-eligible=""><img alt="" class="yt-core-image--fill-parent-height yt-core-image--fill-parent-width yt-core-image yt-core-image--content-mode-scale-aspect-fill yt-core-image--loaded" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/iCZppgEvxBI/hqdefault.jpg?sqp=-oaymwEXCNACELwBSFryq4qpAwkIARUAAIhCGAE=&rs=AOn4CLBJ12FH4dWOGWZYOyU3tetze5MWSg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 200.824px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; object-fit: cover; padding: 0px; visibility: inherit; width: 357.926px;" /></yt-image></ytd-playlist-video-thumbnail-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-playlist-thumbnail" id="overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-bottom-panel-renderer class="style-scope ytd-playlist-thumbnail" overlay-style="" style="align-items: center; background-color: rgba(40, 32, 14, 0.8); border-radius: 4px; bottom: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-static-overlay-text-primary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; height: 24px; justify-content: space-between; left: unset; line-height: 1.8rem; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-right: 8px; padding: unset; position: absolute; right: 0px;" use-modern-collections-v2=""><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-bottom-panel-renderer" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: 20px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px 4px; padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: 20px;"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 20px; width: 20px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 20px; justify-content: center; width: 20px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20px;"><svg focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22 7H2v1h20V7zm-9 5H2v-1h11v1zm0 4H2v-1h11v1zm2 3v-8l7 4-7 4z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-bottom-panel-renderer" style="margin-right: 4px;">11 videos</yt-formatted-string></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-bottom-panel-renderer><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer class="style-scope ytd-playlist-thumbnail" style="align-items: center; color: white; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; line-height: 1.8rem; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 1;"><span class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" id="overlay-text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOW PLAYING</span><ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer" style="bottom: 0px; display: inline-flex; height: 28px; margin: 6px; position: absolute; right: 0px; width: 16px;"><svg class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" id="equalizer" viewbox="0 0 55 95" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g class="style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer"><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="0"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="20"></rect><rect class="bar style-scope ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer" x="40"></rect></g></svg></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-equalizer></ytd-thumbnail-overlay-now-playing-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-playlist-thumbnail" id="hover-overlays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></a></ytd-playlist-thumbnail><div class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" id="content" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; flex: 1 1 1e-09px; margin: 0px; max-width: 600px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCZppgEvxBI&list=PLyrP9bB6V-8u1SR1-Fd2jhnzHJ4563mWC" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration-line: none;"><h3 class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" id="video-title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2.6rem; margin: 8px 0px 0px; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;" title="Indian Independence Movement Quiz | Freedom Struggle India Questions And Answers | Independence Day and Republic Day quiz">Indian Independence Movement Quiz | Freedom Struggle India Questions And Answers | Independence Day and Republic Day quiz</span></h3><ytd-video-meta-block amsterdam-post-mvp="" class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" id="meta" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"></ytd-video-meta-block></a><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCZppgEvxBI&list=PLyrP9bB6V-8u1SR1-Fd2jhnzHJ4563mWC" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="byline-container" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: flex; flex-flow: wrap; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCZppgEvxBI&list=PLyrP9bB6V-8u1SR1-Fd2jhnzHJ4563mWC" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration-line: none;"><ytd-channel-name class=" style-scope ytd-video-meta-block style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="channel-name" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --ytd-channel-name-badges-margin-right: 8px; --ytd-channel-name-text-complex-display: flex; --ytd-channel-name-text-display: block; align-items: center; align-self: flex-start; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; max-width: 100%; z-index: 300;"></ytd-channel-name></a><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-container-display,inline-block); margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCZppgEvxBI&list=PLyrP9bB6V-8u1SR1-Fd2jhnzHJ4563mWC" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><div class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" id="text-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-container-display,block); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCZppgEvxBI&list=PLyrP9bB6V-8u1SR1-Fd2jhnzHJ4563mWC" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration-line: none;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-channel-name complex-string" ellipsis-truncate-styling="" ellipsis-truncate="" id="text" link-inherit-color="" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-clamp,inherit); display: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-complex-display); flex-direction: row; font-size: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-size); font-weight: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-font-weight); line-height: var(--ytd-channel-name-text-line-height); overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre; word-break: break-word;" title="LEARN NEW THINGS · Playlist"></yt-formatted-string></a><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/@LNT" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin-right: -0.1em; overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); padding-right: 0.1em; text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); white-space: pre; word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">LEARN NEW THINGS</a><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> · </span><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/@LNT" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin-right: -0.1em; overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); overflow: hidden; padding-right: 0.1em; text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: pre; word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">Playlist</a></div><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" fit-to-visible-bounds="" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: var(--yt-paper-tooltip-display); outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div><ytd-badge-supported-renderer class="style-scope ytd-channel-name" style="align-items: center; display: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-display,flex); flex-direction: row; margin-right: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-margin-right); vertical-align: var(--ytd-channel-name-badges-vertical-align);" system-icons=""><div aria-label="Verified" class="badge badge-style-type-verified style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" role="status" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; display: var(--ytd-badge-display,block); flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: var(--yt-badge-font-size,1.2rem); font-weight: var(--yt-badge-font-weight,500); letter-spacing: var(--yt-badge-letter-spacing,unset); line-height: var(--yt-badge-line-height-size,1.2rem); margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; white-space: var(--ytd-badge-white-space,inherit);"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" size="16" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); color: var(--ytd-badge-icon-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: 14px; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: var(--iron-icon-margin-right); margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: 14px;"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 13.9915px; width: 13.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 13.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 13.9915px;"><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 13.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 13.9915px;"><svg focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12s4.5 10 10 10 10-4.5 10-10S17.5 2 12 2zM9.8 17.3l-4.2-4.1L7 11.8l2.8 2.7L17 7.4l1.4 1.4-8.6 8.5z"></path></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><p class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><tp-yt-paper-tooltip class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer" position="top" role="tooltip" style="cursor: default; display: block; outline: none; position: absolute; user-select: none; z-index: 1002;" tabindex="-1"></tp-yt-paper-tooltip></div></ytd-badge-supported-renderer></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--ytd-metadata-line-color,var(--yt-spec-text-secondary)); display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 3.6rem; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div></div><div class="style-scope ytd-video-meta-block" id="additional-metadata-line" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 1; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"></div><ul class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" id="list" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; list-style-type: none; margin: 12px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><li class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 4px;"><ytd-child-video-renderer class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-child-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCZppgEvxBI&list=PLyrP9bB6V-8u1SR1-Fd2jhnzHJ4563mWC" id="title" style="cursor: pointer; display: flex; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-child-video-renderer" ellipsis-truncate-styling="" ellipsis-truncate="" id="video-title" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: block; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Independence Day of India Quiz - Part 5 | 50 Questions | India Freedom Struggle Quiz Questions">Independence Day of India Quiz - Part 5 | 50 Questions | India Freedom Struggle Quiz Questions</yt-formatted-string><div class="style-scope ytd-child-video-renderer" id="length" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">12:41</div></a></ytd-child-video-renderer></li><li class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 4px;"><ytd-child-video-renderer class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope ytd-child-video-renderer" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8DG-i0FhIk&list=PLyrP9bB6V-8u1SR1-Fd2jhnzHJ4563mWC" id="title" style="cursor: pointer; display: flex; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-child-video-renderer" ellipsis-truncate-styling="" ellipsis-truncate="" id="video-title" style="color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: block; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="Independence Day of India Quiz - Part 4 | 50 Questions | India Freedom Struggle Quiz Questions">Independence Day of India Quiz - Part 4 | 50 Questions | India Freedom Struggle Quiz Questions</yt-formatted-string><div class="style-scope ytd-child-video-renderer" id="length" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">12:41</div></a></ytd-child-video-renderer></li></ul><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" has-link-only_="" id="view-more" link-inherit-color="" style="--yt-endpoint-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); --yt-endpoint-visited-color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1.8rem; text-transform: uppercase;"><a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLyrP9bB6V-8u1SR1-Fd2jhnzHJ4563mWC" spellcheck="false" style="cursor: pointer; display: var(--yt-endpoint-display,inline-block); overflow-wrap: var(--yt-endpoint-word-wrap,none); text-decoration: var(--yt-endpoint-text-regular-decoration,none); word-break: var(--yt-endpoint-word-break,none);">VIEW FULL PLAYLIST</a></yt-formatted-string></div><yt-interaction class="extended style-scope ytd-playlist-renderer" id="interaction" style="display: inline-block; inset: 0px; margin: -4px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="stroke style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-touch-response); inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div><div class="fill style-scope yt-interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; will-change: opacity;"></div></yt-interaction></ytd-playlist-renderer><ytd-reel-shelf-renderer class="style-scope ytd-item-section-renderer" modern-typography="" style="border-bottom: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); border-top: 1px solid var(--yt-spec-10-percent-layer); display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px;"><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="title-container" style="align-items: center; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: 2rem; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: var(--reel-shelf-title-margin-left); margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" style="align-items: center; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0f0f0f; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><yt-icon class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="icon" style="align-items: center; animation: var(--iron-icon-animation); display: inline-flex; fill: var(--iron-icon-fill-color,currentcolor); height: var(--iron-icon-height,24px); justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--iron-icon-margin-bottom); margin-left: var(--iron-icon-margin-left); margin-right: 8px; margin-top: var(--iron-icon-margin-top); padding: var(--iron-icon-padding); position: relative; stroke: var(--iron-icon-stroke-color,none); vertical-align: middle; width: var(--iron-icon-width,24px);"><yt-icon-shape class="style-scope yt-icon" style="height: 23.9915px; width: 23.9915px;"><icon-shape class="yt-spec-icon-shape" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 23.9915px; justify-content: center; width: 23.9915px;"><div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; fill: currentcolor; height: 23.9915px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 23.9915px;"><svg focusable="false" height="24" style="display: block; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; width: 100%;" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M17.77,10.32l-1.2-.5L18,9.06a3.74,3.74,0,0,0-3.5-6.62L6,6.94a3.74,3.74,0,0,0,.23,6.74l1.2.49L6,14.93a3.75,3.75,0,0,0,3.5,6.63l8.5-4.5a3.74,3.74,0,0,0-.23-6.74Z" fill="red"></path><polygon fill="#fff" points="10 14.65 15 12 10 9.35 10 14.65"></polygon></g></svg></div></icon-shape></yt-icon-shape></yt-icon><span class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="title" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 1; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-primary); display: -webkit-box; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 2.8rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Shorts</span><div><br /></div><span class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="title-superscript" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: var(--yt-spec-text-secondary); display: -webkit-box; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.8rem; margin: 0px 0px 4px 4px; max-height: 3.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"></span></h2><div class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" id="menu" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #0f0f0f; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px 0px 0px auto; padding: 0px;"><ytd-menu-renderer class="style-scope ytd-reel-shelf-renderer" safe-area="" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row;"></ytd-menu-renderer></div></div></ytd-reel-shelf-renderer></div></ytd-item-section-renderer></div></ytd-section-list-renderer></div></ytd-two-column-search-results-renderer>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-16909406162348589482023-10-22T22:48:00.002-07:002024-03-26T02:17:51.792-07:00<p> </p><div class="article-header" style="display: table; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: 750px;"><h1 class="title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #333333; display: table-cell; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 40px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 670px;"><a data-id="5137692226612756079" data-item-type="post" href="https://pazhayathu.blogspot.com/2023/10/britruler-restricted-indians-to-bullock.html" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" style="color: #333333; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;">BRIT:ruler restricted Indians to bullock carts fearing another uprising like 1857 ,using motor cars</a> </h1></div><div class="article-content entry-content" itemprop="articleBody" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 10px auto 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><p style="margin: 1em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 1em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><img alt="No photo description available." class="x1bwycvy x193iq5w x4fas0m x19kjcj4" data-visualcompletion="media-vc-image" height="479" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent.fbom17-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/312231046_1781289932221267_5800254554968847888_n.jpg?_nc_cat=100&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=5f2048&_nc_ohc=IJsp4WazQ6oAX9ymW4h&_nc_ht=scontent.fbom17-1.fna&oh=00_AfBnNKsFf7rIcvaFTLdGXxVUfDechjJvS7oyuW3AeCKwPQ&oe=6539A313" style="-webkit-border-image: url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAMAAAC6V+0/AAAAOVBMVEUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD///+8yHYvAAAAEnRSTlMAAgEDBAUJBwYzCw0UChARDghnBteEAAAAhElEQVR4XnWRSxJDIQgEEx1Axd/L/Q8bKCuuyOzsohHxdZLS25LSOV2ULQdflgEiIDu9KqiIFILXXpeEx2ChXwdnKNxUGxc4dZbNfXjPufkp5H0Nwtymq/dltUIweNy9qmXt08EgydDZ6+dT+9Qh9AeGenhROFI0fPjMaCHx6uIlh9/xBSJuB3l0A/6JAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC") 9 fill / 9px 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ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="0" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQSw" data-ictx="1" data-id="2vlqbiyy_CphDM" data-oh="1632" data-os="-2" data-ow="2048" data-ri="5" data-tbnid="2vlqbiyy_CphDM" data-tw="252" data-ved="2ahUKEwiysqHri4qCAxU02zgGHQpWAqgQMygFegQIARBL" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; height: 222px; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 311px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-weight: bolder; height: 1px; margin: 0.83em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">An archived photograph (1947) shows the plight of migrants, who have run away from the areas of Pakistani occupation, currently under the command of Indian forces - Photogallery</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; height: 180px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 201px; margin: -10px 30px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><img alt="An archived photograph (1947) shows the plight of migrants, who have run away from the areas of Pakistani occupation, currently under the command of Indian forces - 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data-ved="2ahUKEwiysqHri4qCAxU02zgGHQpWAqgQr4kDegQIARBM" href="https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/news/india/independence-day-2018-partition-photos-reflecting-refugees-plight/articleshow/65401629.cms" jsaction="focus:trigger.HTIQtd;mousedown:trigger.HTIQtd;touchstart:trigger.HTIQtd;" jsname="uy6ald" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2962ff; display: inline-block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-top: 6px; outline: none; padding: 0px 4px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; width: 310.99px;" target="_blank" title="An archived photograph (1947) shows the plight of migrants, who have run away from the areas of Pakistani occupation, currently under the command of Indian forces - Photogallery"><div class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: 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url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAMAAAC6V+0/AAAAOVBMVEUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD///+8yHYvAAAAEnRSTlMAAgEDBAUJBwYzCw0UChARDghnBteEAAAAhElEQVR4XnWRSxJDIQgEEx1Axd/L/Q8bKCuuyOzsohHxdZLS25LSOV2ULQdflgEiIDu9KqiIFILXXpeEx2ChXwdnKNxUGxc4dZbNfXjPufkp5H0Nwtymq/dltUIweNy9qmXt08EgydDZ6+dT+9Qh9AeGenhROFI0fPjMaCHx6uIlh9/xBSJuB3l0A/6JAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC") 9 fill / 9px stretch; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin: 10px 4px 1px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative; width: 12px;" /><div class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Photos</div></div><div aria-label="An archived photograph (1947) shows the plight of migrants, who have run away from the areas of Pakistani occupation, currently under the command of Indian forces - Photogallery" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">An archived photograph (1947) shows the ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="0" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQTQ" data-ictx="1" data-id="5kR6ww2LUO7A4M" data-oh="480" data-os="-2" data-ow="640" data-ri="6" data-tbnid="5kR6ww2LUO7A4M" data-tw="259" data-ved="2ahUKEwiysqHri4qCAxU02zgGHQpWAqgQMygGegQIARBN" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; height: 222px; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 320px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-weight: bolder; height: 1px; margin: 0.83em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Morning Brief Podcast: Phoenixes of Partition: Startup sagas from 1947 | The Economic Times Podcast</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; height: 180px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 195px; margin: -7px 30px 0px 31px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><img alt="Morning Brief Podcast: Phoenixes of Partition: Startup sagas from 1947 | The Economic Times Podcast" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="988.1000000000931" height="195" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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font-size: small; height: 222px; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 298px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-weight: bolder; height: 1px; margin: 0.83em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">The Making of Refugees | SikhNet</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; height: 180px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: 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" 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data-id="pzsp3XTSo_dYwM" data-oh="700" data-os="-2" data-ow="700" data-ri="9" data-tbnid="pzsp3XTSo_dYwM" data-tw="225" data-ved="2ahUKEwiysqHri4qCAxU02zgGHQpWAqgQMygJegQIARBU" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; height: 222px; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 152px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-weight: bolder; height: 1px; margin: 0.83em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">1947 Partition of Punjab. Source: https://www.facebook.com/PunjabiRadio/ | Historical india, Rare photos, History of india</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; height: 180px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 180px; margin: 0px auto 0px -28px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><img alt="1947 Partition of Punjab. 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Source: https://www.facebook.com/PunjabiRadio/ | Historical india, Rare photos, History of india"><div class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1074.3999999999069" data-sz="16" jsaction="error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAMAAAAoLQ9TAAAAP1BMVEVHcEzmACP6zNLkAADmACPlACLlABrmACPmACPmACPmACLlAAP//v/4xMnznaT96+760tbwg43pNEbtY3DvcX5H1x6AAAAACnRSTlMA2JHa2hgjoJmSBq5urAAAAJFJREFUGJVNj0ESwyAMA6GFZJAFhCT/f2tl4FBdwMKWlxCkXCKQyhG2Tmydq06ATalrv9voZG82ew7VF+sYlV1ODgXW+PjEy2ooSrBe5d06aYhBExxGPrBKbZpGk2EepZAQ/cV4yfDUpFDgumXIf6HQDOcQRqeDHAtMQ63dtuHXYidf6OoxLf37nPA/XyCW7Pcf2KsJHt9YyWEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" style="-webkit-border-image: url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAMAAAC6V+0/AAAAOVBMVEUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD///+8yHYvAAAAEnRSTlMAAgEDBAUJBwYzCw0UChARDghnBteEAAAAhElEQVR4XnWRSxJDIQgEEx1Axd/L/Q8bKCuuyOzsohHxdZLS25LSOV2ULQdflgEiIDu9KqiIFILXXpeEx2ChXwdnKNxUGxc4dZbNfXjPufkp5H0Nwtymq/dltUIweNy9qmXt08EgydDZ6+dT+9Qh9AeGenhROFI0fPjMaCHx6uIlh9/xBSJuB3l0A/6JAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC") 9 fill / 9px stretch; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin: 10px 4px 1px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative; width: 12px;" /><div class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Pinterest</div></div><div aria-label="1947 Partition of Punjab. Source: https://www.facebook.com/PunjabiRadio/ | Historical india, Rare photos, History of india" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">1947 Partition of Punjab. Source: https ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="0" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQVg" data-ictx="1" data-id="5F3WZsQJ6WweXM" data-oh="1280" data-os="-2" data-ow="1280" data-ri="10" data-tbnid="5F3WZsQJ6WweXM" data-tw="225" data-ved="2ahUKEwiysqHri4qCAxU02zgGHQpWAqgQMygKegQIARBW" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; height: 222px; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 163px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-weight: bolder; height: 1px; margin: 0.83em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Mass migration during independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 Part - 12 - Old Indian Photos</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; height: 180px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 180px; margin: 0px -9px 0px -8px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><img alt="Mass migration during independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 Part - 12 - Old Indian Photos" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1346.7000000001863" height="180" 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Indian Photos" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Mass migration during independence of ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="9" data-cl="0" data-cr="18" data-ct="12" data-hveid="CAEQWA" data-ictx="1" data-id="wG9TC1j7QsOIXM" data-oh="1280" data-os="-2" data-ow="1280" data-ri="11" data-sc="1" data-tbnid="wG9TC1j7QsOIXM" data-tw="225" data-ved="2ahUKEwiysqHri4qCAxU02zgGHQpWAqgQMygLegQIARBY" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; height: 222px; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 147px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-weight: bolder; height: 1px; margin: 0.83em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Mass migration during independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 Part - 10 | Mass migration, India independence, India and pakistan</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); border-radius: 12px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 2px 12px 0px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue Light", HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, 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/></div><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: Roboto, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; height: 180px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; position: relative; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 180px; margin: 0px 24px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><img alt="Awesome things in India - This story of Indian King Jai Singh, Maharaja of Alwar (Rajasthan) is one of the bizarre stories you will come across in the Indian history. In 1920," class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1853.1000000000931" height="180" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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In 1920,">Indian King Jai Singh ...</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); border-radius: 12px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 2px 12px 0px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: Roboto, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-align: start;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 169px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 6px; position: relative;"><img alt="British raj | Jambudveep's Blog" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1162" height="169" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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Punjab (Pakistan) On A Bullock Cart - F.E. Chaudhry — Google Arts & Culture"><div aria-hidden="true" class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="946" data-sz="16" jsaction="error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" 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4px; width: 12px;" /><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Google Arts & Culture</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">1947 Partition - People En Route To ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="3" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQUw" data-ictx="1" data-id="rCScaSDRkJaBCM" data-oh="1075" data-os="-2" data-ow="2048" data-ri="1" data-tbnid="rCScaSDRkJaBCM" data-tw="310" data-ved="2ahUKEwiAyqaFyZGFAxXnmGMGHZYABAQQMygBegQIARBT" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; text-align: start; vertical-align: top; width: 317px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">27 Painful Pictures Of Partition Which Killed A Million People And Forced 10 Million To Flee Across Border For Safety</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 163px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 3px; margin-top: 9px; position: relative;"><img alt="27 Painful Pictures Of Partition Which Killed A Million People And Forced 10 Million To Flee Across Border For Safety" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="970" height="163" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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Partition Which Killed A Million People And Forced 10 Million To Flee Across Border For Safety"><div aria-hidden="true" class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="971" data-sz="16" jsaction="error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" 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transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">IndiaTimes</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">27 Painful Pictures Of Partition Which ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="6" data-cl="3" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQVQ" data-ictx="1" data-id="Ku2T3upP-7upxM" data-oh="946" data-os="-2" data-ow="1300" data-ri="2" data-tbnid="Ku2T3upP-7upxM" data-tw="263" data-ved="2ahUKEwiAyqaFyZGFAxXnmGMGHZYABAQQMygCegQIARBV" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; text-align: start; vertical-align: top; width: 270px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">A heavily-laden bullock cart transporting an extended Sikh refugee family fleeing the communal rioting and additional violence in the East Punjab region associated with the Partition of India (and creation of Pakistan)</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 192px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 3px; position: relative;"><img alt="A heavily-laden bullock cart transporting an extended Sikh refugee family fleeing the communal rioting and additional violence in the East Punjab region associated with the Partition of India (and creation of Pakistan)" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="979" height="192" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">heavily-laden bullock cart transporting ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="3" data-cr="0" data-ct="0" data-hveid="CAEQWA" data-ictx="1" data-id="CejTCre2G-93uM" data-oh="450" data-os="-2" data-ow="600" data-ri="3" data-tbnid="CejTCre2G-93uM" data-tw="259" data-ved="2ahUKEwiAyqaFyZGFAxXnmGMGHZYABAQQMygDegQIARBY" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto, HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; text-align: start; vertical-align: top; width: 312px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Partition museum: How Partition's grandchildren on both sides of the border are collecting memorabilia - The Economic Times</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 195px; margin-left: 27px; margin-right: 26px; margin-top: -7px; position: relative;"><img alt="Partition museum: How Partition's grandchildren on both sides of the border are collecting memorabilia - The Economic Times" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="992" height="195" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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transparent; border: 0px; color: #212121; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">People fleeing on bullock carts as mass migration happened during the partition. <span class="attribution" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">AP Photo</span></figcaption></div><div class="magazine-title" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; 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outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 972px;"><header class="content-header-container grid-twelve large-grid-eleven" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; bottom: 70px; float: left; margin: 0px 20px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 724px;"><div style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 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initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 24px; display: inline-block; left: -12px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><h1 class="legacy entry-title instapaper_title" itemprop="headline" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #383838; display: inline; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 38px; left: -1px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 4px 0px 6px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; left: -12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 10;">The road to India’s partition</span></h1></div></div><div class="timestamps" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><time content="2017-08-14T17:03:45Z" datetime="2017-08-14T17:03:45Z" itemprop="datePublished" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #4b4b4e; display: inline-block; margin: -1px 0px 0px -12px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Published: August 14, 2017 6.03pm BST</time> <time content="2022-08-11T15:44:45Z" datetime="2022-08-11T15:44:45Z" itemprop="dateModified" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #4b4b4e; display: inline-block; margin: -1px 0px 0px -12px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Updated: August 11, 2022 4.44pm BST</time></div></header></div></div></figure><div class="wrapper" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 972px;"><div class="content-sidebar grid-four large-grid-four grid-last" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px 0px 60px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 228px;"><section class="content-authors" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="content-authors-group" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 36px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 class="border" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(215, 215, 219); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 1px; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.33em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Author</h3><ol style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li class="vcard" id="author-183673" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; clear: left; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/haimanti-roy-397614" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; color: #085d91; font-weight: 700; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="lazyloaded" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/397614/width170/roy_haimanti.jpg" itemprop="image" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/397614/width170/roy_haimanti.jpg" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border-radius: 50%; border: none; display: block; float: left; margin: 0px 12px 18px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 48px;" /><span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Haimanti Roy</span></a><p class="role" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #4b4b4e; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 18px 60px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Associate Professor of History, University of Dayton</p></li></ol></div></section><section class="content-disclosure-statement" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 36px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 class="border" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(215, 215, 219); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 1px; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.33em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Disclosure statement</h3><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Haimanti Roy does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.</span></p></section><section class="content-partners" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 36px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 class="border" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(215, 215, 219); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 1px; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.33em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Partners</h3><p class="disclosure-logo clearfix" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; display: table; margin: 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 228px; zoom: 1;"><a class="logo" href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-dayton-1726" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; color: #085d91; display: table-cell; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: middle; width: 120px;"><picture style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"><source media="(min-width:600px)" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/partners/1128/logos/logo-1531940215.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=170&h=170" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"></source><img alt="University of Dayton" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs%3D" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 120px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 120px;" /></picture></a></p><p class="funding-statement" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(242, 242, 243); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-dayton-1726" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; color: #085d91; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">University of Dayton</a> provides funding as a member of The Conversation US.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/global/partners" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; color: #085d91; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;">View all partners</a></p></section><section class="slot" data-id="16" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="promo" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: 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--tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; float: left; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">As citizens of India and Pakistan celebrate 75 years of their independence on August 15, they will also remember 1947 as the momentous year of their simultaneous birth. That year, the British quit their “<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0167gq4" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(51,168,204,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; color: #4b4b4e; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;">jewel in the crown”</a> and partitioned colonial India on the basis of religion.<span style="background-color: transparent;">.</span><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; 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180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="Dv4WMb mvjhOe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03); height: 180px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 364px;"></div></a><a aria-label="BrewminateThe Road to India's Partition ..." class="iGVLpd kGQAp BqKtob lNHeqe" data-ved="2ahUKEwiAyqaFyZGFAxXnmGMGHZYABAQQr4kDegQIARBl" href="https://brewminate.com/the-road-to-indias-partition/" jsaction="focus:trigger.HTIQtd;mousedown:trigger.HTIQtd;touchstart:trigger.HTIQtd;;" jsname="uy6ald" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2962ff; display: inline-block; margin-top: 6px; padding: 0px 4px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; width: 364px;" target="_blank" title="The Road to India's Partition - Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas"><div aria-hidden="true" class="mEQved GdCiyb aEY0r" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; color: #5f6368; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 2px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="no69gc" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1020" data-sz="16" jsaction="error:trigger.Ci0Ntd" jsname="i1Vy9" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border-radius: 2px; border: none; fill: rgb(95, 99, 104); height: 12px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-right: 4px; width: 12px;" /><div aria-hidden="true" class="LAA3yd" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; flex: 0 1 auto; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Brewminate</div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="zbRPDe M2qv4b P4HtKe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #3c4043; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: unset; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">The Road to India's Partition ...</div></a></div><div class="isv-r PNCib ViTmJb BUooTd" data-cb="0" data-cl="6" data-cr="0" data-ct="3" data-hveid="CAEQZg" data-ictx="1" data-id="cOh5B7YUbrjQQM" data-oh="700" data-os="-2" data-ow="700" data-ri="10" data-tbnid="cOh5B7YUbrjQQM" data-tw="225" data-ved="2ahUKEwiAyqaFyZGFAxXnmGMGHZYABAQQMygKegQIARBm" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 251px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">1947 Partition of Punjab. Source: https://www.facebook.com/PunjabiRadio/ | Historical india, Rare photos, History of india</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; height: 207px; margin-left: 22px; margin-right: 22px; margin-top: -27px; position: relative;"><img alt="1947 Partition of Punjab. Source: https://www.facebook.com/PunjabiRadio/ | Historical india, Rare photos, History of india" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="false" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1025" height="207" jsname="Q4LuWd" 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Source: https ..." class="iGVLpd kGQAp BqKtob lNHeqe" data-ved="2ahUKEwiAyqaFyZGFAxXnmGMGHZYABAQQr4kDegQIARBn" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/430938258076979354/" jsaction="focus:trigger.HTIQtd;mousedown:trigger.HTIQtd;touchstart:trigger.HTIQtd;;" jsname="uy6ald" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2962ff; display: inline-block; margin-top: 6px; padding: 0px 4px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; width: 251px;" target="_blank" title="1947 Partition of Punjab. 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" 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vce1lgoBqJEa96C9d/RxheV26OkFW/ChXFPBFxGy2rgKDm+hnToNan4J4qdGVWIcf3zroeFxS3ACuunx+VByg+AsVza3HTMZ+6quJ8C4hQYyseSgmfurstxlDKCSC2wjT/SvXwqnmfbl8qDglzw5il/9F+mgmom4VeXe23tXY+KveRvRZVxyKgyPhtNA8UXuCLlu4sjYA/hyoOfJYe3OaAY2/wC1VruKbrTRj+EoNPW09FiO2tUbnh3YroDyaQR70Dd+ht5bFyZ9NnTpriKyrX6KcAbL4oH6yWT/APbEV7QOOE/aYn+cv9PYq0TVbB/tMT/NX+nsVZK0GjoCNQD70k+OOI+VkNm7lYSHVDGnKRsKeSKrXsFbcEPbRgd5Ua/Gg4Nfxd1wMzvpsMxgewrexhmuWboBOZVzkDoCNuuhOneum8b8GWmXNaVUgyxLEiOwitLJwWBt6Mr3CsGAHOuswdANqBb4li1ewCWE+WjR0MLmPzoLj7suiz/6c9tauccvYZ7blS+d1KoIAhi8+ofua0P4lct50KTCegnroCPvIoL/AAe5a8jFW7sBgEe2Y3Zdh9ldGwV5nt27inVkBJHtXMuD8TTD3xce2LoKkZT1J3/vrXQvC98Phkg7Zo7DMYHw2oGbC3IX1HnzpZ474ow6XGRgWZdDlQk8+fadO9W7jk/SO1AuL4aHY/5Y+HX4mgp3cRax+S0tq+XTUXDAgc5nlt8hVtOA4fDOBka4bnpBZRCk7sT16dKpvxJrGHcpozlBMTA1mKm4b4mF4ZPLi5G2pVojUdPagMvwi1ctvZa2EAUm3cUy2gn1flSLg8W5Uo9y4w5Kp3jvXQ0xLWgWBBUDZ+XYHn8aRw1u47XLYKoWPpO667UEbDMqrlMFiSC3LuedEsRi7WGQEIWnZQY+ZqB8KWHoILIM0T15H3rXjGQ20yzn5jpprQboExDG6UABAgdOW397VW4yJwkD6tyfb0xUHCbhUMCdyDHbWrqMHsXhuBkPzMR9ooFErOg50WweB9SOph0OsaxH1um/Ktv9m+SwZ7iNodBuDTB4dw4ImQeZjlPL3oL2Es5/VrGup3nt0mq2OwgdGtuJU6x7cx0IogmICh9o8wxQzjHGUtLmyh3P0VnQRuTQLq8Oexfj6SuvobqMy79xzqRMRkcpqfq/CQQfhRd8QLtu3cCjKM0fwkwMv3/KqfCARiYAl2tlrf8AmQi4B7EWyv8AzUBvDXUto9y6ctsKQT1nYDua2wF/B4y23lF1KETJ17GOa0qeLMdmVLa/Q+lHUkEj5CKGeH8ebN4MNFYQ3f8AvWgL8X4vfs3Gso4UpHqA1J33PKnPgzWuIYVGeMy+lwQPpDmPelbxbgw6LeUaqNT+8D+VHvAGFfD3GstrbvILttgNDG49wKA8vhTDwAUAj4GrOE4ObR9LnL3NE1QDcn3NbEDrQeLO321gg1JFaldO/wB1BESa9WhfG+OWsLl80mWEwN94+2pOC8Xt4lM9okjmDoR7igs3MBbYyVGu9aNw+3Amaug1irpQVuF2guIugTHlWt/5mJrKlwI/8zd/lWv/ANMTWUHmD/aYn+cv9PYq3VTB/tMT/NX+nsVbmg8rAK9Br00GjGAT0rkHG3a5cYlQpb1KqwYBOgmus4/Cpdtm3cnK3TSO9cu41woWnZFJMGNQQTqYMRqO4oFXEuNF0JEkgb6x+X21Tx2JMOoHpLhp9hEU88O8EPeyufSGBJOWI6akiaqDwRcfEXLSFCbKqzAH6ReSBrsYE/EUCqmIz5SoIIps8P8AFzYSTqswQehOp96s+HPCgXDpfuFWzFj5RzAt6iIkfOa88TYYLkW3ZWyCNs2Ykzu2p5UDYjpcQMjBgdQe3tWcTwxc5QPc8hHXpSnhuIW7eIRLlwW7a2xJj6RkaSPo+9F8d4iVyAgGUsAIOh6er6xOlBV4ph0a09tNWGxGgkagA99vjQvwuhtl3uKVJkL1Ec/aT9lMAAgmNTH3f38q8aGUyNRI+0x+FAA8QYfEiLpuG4vNlJAWeRT6sddfestY1Ut2/SIYHMRvM7xVq1xlUuMufK2xB5/nWnE8JevOPLtgKoBJy5B6iYO0t8KDzF4q0ELWtS5lv4o0jtQ/A4a5ccnKSAI0B+EUyeHrKWVGzOxJZ4BjsJ2AqbxjhxctJcE5xoYmCO4Gn2UClisKykhXVokGDBGuoIOoiveEYkgX162iR/yspodZxOUwfY9+1FuBYJjcfUZBbde5DLI+VAGZy8n7aOcC4zbsW2t/XYySRpt91Gf/AAlhlQTduCNW1UA/H6o+e1L4txeZ8IpyWd2aXNw7aaRNBeUXLrejM3P0qQPehvG+H3ABFtz1bKTP5Ci2MuPdt63MrxtmgDsdvlQVC40JYdh/pQWeH5ksAMCBvqKPeGOGm5cF1pVUE+Z39fp7yGIIrzw/wW4SHuO1pNwGYq1z/lOwPUii/E8XJyrGRdFCiF7x11J15xQIvi/D+WFUADyzCwc0qROp+PyNKjXSYPSn7jXD86MOZafmI/Cl7D+G7mY5isDUdSJ3oGThuKFyybb7AR8DofzrpHh+xkw1lDuqATXJ0Hl3P4SBP3V0zwZizcsFSZKNlHtuKA8VqJrSztU01hWghdfhWqg9fsqaKD+IsYLWFuuDlOQgA+kySFkc+dAm/pNtIzoVMuFhgNYg6T0NV/0fYW4GeWKKwB0I9XbtSyOIXHIkyV2J3/1pm8K8VTOAGW255NpPUDkfsNAw4qxcV4ZXZeRDf2KkwQv/APp5gs82mD3mmWxczqCPl0IqSOdBS4Tn8+5nAzeVanKdD68RWVPgz/5m7/Ktf/piayg1wf7TE/zV/p7FXKqYL9pif5q/09irrUEYFbzXmte0HgryB0Hyr0VgFAJ8RXmW0SuIFlgCeUtA2EkHtpXK8Nx6/YvXbyNma6mVixJkjZv8w1rqfFOApfably4V/wCGGAX7v7mkzxh4fVCPJssqKupRC088zMTuKBN/27iDbW09xiijRdI+7WobmJ9E/XJMe0dfetjY51Wv4YlgQduVBvxFmlOf6tQftqFMcwtGyxIUNmQ/ut27GtizltRIiN6tJhc9t1j1Erk9yYoHHAYvzLaMd2RSfcCCalfE5Z/vkPyoXwvDPYtpbcgsu/aSTHw/Os4i7Zd4BMEjuNPu+2gW3vD/ABBuaMA05TqDB2PaujcT44zTK5G8tPTI0nXb2pCw9xLVyWtByJgMSB2OhB0NWBxKWLsPU5hiOfT2A+dAcfHKjBmMA6T+NFcTic1nQyBG32UnYy7mcp/DRng9+bRt9Fn7yB9lAFxlvWYBVvVlOkE7weoqzw9yLiagwSPgQQfjrVHF4gl8p2E5T1BG3wqXhOe5cVbdvzGzaKBJEEGe3vQHxiwloG6hd2ULlbVRJ9JEaE5Y0760OsviLvotZUOkgDLAkifhTavg289tQ91FdWkLlzCJ0kzvUdnw3dw5a7ce0VCmYmAKBYfCvbuKt0NDaT1+WmvvQ97iYa9mt+tkaVzDRP4f4vc0W4vxlCypbhT9E3ImJ3I71TGHtIYS07usk5tm/ioHa7iv8Qi3RpmAOvLsfahDg7yCJgFTI0oNjbmJFtLTAojywEQYnVSSfjHerXhPCXBnVlbyY9Jb96RoOY0n5UFu8wIE9QSe2351V4w/l4lADKPbOUjaQZ+6aLNw58xUERMg9p2PQ8qi4xwnOiwPXbIKdQZ1HdSKABiFkK0bimXwfijbuOsiCoOpjY70Bx+F8sbltYXoB8PlWthbr6W7Rdhocu2+k8hQdX80uJtup7aH+/jW3rZSofI8aHKD9h0rlGExeN4ffNy/bbI5Gcg5kI6BhoCO9OOG8Z4e5cCByAdnIIAnkfjQM+Ht3ABndWPUJE999KTv0n3ri2FUL+rL+pucxoI6HXWmq7xHy1LXIygSCOfQCk7xXxM4zBMEtnOlxXybkhSZPfrQc3wZ5mrWIjLI0/71WtrJ+2rOIZAi5jpB96DpPgvH3mRRdOdLk+XcmTK7q/w29qbXMAsSAANZMAd65l4HuXhds2fWqEm4obYqAZ+JMaUZ8d4y4Qli2GAcwY08wzt3ExQHfD3GLeJxWJ8vVUt2VzcmOfE6jt0POsqPwbwdcKz249Zs2Wc9WL4iR8NqygL4D9pif5q/09irpqlgf2mJ/mr/AE9irgFBkVkV7XhoPBWVgFYaDK0YTp1rc14aDknijhrW77hLbBAdCAY670vm0a72yzoYPuJpb4r4NsXJa3+rfqNVPuKDlDWINSYUujqViAykyN42pg4jwC5aaAA+sSkn5jlVR8FcQoLlspJ0nSYiguYu5AnQc5jfT/Wg/EMSTbaTtlIj33opi2GUTsNPwpYxWiuJ7fJqCx5TMC8SOfavWtCNZjf5ViXQlsO+2g077adKsYMW3ZQ5ZVeRmXWNOnMUFbybj3cyr6csEnQUV4c5QxI1IA7wCapY289pvLaP4WGzDkR+VRWbmZx6wCrTHXSKD3i9sKWA5E/f+VP/AOjrApZsC43073qk/VTZR8YLfGufceeS3cA/Mf6V1XhliLNpea20H/0FAyL2ofx3C+bh3tlgmYRJ5a1PhFYDU1T8R4Nr2He2ujESP+XWKBV8TeBENi3/AIVQLisMxJ+kDuSe29S4BHw5yX8g0EXF1kDciec9aLcD4y1yzkuKRdURB+sBpIr3H2BfsvpLoCy/Lb40CXjcCbrtkul8z5s1wEyvIAD6ImiHDsG9slDczZhmUCQFjTnz1Hwml/C8YVFysgd3OYliYUd/YcqI4XFozFhaEqJDI7c9IynTpQMj3yJiD8CefWtcTi1PoYnN0UEffFVMBxFMoRDLkSZ3k+9WlsKwPmaDcsTt3nrQDHt+YWDKRkI+qFGu0dTR7g2AuKkrkKr9QaEnqTtQDhfGLV3zFZ4KH0sdMwGgIFEkxbqFHmLlbUBTBjuKBoVVKZbgWCNUgH59aUOKeCsOM1y0XQGTAMgc9jynlRezijcUg7/eBuPeqfEvEKYchbpRkBAIBOcSJDdx1FABa8Alu2TL2wCWn6RmAPw+dVrWP8q8z3GyA7TtVbj3iW2wy4SyU1M3CPpTvvShevXHP6xiex50DRxO3YuXGewwM/TAECTsR+VLgtNni4GWfoyCJjpNXuG3LrFVBI10AFFeOIzhU5osk9KC5wq3cDK9q6xhZyu0aHcBhEU4+Hb5vMLlwgqpOXPBZW23HTrXOuCNF1SxzDLrmOgjlTvaugRdtQCN0GzD86Bwwv8AvV3+Va/68RWVU4PfzXrjcjatR7Z8RFZQWcF+0xP81f6exV0VTwI/WYn+av8AT2Ku5aDyva8LVQxeNVd823T8aC8vOsJoKeIEgldR9tQf7ZjQqQecr/cUDCXEVXvYpV3NLT+I5Jyqfw+yho48GDSDm5ayB86BmxPHbagMGBEwRVfE+IbehVwew/HpSJisblGkluu0a71QbEknuaDo6cezEKjJmYxlAk/OhnFW86BeKqykwyanXee2gpSs4q4dmOmgjl7VuS3MknfU0BDGYVUU+sONSdI70m21W5cUM5AY+oc9JMimhyChHx+VDODYcHEg+lWhjqJBnSI+NBriMLbgJGZeTNv9m1U1s5SGkjIdBypuxti2qlQAzbyfTB9p2rSxhUKZ1CK/8R0+HPvQDjdtPbZLqlkAkgfTtnqv5Ur3ktIwzXGZhr6R8tau+IUbzTLqzEfSQ6Hr0+VBns6n7PhH4UBC/j1Zp8vsCddq7Rwa6rIpBn0LPuBFcTx4gJ7E/dXVvDN+GZBqMoI+z85oHBH+FQ4rEAAjnGlD8TisoAmgfG+J3bdsslss7tkUIM0aaGguYzBLcDXFfI6RqOu+nepeH8dtAL5phyIIiJ9xQPw9xG6isuKxFtNZAgM8/wAUaD76q+J79sFHsMbj3GygmNND9HoZ50BLGfo3tXHa4l50V5OWAYnWAek1c4N4J8lGQuGkznEhj002EUS4Zw5Llpc9xnYCGyuQFPMCOk1Ja4IVtlRfueZrDl5g8tNiNqARjuB5PU1xVRdmjM8jXSPjQbH3Hvg2xmVIEdWPVu3aqnEHxqO9vEqUzSUZTKHWSA3XtQjDcb/w9w27ubLuHGp35jn70DKnA7ahcjhGC6yJknST77VDawqFSd2Uw4OjoR06jtVX/wAWWCGWGdyNIUqO0k/hUScYNsW830neGY89NJ0+FAzcNk+kAnuOnWlbxlh0F5QAskHzOZaDC+wGUn40yYVg8MiFTzH7s8vbvSZ4ifNinXmiqPiNY+0igpvqR2qHygTtUpWRIqGCDHagtDHpZmJZ+ccqqo9y4c7SATt1HSr2DwqD1FZNT3BPL2oKb4cTJUlCsMBy7imHgtgWkhGJU6idY0ofacRHOt7d02hI+idSP3e47dRQPPgxmN/EyZXJZyj931YifmdfjWVH4Dvh7l8j/h2f+rEV7QH8Cf1mJ/mr/T2Kus9BDjPLuYkxMXQd9P8Ad7FBb/ii7MCzIncTt8aA7xfFuFIWQe1KuL4vdUEk5hEa6/lFVcbx65c0ywZ5GaEYrC3DBuemetARwXGgrA6rPQVZXxCfVoXHLNp929AbaAd40q/gsP5jEZGjbT+9qCVMViMSSltUUdhlHzO9D7/DbyMQ+ntrTInC7duMty5n5ZVge22tS4m1eCgvcUk9VYED3FAk38KynefvqRARAI+BopxLh2WG80a766/bQvfmT3NBMp9Q5A9N6uZN2JJ9tT8aG5+utbf4pgPToKCa7cyqxgmFMTpOlBeD8VBDFhDFvq6kCOu9S4zGvc+nrQvAX7aO6gAg9RsddqBnvcWRwFFsNl3lSM3uQdaG8Q447AKEt21H/DX1H3PStL+LlMouFR+6AQD7mhTsSCAY/Gg8D5n1JJjrWiaMF3/ImPxqISpBJ1q5Y3mgk4kwOQEwNQT0HpE018Kx4s3LVwMfLuAKQ24EQG+6kjjbRlH8JP21e4vdC4e2ituiD7ATQdZxJJOlaPPlkdZ+M0reEPEXnWxbuH1rAJP1hyPv+NNmIT0Af2eVAn8GtSCH1zseewnl0q9xPAsttQoBbPmMCIAB0qzhMILdxUiAdvcbiiV9x5ir319qCPw8i2VLWmJt3DnAJmMwkgdvypo4pjMqBlj6JO+m3M9KROEcUtWC+HuZgbbNkCqXJEzoAOhH21Y8U+IVvYV7S2ryOy5V8xAoaSoIBk65ZPtQLmI8QMA1xrr3F0zAAFCe6kx/3ob4hti4ouKpBHL+GAQZ9vurfhuKC2xaYDLJmAOp+lO9TXpX6yshgRGoER8qALwojzAT00pqFm3dUq3Q5T8PsNKVy35dwgGQp0I5zRfgXED5jpcJGZfRl0jnp70Ffh/Gb6jy88gGAT9IQY0P51Yw1r1E/W5/GoOG4UG2xVlzHWGMHedNIophrOknckUEdyyFEiRVPyIObqDRpsP+8a2WyoG1AMw94xBFSG6K1xNsT7Vpbt9dqCdEJbYgDnU7NoROtBsVdun05yUmcpJy/IaT3qV8OMoJVsw3K7Ty+NA8/otWLmL/AMtnTp6sRWVv+jCyyviS0+pLJH/yxFZQW+IqTiMSFt528xYkwP8Ad7HegeJDn03HVB+4h39zzotxJWOLxIWf2ibb/wC72Kjby7QIcS3cTQDMJglWSZnkc0AVK65yJYabaE/Mmrf+I1grA5V6LyxI0+MUAa+i6BtP4gKlwuIScoFxj/CoHxk1cw3EUQy4BnYAZq9GIv3SfLtqinmd6DTE41rSz61nq4J+6hV7F3bktmeOrNRZcLatgtdl7nLWY+G3/apLYXTMB6pidAKBZfDkjMWHeTrVcHXfWjz8KMkiIPQSKGYjD5Wj5mKCvA3MVCwEyNulWLlkQIknuaha0d6Cuyb1DY4dbDZiTJ57xRO1bMg/hV44UjUJM84oAeMsJIyPmkayIj/Sht63BYaSDuKaMTZa4h/VmRroOlALlnmKATeSes17hrmTRmjp+VW2t67T/e9UsUmvagqcQxXmPK7AQP7+dT8XBDJb/ctqPjGtaWLHrWRpIqTHnNcJ2mgM+Bh+tc7jy9R/zDX4a10jhuJNywjkbSs/5WIn4xXMPCdzLiVXkwKn5SPup44Djm/wrhd7dxwP/lm+40BrGsCBBhhqvY1BhnLfrI1P2HnUfD8VbvJmRgSNGHNT0q4mHKHMNRuQecDcHkfvoM4FhEt33dyFOcyzGBqigAk99qtfpDwZu4KbfqyOryuugVgTpy11oLxz/wAzhHtxkcw69AFIIk0qYHhbIym5fHl5HLw5GuQwsc5MUAtFB0YHfcaGj3DrKFeZPRvuoNbvwCGWCfv21q1hrxmCsSJBB1oK/FbAW5C6Qo5zVo4cXlthvS66KyiQQdwRzqviX/WHOM2wmdqJcESM+rHL2BkTAjuKCzj+E27a+ZahdVBtgGB1OpO9W8DZV1yvOVd4571rxhLi21ZgVVj9YRMfZV3hBHlKQdyZ79P770Gx4ajqSj5DsoJkexB1Hv3oRaxUiCNQYNM+Ga3mhhpI5aiqnFuA2lt3ryXNYkKGBgswnuNOVAv27AuXACdPrRyAEmih4IrkBGMETGg06gzBr3gXDszsP3hGntrRe5wC7bH6m4GA1yNoR8aCg3Croy2yZRdmyCdeTc6ocUsBNmVhOuhHtptTJhsU8xcAkbmN/iKF8WZmaQqvG4gmR93yoCX6Obua7iTlAOSzMc/ViO9ZXv6PcnnYo2xHptZhEQc+IrKDfEaYzEn/APov9PYqXE2gTMc/wFZWUAPiVwrsY1qjY9X0ta9rKAtYsL5gGURNGmtgMNOR/CsrKBd4j9OifCbSsozAH3rKygHYhYuQNBrpQvFtrXtZQUSYrfZaysoJeGrLAHWnu7ZXy9hXlZQXeEWVygZRXKuN2guIuqogBmgdKysoBRFD8QdaysoI7X0xVTn8T99ZWUBXgX7e3/m/A00+FT6sUvLNMfD/AErKygpeHHK4tlBgE6jrXQMV+zf/ACH7qysoBfDNVM6/qm/6K5vuPh+FZWUBACSfevL2hFZWUGZZidabPCeBt+Yvp5nmfzrKygv+N3JtIs6B9vg1UMCgyhY0jb51lZQE8B9Ee8fYaueIcKgsEhQPSNv8wrKyg18NIM505U0Xm0WvKygX8egN1hGnSpVQZYj+4NZWUGeEbSricTAibVgnuc2JrKysoP/Z" 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data-ved="2ahUKEwiAyqaFyZGFAxXnmGMGHZYABAQQMygNegQIARBs" jsaction="TMn9y:cJhY7b;;cFWHmd:s370ud;" jscontroller="dPOyed" jsmodel="cj77d cj77d" jsname="N9Xkfe" role="listitem" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; display: inline-block; height: 222px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-right: 20px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 275px;"><h3 class="bytUYc" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; user-select: none; width: 1px; z-index: -1000;">Writing in My Father's Voice | The Walrus</h3><a class="FRuiCf islib nfEiy" data-nav="1" jsaction="J9iaEb;mousedown:npT2md; touchstart:npT2md;" jsname="sTFXNd" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-radius: 12px; color: #2962ff; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 180px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><div class="fR600b islir" jsname="DeysSe" 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7UA5tXVH/QxP0jNXNrs5yCty6LmwiVTAtBlaWd4guCuE4kZPIrZ9znCr5yBB+sTTha5AWRjpM/qOfWgyl21o00qXbgNspfARUae8YLbL295O3aCEYvmMkTuipmh0dzuL6W3uoyHbZW3edlSLQZYLMJ3MxEbQPCYVeauEsbLSW12+FrjeMAiXIHXyVFH1qMLj2wzFdMRALbeW25EwMx0oM7a9orlh0F53a6guW7u4ly6d4CEO4lAwK8iRk453SbXtytq3dNsXLl645O4wVCzgMXySBjC/Ssx21tTBO64xJY9MmSY6Zx8BSdlqi+NhLdB5D96B863VXbguvuEEsXZvExIOYhR9AAK2PYHaxYG3sJuHxBy7XIgQe8JCsUiMBl4AESayb6ifn+lS+yLrKXvA/wC3tx0O4xB9P8UG+7KtPve3de4pMlNrg22SR/tgggkFohhI9ZDGL7Y9mWbdkX74DC242OQVuK5g7hs8LZVSRtUQG5MAyriFtGl+2SO6dHRp923cIRy44YWwzMR17oScmqX290mquB+7W4/eNtbCstu3bg7VIKi2JBYswMlSdw20FH7Qe0g1Wi01t7Ztsju1ttwYOAqqwIIBBDOBGfdJkRU7Wexmm1NltXZvOt24DdKf7ilmyRtChkBJ94kqJzilHYhv6ZTqSbVq3cdw57scPtuKxNxdsM22QZO08xNPdm6vTi2f4Uay4hud0lt+72ox8JZYUvsHhG6S2QMyaDLX9Ky3Us6sO1qFNq4rKzLab3YuAAQR+FgMx7tbvs32H06m1dt6h7m1Ite6GCFncxGGku07geYrJaW02r1iqtp+5Rhb2MW2gBFFxHIHgkIMAYETzuqz1PYWs0mptaXTXLiWdU5KYD92QA1xSSD7ozMieuQTQaTT+z+iRxGpuWrmFxfDl4TaAyXFKt4QRgcA5xUnX3mtHvLd5O7QfzWtOqOMFx4blzaAZkQxkmAOIsdF7MCzaVO+uEjcxdipLMzb2ZiR5n9KYfStsg3rl3OYFvYMzy6kNGOOooKzT6fRX79zUaW+ral1t7rVxkuCEAK7UQ7lgqmASFKxtFanT3WuW2BBjaUJEKwadtydxIlcjBwR14rK9vdlLbti87oySBc32rL8naH3m2PdkEypwCfQ1XZ2r7tG8SpaDOT3qqAAG5JmN7Bln1HBnIWvtH7P2DqLWotXFFy0FQ2wu9QF2m2MOBa2DhSCTPwIx+mdtZfbTXyN7qyWd0oLV1JKWyg2gLu3LMT4wepm71fbtt7jW9trdbT/AHQqjY4BLBWjC7SDuHrIiYx2q17pqu8diWtsrSDwQQ4KnqOucySJMAkPQ9eyabQ279tWtgta7wSwVN0o7d3wrTC8D3zWfHtM9w2xcRDadFY22C7C5Uht84MrjPEYrUe0naWjt2r2nvXVU3ixCQWJV3S4H2pDRuDRGT0rMaTX6ddxuAKu8rbm2UUWvCDcKYkwphOm446UGoZtG1s2rr27SW1Q2XkE9yVlVPUbSriD0tsQIA2wbuhu7T3Z7y15rwQVDruXMGCPCZORwSK8yGpKKqT4rbi5bZfdXf8A7lsgkSh5jpkfiMaj2d7R1Cpdub3YEG4US4Qyqvi8KiCGJEACJGTPhNBpewBbsX99y4p7sTFshxnmds7ok4HlPArTdpdo2rjoVcMiq+5TgPuZF2EEHcGE4jOADDGfMl9srd1UVWuWru6WuOEZYKkESzEY8JXcIEegp7ss3NXbIDW37u86sQFRbiAAq3dxthgxEAEQgHFB6FbsW7lwO1xAQSR1McjjGPF6AehgaJu0LfR1JxiehPMda8j03aN5bguPINubQQMzKdibXbaWhyXLNxicHAqzb2iYMgYLsaSTJHDAEluIEzMdBQek2tejGNwOJxgfA0we1DuI7t4U5bBiRglFlvyrJv2gV329yyCwDKSHXkHdGD5fKoz9owIRtsgZJz0nHTrmevSg9Dt3JH1+xSPqkBgsoPqa8602vdZ8SkNyVYA55pRrGG4IrbTmZJYnzHixQehfxSf1L9RRXl167dJna3AGd04AGec/M0UE3vDwAes5X+/FOd43O1v/AMT5cmozAYlZj4H+56etKGAjw54jAPHlExn9KB/vnJwGg/8AH/Pr6UiXwcGRz0I+YH9/WuR6jpxkx+UCuVvHA3AA8cwMeSrgfflQSRqUJwQSOh3D9RFMdo6u0ttjdZQkZyCeJAAjJmIAycUy5Y8XAZ42mGA6wxG1j6QOeayvbvZTrueWuJ1d3QuMS2N2czG3nyoMfevEsC48pj0qysaxCMY+Pp61V6xgSYMjz4/Kl085j7wKCye8CYGenT9a0fs9pAbOoDkZthgJ2nwNuLSeQMCRwXUGAZGNRYuLmJIyPORH963mnfZ2SVkMxvn1a2hVpzzkhh8LnrQb32S03edn27ZiLtq6h3AEQxcCVPvDnB8zVf8AxZe1aNx+7Yrb1F0nlbNoK94McwDcCiJ8QkdCas/Y5v8A4OxiAUI+Bk5+e4n5isr7UX5t6sW1Ba5dW2SslhaS5dXYfP8AnJcj0ZR0oL3R6GzqtHpXu2LexLKuEckogYSszhotkZIPvGpnZ+itmGS2ttVTcVjYEHu20IGEhS7FDwbvwrpLBW3bsyRbs2k3BRJKom1U9dxHAwdjDrnqxYwrOpy7FxMs2SAgJ6QAJ8hQcaPVWLTEIkjvLrBbaYJGyyYIAWSQDgnBJNT9DqXuXHvGFUDan4vBgjPEkEOCBxcjpVJZWxaS0LahXNtmfaSWCu1t7kEfiG4geRYYqfb1RMLEckgZAJM4PRRwPQKKCxfVCRgY4LZ6iCAeB8B5Uy1wsW8PHE4HmfsCo/8AFHhYJH9MGD5k4C/EkCoidp23c2luIbiiWUHe4kE+Lb4U+rUCe0U3dPdtnd412jYY/EDluiiATxifhWN0nZdiTaLHaLyqXPeQ7KSZZsKSFLnBiAfWNaustm49t43BtgDfzGb3f/TCbVHjUA8+LygnMa/tm4bLKou3FF0Kbmo2q6wyglERVVFEnOeR8gz/AG9r7KNfIgtcACwJBuBVNyc+FSeRJPHlC5v+NclrhAuEFdzPucEYCq0QBIWMngGIIouGGG7Pdhh1PjElvkXkT5RWsvXrb9hm3BLpdR8jAju0JWPME8+R9KDJartq9eK96/ebO82bgCV3kFlBInb5KSQsmAKv9lzUBXJLhgJPHi4YEcDpWTsrz8a03YOpa2w4hgMHgwT+eWoLTQdkWx3isAWt7I813CTB8jH5VN7P7ORbiOo914YcFrTSOODD7T8jXfbBXTXO+B/33trHntlnPwAx86u9NpUUi4DjwwZ/7VHr4iPrQYfszs60tz/4i2j2+8azbEHd3m+U7yNsrsRusjevAJjX2GWwCE2qpjaiWygEDifMkk8cmmToE71rnLC7ccQANpcBCQczKKvEfpEmT5kY6/5GfpQVz6UMXPuNtk5wzs0yJUxtyYGMioRRrZRyyNcVpBDSSeTCbV6AefAq6afl6gY+hBpFziN3qRA+pBoJGl1blIupLAnMltw8zkgH4Y9K7Z7ZHuD79CKgEgHiY8hgfnz8qba8ozJEDzMfXj5mgmvYtHlI9Rj9DTTaG2chis/8mH/ime9nhp8ziR65MfYpV1R9PhmfTjB+tA8NIP8A6p/+8f8Asopj+LP9B/P96KDtddaP41jMEAg/Pw4rtNXbGd6RnBMeokRx5fDpFZJkB85/L75roKR6fflQa/8Ai14DofTcreQmQY6+nX4V3b1Mnjr5/XOY+PFY4Oev38vviu904oNg6q3IA9CJg+vH35RWe9tr3d2kRSB3hIwB7qgTkcZ2jyx6VDV4IOB99Kp+3nLMByVWfnMD8hQUV3mu9M36D9qQ2T1FdInl9/Kg7u/hPr/Y1faZmuWwoJ5nbJjd1gcSf2qkcEgY6g1a9j6tbdxGYjaGUn4gggnE/kaD2X2evrb0Nprh2rZQi56bFDN+VUGgs3LlixeuqW7w3bzRnZcN9rqCOc94AB6R1pjt7XqvZK27eO+dbSR/R4WLgjDAyJIkEtU72iZrOl0iK1xJdMW8g3IlEe5MKpuRmYhT5SAvbKuiBHADYuXCDuzMWlzEZGDwe6JPOaXtglkZF5KXAo53PsYDwjnNQglxBeuILjvcuM3db9gJhI2u/AAJPhxAaMiA8LzW7bG4lu1IG4q2ADOWuMRv6ZMfAUDOi1U3nbunQoFtkMoZ1Dd29tdqscFhJIxEAkQdtpprlxnub7VxVThnZQLhkyVVSSF9G53cc1le2Pay3b8OjVWcyWubZAbjDEfzDH4pIwOaq9P2zrLumvPeu3O6UFFdCEY6gwUU7YO2CSYxHrQX/bHbqafcb9yTCi1aUwwB3bv5QHhB/rbgCBkmqlPbdnuqLxa3ZZG8Fgw/uSs3BDGfdlSvM4rz/UrmfWTTmmQn50Gn0Vu5rtSXjbJG4yz7EzCKzkkmATGJhjHSvTdB2aiIAQWxByY+uJ/84E1Sex3ZotWQWUg8txJcngHj+lR5QD1Jq71l1jp7txSWKKSqWwZhRJAyCxg7hBBPHpQUXbvsfZuXLd60iqA699bEqptnBZAsQwxxE8mYzDTSltHqbQUAhr9pVUQpKWrRRs8E7kPz6Vdez2uNxu7dtxIYHzjcUM9D0ziYJAFVadp2wuqaFmzcZnjJI7i2Mnqd1u6v/bFB5lotDcuK721kW0a4+QIRck5InHQZxxVp2LYe9stgZkkHp1ME9BANWty+RpDprKDxLbII295dS5ZRysAAlU2HdHiLP0AINv7PdhCzai6AzXfeUsVm3tJVMHxS22V4IxnNBUe1F+3d/hVtOtzYtzKmRuNza3/6SPMQeDVzYZntpp1YAqVa8VI8AgkW/V5yQODtpntzS2bAt6lLCEW2IdEQIHW4pQe6BJDlIPScesj2e0HcWFRhFxz3lyBEFhO0QIAUQIHUGgtXSOPWIHzxn0rhQQepnPBj/HNctuA/Mx+4P36ULdY9OnPT8hnrQdbxH2Of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font-size: large;"><b>man is dead and children don't know where to go-</b></span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><b>[CHURCHILL THOUGHT OUT THIS WICKED PLAN OF PARTITION HOPING TO CONTINUE RULING INDIA]</b></span><br /></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce A9Y9g jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; contain: layout paint; flex: 1 1 100%; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwiB86vly5GFAxWWyDgGHZMWAg4QFnoECD8QAQ" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/churchill-and-india-manipulation-or-betrayal" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/churchill-and-india-manipulation-or-betrayal&ved=2ahUKEwiB86vly5GFAxWWyDgGHZMWAg4QFnoECD8QAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: 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jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;AteLMU"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiB86vly5GFAxWWyDgGHZMWAg4Qu5wMegQIPxAJ" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;AteLNA" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;" tabindex="0"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; position: absolute; width: 22px;"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg 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That became his self-fulfilling legacy after he lost the August ...</div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce A9Y9g jGGQ5e" data-snf="x5WNvb" data-snhf="0" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; contain: layout paint; flex: 1 1 100%; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwiB86vly5GFAxWWyDgGHZMWAg4QFnoECCgQAQ" href="https://www.amazon.in/Churchills-Secret-War-British-Ravaging/dp/B07CYSRLH3" jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.amazon.in/Churchills-Secret-War-British-Ravaging/dp/B07CYSRLH3&ved=2ahUKEwiB86vly5GFAxWWyDgGHZMWAg4QFnoECCgQAQ" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; 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border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); display: block; height: 26px; width: 26px;" /></div></span><div class="GTRloc CA5RN" style="overflow: hidden;"><span class="VuuXrf" style="color: #202124; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-wrap: nowrap;">Amazon.in</span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">https://www.amazon.in<span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"> › Churchills-Secret-War-British-...</span></cite></div></div></div></div></a></span><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: auto; 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height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-id="collectionitem-web-desktophttps://www.amazon.in/Churchills-Secret-War-British-Ravaging/dp/B07CYSRLH3" data-viewer-group="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;aevozb:T2P31d;vcOT6c:C6KsF;k7WJpc:beCLof" jscontroller="gOTY1" jsdata="PFrTzf;_;AteLMU"><div data-ved="2ahUKEwiB86vly5GFAxWWyDgGHZMWAg4Qu5wMegQIKBAJ" data-viewer-entrypoint="1" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;h5M12e;jGQF0b:kNqZ1c;" jscontroller="RJ1Nyd" jsdata="ReQo8;_;AteLMk" jsshadow="" role="button" style="outline: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><div jsslot=""><div aria-label="About this result" class="MJ8UF iTPLzd rNSxBe eY4mx lUn2nc" jsname="I3kE2c" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;" tabindex="0"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; position: absolute; width: 22px;"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce A9Y9g" data-sncf="1" data-snf="nke7rc" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; contain: layout paint; flex: 1 1 100%; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="VwiC3b yXK7lf lVm3ye r025kc hJNv6b Hdw6tb" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; color: #4d5156; display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden;">Because <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Churchill believed</span> that the fate of the British Empire hung in the balance, he proceeded, sacrificing millions of <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Indian</span> lives in order to preserve what ...</div></div><div class="kb0PBd cvP2Ce A9Y9g" data-sncf="2" data-snf="mCCBcf" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; contain: layout paint; flex: 1 1 100%; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; min-width: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="fG8Fp uo4vr" style="color: #5e5e5e; line-height: 1.58;"><span aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Rated 4.5 out of 5," class="z3HNkc" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 23.44 19'><polygon fill='%23dadce0' points='10,15.27 16.18,19 14.54,11.97 20,7.24 12.81,6.63 10,0 7.19,6.63 0,7.24 5.46,11.97 3.82,19'/></svg>"); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 14px 11.4px; display: inline-block; height: 11.4px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 68px;"><span style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 23.44 19'><polygon fill='%23fbbc04' points='10,15.27 16.18,19 14.54,11.97 20,7.24 12.81,6.63 10,0 7.19,6.63 0,7.24 5.46,11.97 3.82,19'/></svg>"); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 14px 11.4px; display: block; height: 11.4px; width: calc(62px);"></span></span> Rating: 4.5 · 300 reviews</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-80756425531207748372023-10-22T20:13:00.003-07:002023-10-22T20:13:37.255-07:00Rare pictures of the last 10 years of Gandhi's life<p> </p><header class="ssrcss-1eqcsb1-HeadingWrapper e1nh2i2l5" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.5rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1rem; vertical-align: baseline;"><h1 class="ssrcss-15xko80-StyledHeading e10rt3ze0" id="main-heading" style="border: 0px; font-family: ReithSerif, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 2.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.09091; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="-1">Rare pictures of the last 10 years of Gandhi's life</h1><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul class="ssrcss-1xpwu3-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03" role="list" style="border: 0px; color: #545658; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap-reverse; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; list-style: none; margin: -0.25rem 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; 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margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Share</span></span></button></div></div></div></div></header><div class="ssrcss-1y79c70-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-10cadr4-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 617.641px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><picture><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="1020.0000000000001" loading="eager" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/10A59/production/_87558186_32a_kanu_032.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 617.641px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></picture></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-1bdte2-BylineComponentWrapper e8mq1e90" data-component="byline-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem auto; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-qt5zqv-BylineWrapper e8mq1e917" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-h3c0s8-ContributorContainer e8mq1e916" style="align-items: flex-end; border: 0px; color: #545658; display: grid; font: inherit; gap: 1rem 0.5rem; grid-template-columns: 1fr; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-1u2in0b-Container-ContributorDetails e8mq1e913" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; grid-column: 1 / 3; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-68pt20-Text-TextContributorName e8mq1e96" style="border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.22222; margin: 0px 0px 0.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-1q14p6q-LinkWithChevronContainer e8mq1e91" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: fit-content;"><a class="ssrcss-lo1ylm-StyledLink e8mq1e92" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/correspondents/soutikbiswas" style="border: 0px; color: #b80000; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">By Soutik Biswas</a><span class="ssrcss-o1g7k8-IconContainer-IconContainerChevron e8mq1e93" style="border: 0px; color: #b80000; display: inline-block; font: inherit; height: 0.625rem; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0.625rem;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" height="1em" viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="1em"><path d="M21.6 14.3 5.5 31h6.4l14.6-15L11.9 1H5.5l16.1 16.7v-3.4z"></path></svg></span></div></div><div class="ssrcss-84ltp5-Text e8mq1e910" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">India correspondent</div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-jlwt2c-Divider e8mq1e915" style="background-color: #8a8c8e; border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 0.125rem; margin: 1rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 2.5rem;"></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b class="ssrcss-hmf8ql-BoldText e5tfeyi3" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Here's an anxious-looking Mahatma Gandhi making a telephone call from his office in Sevagram village in the western state of Maharashtra in 1938.</b></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">India's greatest leader had moved to a village called Segaon two years earlier. He had renamed it Sevagram or a village of service. He built an ashram, a commune which was home to <a class="ssrcss-k17ofw-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0" href="http://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/sevagram-ashram/sevagram-ashram-founding.php" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(138, 140, 142); text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">"many a fateful decision which affected the destiny of India"</a>. Gandhi had moved in with his wife, Kasturba, and some followers. There was also a steady stream of guests.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kanu Gandhi, a callow young man in his 20s and a grand nephew of the Mahatma, was also there. Armed with a Rolleiflex camera, he was taking pictures of the leader.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">He had wanted to become a doctor, but his parents had goaded him to join Gandhi's personal staff doing clerical work, looking after accounts and writing letters at the ashram.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kanu Gandhi had developed an interest in photography, but Gandhi had told him there was no money to buy him a camera.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The nephew did not relent. Finally, Gandhi asked businessman<a class="ssrcss-k17ofw-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanshyam_Das_Birla" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(138, 140, 142); text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"> Ghanshyam Das Birla </a>to gift 100 rupees ($1.49; £1.00) to Kanu so that he could buy the camera and a roll of film.</p></div></div><div id="piano-inline1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">But the leader imposed three conditions on the photographer: he forbade him from using flash and asking him to pose; and made it clear that the ashram would not pay for his photography.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kanu made do with a stipend from a Gandhi acolyte who liked his work. He also began selling his pictures to newspapers.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Over the years and until Gandhi's assassination in 1948, Kanu Gandhi shot some 2,000 pictures of the greatest leader of the Indian Independence movement. For decades, his pictures remained in obscurity, once surfacing with a German researcher who began compiling and selling them.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Now, 92 of those rare pictures of Gandhi during the last decade of his life have been published in an exquisitely produced cloth-bound monograph by the Delhi-based Nazar Foundation, a non-profit trust founded by two of India's most well-known photographers Prashant Panjiar and Dinesh Khanna.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-10cadr4-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 617.641px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="1020.0000000000001" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/33E5/production/_87558231_dpf_585.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 617.641px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This is possibly my most favourite image from the book. Here Gandhi is standing on a weighing scale at the Birla House in Bombay (what is now Mumbai) in 1945.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For a man who undertook more than a dozen fasts during the freedom movement as a part of his non-violent protests - to bring peace, demand Muslim rights or to shame rioting mobs - the picture is telling.</p></div></div><div id="piano-inline2" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"This is a picture of a man keeping an eye on his weight, testing himself all the time. It tells you a lot about the man," says leading photographer Sanjeev Saith who went through more than 1,000 images and helped curate the monograph.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-9iu9g3-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 629.75px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="1040" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/A145/production/_87558214_dpf_010.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 629.75px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Here, Gandhi is seen in front of his office hut at Sevagram ashram in 1940. A pillow covers his head as protection against the severe heat.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It is, at once, an intimate and remote image.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Which is one of the reasons, many say, that made Kanu Gandhi's pictures of the Mahatma so special.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Although he had incredible access to the icon, we are always struck at the way Kanu, perhaps because he was in awe of Gandhi always kept a respectful distance, and yet managed to convey a sense of intimacy <i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">and</i> proximity," says Panjiar.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"And because he kept a certain distance, Kanu intuitively found a more modern language of photography than what was prevalent in those times in India, framing many of his images with an interesting and unconventional use of the foreground, breaking many of the accepted rules of composition".</p></div></div><div id="piano-inline3" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-1fu81um-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 423.859px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="700" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/BC39/production/_87558184_24a_kanubhai-466.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 423.859px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kanu Gandhi travelled far and wide with the leader.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Here's his image of a van carrying Gandhi being pushed by Pathans and Congress workers over some rough terrain in the North West Frontier Provinces in October 1938.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-10cadr4-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 617.641px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="1020.0000000000001" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/11E45/production/_87558237_dpf_961.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 617.641px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This is a picture of Gandhi, and his wife Kasturba, in Abottabad in November, 1938.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kanu Gandhi's first-ever book of photographs chronicles the leader's political and personal journey in his last decade in vivid detail. There are pictures of Gandhi in his many moods - brooding, joyous, pensive, grieving - and with his supporters.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-y5rg2o-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 544.969px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="900" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/23E1/production/_87558190_44a_kanu_821a.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 544.969px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Here Gandhi is being massaged by a relative and his elder sister Raliatbehn during a three-day fast in Gujarat's Rajkot city in March 1939.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"These images may be old, but they are not old-fashioned. They are not straightforward, beautifully shot and carefully framed, neat pictures which were popular then," says Panjiar.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"It possibly helped that Kanu was not a trained photographer because many of his images would have been rejected by his contemporaries on account of being blurred, slightly out of focus or double exposed. But these find pride of place, lovingly pasted by own hands in albums."</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-10cadr4-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 617.641px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="1020.0000000000001" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/EF65/production/_87558216_dpf_0150.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 617.641px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gandhi and his wife Kasturba are seen here at a wedding of a Christian man and an untouchable woman in Sevagram ashram, 1940.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-10cadr4-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 617.641px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="1020.0000000000001" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/D025/production/_87558235_dpf_0735.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 617.641px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sanjeev Saith says the picture of a dying Kasturba Gandhi lying on a bed at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune in 1944 a few months before her death counts among his favourites. A broken shaft of light is streaming in through a window behind her.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Here is this austere woman lying regally on this stately bed, she is about to die. This picture just shakes me up," he says.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-v0mvo8-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 605.531px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="999.9999999999999" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/8205/production/_87558233_dpf_0660.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 605.531px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">And then there is this historic 1938 picture of Gandhi in a convivial mood with freedom hero and radical nationalist Subhas Chandra Bose. In the background, Kasturba Gandhi is drawing her sari, and looking into the distance.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This was the high noon of Bose's political life: he had been elected as president of the Congress party. Gandhi had overruled objections from independence hero Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who had objected to Bose's appointment.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The two leaders had shared a complex relationship and fell out later over differences.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"This is an amazing picture," says Saith. "It contains two of India's greatest heroes in one frame. Bose is young, cherubic, almost looking at Gandhi in admiration. Gandhi has his characteristic toothless grin. It is a nice, warm moment."</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-y5rg2o-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 544.969px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="900" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/15879/production/_87558188_37_kanu_696.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 544.969px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Here's Gandhi and Nobel Prize-winning poet Rabindranath Tagore in Shantiniketan, West Bengal, in February 1940, a study of two great men in meditation.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Look at the bottom of the picture. It is an accidental double exposure [a technique which combined two different images into a single image]. It's rather inventive. Kanu Gandhi knew it was a good picture, and he didn't throw away the negative," says Saith.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-10cadr4-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 617.641px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="1020.0000000000001" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/16495/production/_87558219_dpf_451.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 617.641px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">There's a series of pictures of Gandhi collecting donations for a fund for the untouchables during a three-month long train journey that took him to Bengal, Assam and southern India in 1945-46.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In some he's stretching his arm from a carriage for money; in others he's surrounded by people and collecting the money in a slender basket.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"He's an old man, but he looks agile. He's almost begging for alms, and he's serious about picking up every bit of money for a good cause. He understands money," says Saith.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"I am a bania and there is no limit to my greed," Gandhi once said, alluding to his Indian caste comprising mainly of moneylenders.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-hzr0qi-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 623.688px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="Gandhi" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="1030" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/5325/production/_87558212_51_152_kanubhai-936.jpg 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font: inherit; height: 623.688px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 591px;" width="976" /></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Being the only person who was allowed to take Gandhi's photographs at any time, Kanu Gandhi was shooting every day.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sometimes Gandhi intervened: one such moment was when Kasturba, lay dying in his lap at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The nephew, however, was allowed to shoot this image of the leader, draped in a shawl, looking at Kasturba after she passed away in February 1944.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">According to several accounts, Gandhi kept a vigil for hours, sitting by her side, praying.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"After sixty years of constant companionship," he said later that night. "I cannot imagine life without her."</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ironically, for a man who followed Gandhi like a shadow, Kanu Gandhi was away in Noakhali in east Bengal when his leader was killed in 1948.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Gandhi's death had a profound effect on Kanu and his wife, Abha's life. For Kanu, photography was no longer as important as the need to convey his leader's message," says Panjiar.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kanu Gandhi died after a heart attack while on a pilgrimage in northern India in February 1986.</p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #141414; font-family: ReithSans, Helvetica, Arial, freesans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Photographs by Kanu Gandhi/© Gita Mehta, heir of Abha and Kanu Gandhi.</i></p></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-72564204165747825022023-04-09T01:34:00.001-07:002023-04-09T01:34:20.029-07:00old-kerala political leaders 1947 to 2000<p>
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<span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">പഴയ കേരളം | </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">Old Kerala</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto"> Part II | </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">Gingerline Media</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto"> This video showing more valuable and Collection of rare </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">old Kerala</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto"> ...</span>
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<div aria-label="Closed captions" class="badge badge-style-type-simple style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer"><span class="style-scope ytd-badge-supported-renderer">CC</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-88210870939900697252023-04-09T01:31:00.004-07:002023-04-09T01:31:44.248-07:00<p>
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<span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">Millions of </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">refugees</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto"> arrive to </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">Lahore</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto"> in the newly created state of Pakistan, prompted by the partition of British </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">India</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">. This amateur ...</span>
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<span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">Partition </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">refugees</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto"> arrive in </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">Lahore</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto"> - Millions of Muslims flee to </span><span class="bold style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto">Lahore</span><span class="style-scope yt-formatted-string" dir="auto"> in the newly created state of Pakistan, prompted by the ...</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-47287437069302768132023-02-25T04:07:00.002-08:002023-02-25T04:08:01.818-08:00<p> </p><p><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b>foriegn goods boycott by Indian national congress party:-</b></span></p><p> <span face="-apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #282829; font-size: 15px;"> </span><span face="-apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #282829; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold;">Young Indian nationalists affixing the Boycott Sign on a foreign cart in the streets of Bombay, 1930</span></p><div class="q-box" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282829; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-left: -16px; margin-right: -16px;"><div class="q-box" style="box-sizing: border-box; filter: blur(0px); margin-bottom: 1em; position: relative; transition-duration: 1s; transition-property: undefined; transition-timing-function: ease-out;"><img class="q-image qu-cursor--default qu-display--block" src="https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-055bc5523d11e793f983182d67f47445-lq" style="border-style: none; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: default; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></div><div><br /></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-49208918422203850842022-05-27T01:34:00.004-07:002023-02-25T04:06:03.073-08:00 Not a chest of Indigo reached England without being stained with human blood.<p> </p><div class="row">
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<h1 class="entry-title">Summary of the First Satyagraha | Champaran Movement (1917-18)</h1> <div class="entry-meta">
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<p class="date_style">14 Aug, 2016</p>
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<div class="post-meta"><strong><span class="small">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><span class="fn">Puja Mondal</span></span></strong></div>
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<p>The Champaran peasant movement was also a part of the wider struggle
for independence. When Gandhiji returned from South Africa, he made the
experiment of non-cooperation in a smaller way by giving leadership to
the peasant struggles in Champaran (Bihar) and later on in Kheda
(Gujarat). These struggles were taken up as a reformist movement but the
idea was to mobilise the peasants for their demands.</p>
<p>The Champaran peasant movement was launched in 1917-18. Its objective
was to create awakening among the peasants against the European
planters. These planters resorted to illegal and inhuman methods of
indigo cultivation at a cost which by no canons of justice could be
called an adequate remuneration for the labour done by the peasants.</p>
<p>Gandhiji studied the grievances of the Champaran peasantry. The
peasants opposed not only the European planters but also the jamindars.</p>
<h1><span style="color: #0099ff;"><b>Some of the important causes of Champaran peasant struggles were as under:</b></span><b></b></h1>
<p>(1) In Champaran and as a matter of fact in the whole of Bihar, there was an enormous personal increase in the land rent.</p>
<p>(2) The peasants were obliged to grow indigo and this curtailed their freedom of cultivation.</p>
<p>(3) The peasants were compelled to devote the best part of their land
for growing particular crops as desired by the landlord. They were also
required to give their best time and energy to the crops decided by the
landlord.</p>
<p>(4) The peasants were paid very poor wages. These were so meagre that
it was very difficult for them to earn their livelihood. Briefing the
situation of peasants in Champaran D.G. Tendulkar writes: The tale of
woes of Indian ryots, forced to plant indigo by the British planters,
forms one of the blackest in the annals of colonial exploitation. Not a
chest of Indigo reached England without being stained with human blood.</p>
<p>(5) One very important reason for the Champaran unrest was the
sub-human life led by the people. Gandhiji when visited Champaran was
very much displeased by the abject poverty of the peasants. He expressed
his feelings in the following words: “The peasants in Champaran are
leading their lives like animals, suffering from all kinds of
miseries.”</p>
<p>The Champaran peasantry suffered terribly at the hands of European
planters. The landlords and the government officials combined together
also oppressed the peasantry. Gandhiji, who had returned from South
Africa, wanted to experience his non-cooperation movement and
satyagraha in India. Champaran seemed to be a suitable place for making
such an experiment.</p>
<p>The people were also ready to accept the leadership of Gandhiji,
though in the end the incidence of Chauri-Chaura turned the movement to
violence. Gandhiji was not happy with all this. However, we would
reiterate that the Champaran peasant movement was a part of the national
movement of independence.</p>
<h1><span style="color: #0099ff;"><b><a href="https://www.patnabeats.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/champaran-movement.jpg" rel="attachment wp-att-3690"><img alt="champaran" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-3690" height="720" src="https://www.patnabeats.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/champaran-movement.jpg" width="1280" /></a><br />
The course of events that led to the Champaran peasant struggle can be described as under:</b></span><b></b></h1>
<p>(1) One very important feature of Champaran movement was that it was
led by intelligentsia. Some of the prominent leaders of the country,
namely, Gandhiji, Rajendra Prasad, Brijkishore Prasad and Muzharul Haq
participated in the movement. This provided strength and direction to
the movement.</p>
<p>(2) On 10th April, 1914 the sufferings of the Champaran peasants were
discussed thoroughly at the annual conference of the Bihar Provincial
Congress Committee, which found that the Champaran peasants were in a
serious situation.</p>
<p>(3) Next year, in 1915, the Provincial Congress Committee
recommended for the constitution of an inquiry committee to take stock
of the Champaran peasantry.</p>
<p>(4) It was in 1916 that the Indian National Congress, in its Lucknow
session, discussed the peasant situation of Champaran. It was decided
that something had to be done to give immediate relief to the Champaran
peasants.</p>
<p>(5) On 14th May, 1917 Gandhiji wrote a letter to the District
Magistrate of Champaran, W.B. Heycock, wherein he showed his concern to
give the peasants freedom from landlords and government. Gandhiji
wanted to improve the relations between the jamindars and tenants.</p>
<p>(6) Rajendra Prasad was very much unhappy with the inhuman life led
by the Champaran peasants. He himself was an eye-witness to the poor and
miserable condition of the peasants.</p>
<p>(7) It was in 1908 that the peasants at the Sathi factory and other
neighbouring factories stopped the cultivation of indigo and organised
an agitation. To quell it, 19 persons were convicted in</p>
<p>December 1908. Nearly 200 prisoners awaited trial at Motihari under different charges including assaulting planters and arson.</p>
<p>(8) The struggle of the Champaran peasants took place in April 1917.
The British government adopted very serious methods to oppress the
peasants. They were tortured for not paying the excessive revenues.
“Among the methods adopted were setting Dhangars and Doms, the low caste
people, on the high caste tenants decides the policemen tying them down
and beating them, and putting logs of wood on their chest.</p>
<p>In another method of torture the hands were put underneath the leg
and tied to the neck, the leg being raised. If the peasants did not pay
even then, they were brought to the factories. They were forced to
embrace a neem tree with both their hands tied together, and set upon by
policemen.</p>
<p>On such occasions, the indigo planter used to be present on the
scene. On the other hand, the red ants on the tree would bite the man
tied to the tree, but he could do nothing as his hands were tied. The
Champaran peasant movement had to undergo severe sufferings.</p>
<p>But the participation of the general peasantry and the ideology of
non-violence gave strength to the peasants. It is interesting to look at
the outcomes of this movement. The Champaran movement is described to
be a success story in the history of peasant movements in India.</p>
<h1><span style="color: #0099ff;"><b>Some of the important outcomes of the movement are given below:</b></span><b></b></h1>
<p>(1) One very important outcome of the movement was the enactment of
Champaran Agrarian Act assented by Governor General of India on 1st May,
1918.</p>
<p>(2) E.M.S. Namboodripad, the leader of the left movement in India,
considered Champaran movement as a contribution to the development of
nationalism. He observes:</p>
<p>…despite stiff opposition by the European planters and their
protectors in the bureaucracy, Gandhiji and his comrades were able to
bring the struggle to a successful conclusion</p>
<p>(3) There were few scholars who did not consider the Champaran
movement as a success story. The movement did not succeed to strike
against the exploitation and discrimination with which the peasants
suffered. Ramesh Chandra Dutt, for instance, argued that the
settlements made between the government and the peasants did not
embrace the exploitation of our peasants by jamindars, so also this
agitation led by the Mahatma in Champaran did not lead up to any fight
against the main causes for the terrible poverty and sufferings of
Champaran peasants, namely, the excessive rents and exorbitant
incidence of debts… it does strike us rather significant that both he
(Gandhiji) and Rajendra Prasad should have remained scrupulously silent
upon the ravages of the jamindari system.</p>
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<p><a href="http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/summary-of-champaran-bihar-movement-1917-18/31984/" target="_blank">Source</a></p>
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-8615561900549856142022-05-27T01:26:00.003-07:002022-05-27T01:26:36.157-07:00The Unsung Heroes of the Champaran Satyagraha<p> </p><div class="postComplete__post-header-wrapper"><a href="https://thewire.in/category/history/all" target="_blank" title="All post in History"><div class="tag">History</div></a><div><h1 class="title"><span>The Unsung Heroes of the Champaran Satyagraha</span></h1><p class="shortDesc">As
India commemorates the centenary of the Champaran satyagraha, we must
ensure that heroes like Pir Muhammed Munis are brought to the forefront
of the narrative.</p></div></div><div class="postComplete__post-image-wrapper"><div class="featured-image valign-wrapper wp-caption aligncenter"><img alt="The Unsung Heroes of the Champaran Satyagraha" class="img-responsive" src="https://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/BiharSatyagraha-Gandhi.jpg" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Gandhi in Bihar during a satyagraha. Courtesy: The Better India</p></div></div><div class="postComplete__post-content-wrapper _yeti_done" style="display: block;"><div class="col s12 m3"><div class="share"><div><div class="author"><div class="avatars"><span class="avatar"><div class="author-avatar-placeholder"></div></span></div><div class="author__name"><a href="https://thewire.in/author/mod-saj-and-afroz" target="_blank" title="All Stories by Mohammad Sajjad and Afroz Alam Sahil">Mohammad Sajjad and Afroz Alam Sahil</a></div></div><div class="share-container col s12 m3 l3 xl12 share-container-mobile" id="share-123622" style="display: block;"><div style="display: inline-block;"><div class="share-icon"><div class="SocialMediaShareButton SocialMediaShareButton--facebook" role="button" tabindex="0"><div style="height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg class="social-icon social-icon--facebook " fill="white" height="32" viewbox="0 0 64 64" width="32"><g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="SocialMediaShareButton SocialMediaShareButton--twitter" role="button" tabindex="0"><div style="height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg class="social-icon social-icon--twitter " fill="white" height="32" viewbox="0 0 64 64" width="32"><g></g></svg></div></div><div class="SocialMediaShareButton SocialMediaShareButton--linkedin" role="button" tabindex="0"><div style="height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg class="social-icon social-icon--linkedin " fill="white" height="32" viewbox="0 0 64 64" width="32"><g></g></svg></div></div><div class="SocialMediaShareButton SocialMediaShareButton--reddit" role="button" tabindex="0"><div style="height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg class="social-icon social-icon--reddit " fill="white" height="32" viewbox="0 0 64 64" width="32"><g></g></svg></div></div><div class="SocialMediaShareButton SocialMediaShareButton--whatsapp" role="button" tabindex="0"><div style="height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg class="social-icon social-icon--whatsapp " fill="white" height="32" viewbox="0 0 64 64" width="32"><g></g></svg></div></div><div class="col s12 m12"><div class="top-space post__content-meta valign-wrapper"><span class="data-tag"><a href="https://thewire.in/category/history/all" target="_blank" title="History"><div class="tag">History</div></a></span><span class="posted-on">13/Apr/2017</span></div></div><div class="col s12 m10 width-78p postComplete__description"><div class="col s12 m3 postComplete__banner" id="div-gpt-ad-1552302797359-0" style="float: right; padding: 0 0 0 24px;"></div><div class="grey-text">
<p>India is commemorating the centenary of the Champaran satyagraha, also known as the Indigo revolution. Long <a href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bapu-ko-karyanjali-digital-exhibition-champaran-satyagraha-pm-modi-swachhagraha/1/923601.html" target="_blank">official celebrations</a>
are underway, beginning with an academic seminar at Muzaffarpur on
April 10 – because it was on this day in 1917 that Mahatma Gandhi had
reached Muzaffarpur. Such celebrations will serve a better purpose if
the names of those unsung heroes, which have faced erasures across
schools, are restored.</p>
<p>Muzaffarpur in Bihar was, and continues to be, the headquarters of
the commissioner of the Tirhut division under whose jurisdiction the
East (Motihari) and West (Bettiah) Champaran districts fall. From here,
Gandhi proceeded to Champaran.</p>
<p>Historians have thus far largely ignored significant research about
hitherto lesser known local leaders of the Champaran satyagraha. Far too
much importance has been accorded to Raj Kumar Shukla. Even the
introductory essay added by Bhairav Lal Das – the compiler of
Shukla’s recently published diary – also suffers from big omissions. The
diary was originally in the Kaithi script, which Shukla was familiar
with. The most glaring omission in Shukla’s memoir is that of Pir
Muhammed Munis (1882-1949), who was arguably the most significant leader
of the Champaran peasants in the third phase of the struggle in 1917.
Das, for reasons best known to him, has deliberately looked away from
Pir Munis’ contributions as a writer and activist. Shukla was his
associate.</p>
<p>The first phase of the peasant struggle in Champaran was during
1867-77, when peasant resistance remained couched within the legalities
and resulted in small ripples without long-term effect. In the second
significant wave of the peasant protests in Champaran (1907-09), there
was defiance and violence. Shaikh Gulab (1858-1943) of the Chand Barwah
village and Shaikh Rajab Ali were the leaders of this phase. These
leaders could prevail upon the cultivators not to grow indigo and to
resist the planters, sometimes with violence, when they tried to coerce
the peasants to grow the cash crop. Gulab was tried on charges of
unlawful assembly, arson, loot, and instigating fatal attacks on the
planters and their property. The agitators were united in their
opposition to the European planters irrespective of caste, creed and
religion. Muslims took an oath of loyalty on the Quran; the Hindus did
so before their idols, cows and under the sacred peepal trees. For a
while there was widespread belief in the district that the reign of the
English was over.</p>
<p class="_yeti_done" style="display: block;">Pages of Shukla’s diary,
where the most crucial details are covered, are largely wasted with
trivial details. Even Gandhi had found his trip to Patna in the first
week of April 1917 to be “a mistake”, <a href="https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Z8JjbAVs2vUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&ots=jMZXUUITPD&sig=2aaHSW5RdRhZNk6X5xCWPFpFZHw#v=onepage&q=a%20mistake%20and%20that%20his%20host%20Shukla%20was%20an%20idiot&f=false" target="_blank">wrote</a>
Arthur Herman in 2008. Gandhi was thoroughly disappointed with Shukla’s
company – he described him in a letter as an “ignorant, unsophisticated
but resolute agriculturist” – and the sorry spectacle of untouchability
that he witnessed at an advocate’s house in Patna, while the advocate
was away. This induced Gandhi to shift his place of stay. “Then Gandhi
remembered,” Herman wrote, “that a lawyer he knew from his London days
was … a Muslim named Mazharul Haq”. Thereafter, Gandhi took matters into
his own hands and arrived at Muzaffarpur.</p><div class="_yeti_main_container" data-attr="not-done" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; display: block; height: auto; margin: auto; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 100%;"><div class="_yeti_ad_container" id="fi-ash-1583325118-2171_73522_80749" name="_yeti_50848" style="height: 0px; margin: auto; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; transform: scale(1); width: 0px;"></div></div>
<p>Rajendra Prasad’s <em>Autobiography</em> (1957) and <em>At The Feet of Mahatma</em>
(1956, p 9), and a number of other primary and secondary sources,
abundantly testify that the delegation that went to Lucknow to draw the
attention of the politically noteworthy in December 1916 consisted of
Pir Munis, Haribansh Sahay and Shukla. The trip is said to have been
funded by Haji Deen Mohammad Ansari (1883-1961). Pir Munis had already
been writing news reports and columns about the wretched subjugation of
the Champaran peasantry in the Hindi daily, <em>Pratap</em> (of Kanpur),
edited by Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi (1890-1931). Pir Munis was a local
correspondent in the district. It was Pir Munis’s columns in <em>Pratap </em>that nationalised
the cause of the Champaran peasantry. In fact all historical records
suggest that Shukla was not very educated. Several local historians have
also mentioned that it was Pir Munis who was the original author of the
letters written to Gandhi in Shukla’s name.</p>
<p>Gulab and Shital Rai had heard of Pir Munis through his writings
about the Champaran peasants in the Hindi press. In 1910, Pir Munis had
travelled to Allahabad where he met Pundit Sundarlal, who introduced him
to Vidyarthi. In his memoir, Banarsidas Chaturvedi (1892-1985) provides
a lot of information about Pir Munis. B.B. Mishra’s collection of
documents (1963) also makes many references to Pir Munis. The colonial
records had already declared Pir Munis a ‘<em>badmaash</em>’ (criminally
oriented) journalist. Based on archival documents, correspondences and
other primary evidence, at least two thin biographical accounts of Pir
Munis have come out in the current decade. One is by Shrikant (2011), a
senior journalist who worked with the Hindi daily <em>Hindustan</em>
(Patna) and is now the director of Jagjivan Ram Institute of
Parliamentary Studies and Politics in Patna. The other is by Afroz Alam
Sahil (2015).</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignleft" id="attachment_123745" style="width: 334px;"><a href="https://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/munis.jpg"><img alt="A sketch of Pir Munis. " aria-describedby="caption-attachment-123745" class=" wp-image-123745" height="404" src="https://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/munis.jpg" width="324" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-123745">A sketch of Pir Munis.</p></div>
<p>The two biographers of Pir Munis cite sources that claim that in early 1915 the writings of Pir Munis in <em>Pratap, </em>along
with a pamphlet written by him, suggested that there were rumours in
the area that the man from South Africa will soon be in their midst to
mitigate the indigo farming drudgery. Confidential official
correspondences published by Mishra carry documents wherein Pir
Munis was kept on official surveillance by the Raj. The sub-divisional
officer, W. H. Lewis, had declared that Pir Munis was a link leader
between the educated, the semi-educated and the <em>ryots </em>(peasants).
Furthermore, Lewis had claimed that, “Munis was the most prominent one”
to have “offered assistance to Gandhi” by persuading him to visit
Champaran.</p>
<p>A similar remark was made by the commissioner of Tirhut, in one such
confidential correspondence. In February and March 1917, Pir Munis had
written at least three letters to Gandhi, persuading him to come to
Champaran. It is quite unfortunate that although this fact has been
acknowledged by most local vernacular historians, as well as by Rajendra
Prasad, most of the actual letters have been lost. Ramachandra Guha
should not have overlooked all these significant accounts while writing
about Shukla’s diary. Guha, it would appear, neglected to consult
documents in Mishra’s volume, not to mention the more recent Hindi works
on Pir Munis. It is of utmost importance to draw attention to the fact
that on arrival in Bettiah, Gandhi made it a point to visit Pir Munis’
house first to meet his mother.</p>
<p>We don’t have much evidence to ascertain whether Gandhi looked back
to the wretched peasantry of Champaran after the satyagraha of 1917,
even though he did pay some more visits subsequently. Arvind N. Das
wrote in 1983 that the Gandhi’s satyagraha in Champaran was no more than
a 56 day wonder. Indigo farming was finished but the exploitation
continued. The movement neither ended nor indeed was it aimed at ending
exploitation. The people in Champaran explain through their folk saying,
‘<em>Nilahe gaye, milahe aaye’</em> (The planters have gone and in their place have come the sugar-mill owners).</p>
<p>The issue of agricultural labour wage earners remained pathetically
ignored. D.N. Dhanagre (1992) therefore says that perhaps it was a sense
of pity or remorse, or both that prompted Gandhi to undertake some
relief work for the poor peasants in Champaran. To run the schools and
other ameliorative activities, Gandhi had to import volunteers from
western India. Local support was lacking, hence it could not be
sustained. Herman also concurs, “Gandhi was unhappy that the committee
of inquiry’s final recommendations did little to change the lives of
Champaran’s cultivators, and the peasant schools he had set up all
folded once he left Bihar”.</p>
<p>It is a minor mystery as to why Gandhi, while writing in detail of
Shukla in his autobiography, omits references of Pir Munis, Sahay or
Gulab. Of course, Shukla’s diary too, refrains from mentioning these
personalities.</p>
<p>In a public meeting in Champaran in 1950, Prasad, as the first
president of independent India, promised to give 24 acres of government
land to the poor Batakh Miyan, a cook who had, in 1917, prevented
Gandhi’s assassination by a British plantation manager.
Economist-historian Girish Mishra was also present at the meeting. But
till 2010, the promise remained unrealised.</p>
<p>It may be noted that during 1946-50, hundreds of acres of lands in
Sathi (Champaran) were being settled in the names of various influential
people as per Arvind N. Das, (1983). Ram Manohar Lohia had enquired
into it. In their accounts, peasant activists like Indradeep Sinha
(1969), Ramnandan Mishra (1952) and others have written about the land
loot in Sathi (Champaran). Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel resented
the loot with tacit official support, and asked <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/126467/" target="_blank">to cancel the settlements</a>
with Prajapati Mishra and his brother Ram Prasad Shahi. The Saathi Land
Restoration Act was also legislated in 1950. But the likes of Pir Munis
and Batakh Miyan remained landless, even after India’s independence.</p>
<p>Historians also need to look into the class composition of the
leaders of the Champaran satyagraha, which would partly explain why
Champaran continues to suffer from poverty and inequality.</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignright" id="attachment_123747" style="width: 196px;"><a href="https://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Dr_Rajendra_Pd._DR.Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha.jpg"><img alt="Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha during Mahatma Gandhi's 1917 Champaran Satyagraha. Credit: Wikimedia Commons" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-123747" class="size-full wp-image-123747" height="283" src="https://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Dr_Rajendra_Pd._DR.Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha.jpg" width="186" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-123747">Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha during Mahatma Gandhi’s 1917 Champaran Satyagraha. Credit: Wikimedia Commons</p></div>
<p>Shukla’s holdings were <a href="https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1966.html" target="_blank">seven times more</a>
than the average landholding in Champaran, and he was a big
moneylender too. So were Sant Raut, and Khendar Rai, who earned an
interest of about a lakh per year from money lending. These leaders
would appear to be fighting the Europeans for their own class interest.
The Indian zamindars forcing opium cultivation were no less
exploitative. But this issue did not draw the attention of the Congress
stalwarts. Be it the interventions and writings of Gandhi and his upper
caste urban advocates of Patna and Muzaffarpur – all discourse remained
directed only against European planters, whereas local exploitative
elements were left untouched. This explains why subaltern heroes like
Pir Munis remain unsung.</p>
<p>As against this, Pir Munis kept writing about the Champaran peasantry
even after 1920. He died wretchedly with severe ailments procured
during frequent and long incarcerations. He was dismissed from his
services as a teacher in the Bettiah Raj School. Shukla, on the other
hand, went to jail only once in 1914 on charges of picking a fight with a
planter. Chaturvedi’s memoir contains Pir Munis’ letters of privations
in his personal life, during his last days, because of which, despite
Chaturvedi’s insistence in 1944, Pir Munis could not find time to write
his own memoir. A profile of him has been written by Acharya Shivpujan
Sahay also. Rahul Sankritayan has also written about him at length. In
1958-59, historian K.K. Datta (1905-82) had obtained from Pir Munis’
house some correspondence, and a manuscript on the history of Champaran.
He reported it in the Regional Records Survey Committee Report of
1958-59. Unfortunately, all these are lost now. Quite a lot of Pir
Munis’ works which had been compiled for publication were destroyed in
the earthquake of 1934.</p>
<p>A thankless nation has forgotten the man who suffered so much for the
emancipation of hapless peasants of his area and later, for the larger
freedom struggle. It is surprising that the Congress did not put forward
Pir Munis as a symbol of struggle against divisive forces during
1937-46 elections. For the Congress, Pir Munis had resigned from the
chairmanship of the district board in 1939. He was among the founders of
the district Congress committee of Champaran in 1921, and never quit
the Congress. The centenary celebration must ensure that the unsung
heroes of the Champaran satyagraha are resurrected and brought to the
forefront of the narrative. Historiography has thus far, regrettably,
been very unkind to such unsung heroes.</p>
<div class="_yeti_main_container" data-attr="not-done" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; display: block; height: auto; margin: auto; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 100%;"><div class="_yeti_ad_container" id="fi-ash-1576524099-2501_77969_30590" name="_yeti_82065" style="height: 0px; left: -13.5px; margin: auto; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; transform: scale(0.95); width: 0px;"></div></div><p class="_yeti_done" style="display: block;"><em>Mohammad Sajjad is a professor of history at Aligarh Muslim University. </em><em>Afroz Alam Sahil is a freelance journalist. </em></p>
<p><em>Note: This article was edited to replace Arthur Herman’s
description of Gandhi’s characterisation of Raj Kumar Shukla as an
“idiot” with Gandhi’s own words to describe him: an “ignorant,
unsophisticated but resolute agriculturist”.</em></p>
</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-737651311744921252021-12-27T23:49:00.001-08:002021-12-27T23:49:19.739-08:00'The new year's eve I sung songs in a prison in Lahore'<p> </p><div class="D6j0vc"><div class="gXmnc s6JM6d" id="center_col"><div id="taw"><div><p aria-level="3" class="p64x9c card-section KDCVqf" id="fprs" role="heading"><br /></p></div></div></div></div><div class="wDYxhc" data-md="61" lang="en-IN" style="clear: none;"><div aria-level="3" class="LGOjhe" data-attrid="wa:/description" data-hveid="CAkQAA" role="heading"><span class="ILfuVd"><span class="hgKElc">December 31, 1929. As Jawaharlal Nehru unfurled the tricolour on the banks of the river Ravi 92 years ago and demanded '<b>Purna Swaraj</b>', freedom fighters locked up in a Lahore jail saluted the moment with patriotic songs. One of the prisoners was my grandfather.</span></span><span class="kX21rb ZYHQ7e">17 hours ago</span></div></div><a data-jsarwt="1" data-usg="AOvVaw2RhOrBbvjpWsocMLJBSd5T" data-ved="2ahUKEwjR2ObW_4X1AhWNzIsBHfJhCZYQFnoECAoQAw" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-new-years-eve-i-sung-songs-in-a-prison-in-lahore/articleshow/88472861.cms"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">'The new year's eve I sung songs in a prison in Lahore'</span></h3></a><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre"><a data-jsarwt="1" data-usg="AOvVaw2RhOrBbvjpWsocMLJBSd5T" data-ved="2ahUKEwjR2ObW_4X1AhWNzIsBHfJhCZYQFnoECAoQAw" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-new-years-eve-i-sung-songs-in-a-prison-in-lahore/articleshow/88472861.cms"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text"> › india › articleshow<br /><br /><b><span style="color: red;">TIMES OF INDIA ARTICLE -BUT YOU CANNOT READ IT FULL BECAUSE <br /></span></b><br /></span></cite></a><div class="wDYxhc" data-md="135" lang="en-IN"><a data-jsarwt="1" data-usg="AOvVaw2RhOrBbvjpWsocMLJBSd5T" data-ved="2ahUKEwjR2ObW_4X1AhWNzIsBHfJhCZYQFnoECAoQAw" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-new-years-eve-i-sung-songs-in-a-prison-in-lahore/articleshow/88472861.cms"></a><div class="Crs1tb" data-hveid="CAoQAA"><a data-jsarwt="1" data-usg="AOvVaw2RhOrBbvjpWsocMLJBSd5T" data-ved="2ahUKEwjR2ObW_4X1AhWNzIsBHfJhCZYQFnoECAoQAw" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-new-years-eve-i-sung-songs-in-a-prison-in-lahore/articleshow/88472861.cms"><div aria-level="3" class="iKJnec" role="heading">(times Group) is a Newspapers company and has headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Bennett Coleman And Co.<br />...<br />Bennett Coleman And Co. Ltd. ( times Group) overview.</div></a><div class="webanswers-webanswers_table__webanswers-table"><a data-jsarwt="1" data-usg="AOvVaw2RhOrBbvjpWsocMLJBSd5T" data-ved="2ahUKEwjR2ObW_4X1AhWNzIsBHfJhCZYQFnoECAoQAw" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-new-years-eve-i-sung-songs-in-a-prison-in-lahore/articleshow/88472861.cms"><table><tbody><tr class="ztXv9"><th style="padding-left: 0;">Name :</th><th>Bennett Coleman And Co. Ltd. (times Group)</th></tr><tr><td style="padding-left: 0;">CEO :</td><td>Raj Jain</td></tr><tr><td style="padding-left: 0;">No of employees :</td><td>8350</td></tr><tr><td style="padding-left: 0;">Founded :</td><td>1838</td></tr><tr><td style="padding-left: 0;">Revenue :</td><td>$1.3B</td></tr></tbody></table></a><a class="w13wLe" data-jsarwt="1" data-usg="AOvVaw0iAa9mVmwnoTMyPsejvA74" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdte6pgIb1AhUsGqYKHQ9-CXQQnLoEegQIChAB" href="https://www.easyleadz.com/company/bennett-coleman-and-co-times-group">6 more rows</a></div></div></div><div class="g"><div data-hveid="CAsQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdte6pgIb1AhUsGqYKHQ9-CXQQFSgAegQICxAA"><div class="tF2Cxc"><div class="yuRUbf"><a data-jsarwt="1" data-usg="AOvVaw0iAa9mVmwnoTMyPsejvA74" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdte6pgIb1AhUsGqYKHQ9-CXQQFnoECAsQAw" href="https://www.easyleadz.com/company/bennett-coleman-and-co-times-group"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md">Bennett Coleman And Co. Ltd. (times Group) - Email & Phone ...</h3></a><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre"><a data-jsarwt="1" data-usg="AOvVaw0iAa9mVmwnoTMyPsejvA74" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdte6pgIb1AhUsGqYKHQ9-CXQQFnoECAsQAw" href="https://www.easyleadz.com/company/bennett-coleman-and-co-times-group"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text">https://www.easyleadz.com<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text"> › company › bennett-coleman...<br /><br /></span></cite></a><a data-jsarwt="1" data-usg="AOvVaw0iAa9mVmwnoTMyPsejvA74" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdte6pgIb1AhUsGqYKHQ9-CXQQFnoECAsQAw" href="https://www.easyleadz.com/company/bennett-coleman-and-co-times-group"><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md">Bennett Coleman And Co. Ltd-<span style="color: red;">WAS A BRITISH OWNED NEWSPAPER COMPANY OF BOMBAY/MUMBAI <br /></span></h3></a><span style="color: red;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text"></span></cite></span></div><div class="B6fmyf"><div class="TbwUpd"><span style="color: red;"><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text"></span></cite></span></div><div class="csDOgf"><div><div data-acc="n" data-enjspb="true" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdte6pgIb1AhUsGqYKHQ9-CXQQ2esEegQICxAG"><div><div><div><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="About this Result" class="iTPLzd GUHazd lUn2nc eY4mx" role="button" style="padding-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 5px; position: absolute;" tabindex="0"><span style="color: red;"><span class="D6lY4c"><span class="xTFaxe IjabWd z1asCe SaPW2b" style="height: 18px; line-height: 18px; width: 18px;"><svg viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"></svg></span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec"><span class="aCOpRe ljeAnf" style="-webkit-line-clamp: 2;"><br /></span></div><cite class="iUh30 qLRx3b tjvcx" role="text"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe" role="text"></span></cite></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-66572679064547454952021-12-27T23:29:00.001-08:002021-12-27T23:29:12.778-08:00<p> </p><div class="q-text" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;"><span class="CssComponent__CssInlineComponent-sc-1oskqb9-1 UserSelectableText___StyledCssInlineComponent-lsmoq4-0 kghFzc"><span class="q-box qu-userSelect--text" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="q-box qu-mx--n_medium" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="CssComponent-sc-1oskqb9-0 QTextImage___StyledCssComponent-sc-1yi3aau-0 ilDNcJ"><div class="q-box unzoomed" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1em;" tabindex="-1"><img class="q-image qu-display--block" src="https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-30ca741126069baae3c045ac28801352-lq" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></div></div></div><p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;"><span style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">DON'T SAY THAT--- WE GOT FREEDOM ONLY BECAUSE OF AHIMSA.</span></p> <p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;"><span style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Before
hanging him, British broke his teeth with hammer & pulled out all
his nails. His limbs and joints were broken. His last words were- "MY
DREAM, A GOLDEN DREAM, THE DREAM OF FREE INDIA"</span></p> <p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-wrap: anywhere;"><span style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">IT IS ECAUSE MÁRTYRS LIKE HIM WE CELEBRATE FREEDOM.UNFORTUNATELY THESE ARE NOT IN OUR HISTORY</span></p> <p class="q-text qu-display--block qu-wordBreak--break-word qu-textAlign--start" style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0px; overflow-wrap: anywhere;"><span style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Jai Hind</span></p></span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-24316853802691776682021-12-13T04:15:00.000-08:002021-12-13T04:15:13.899-08:00<p> </p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
India from a poor colony of Britain ;now launches two U.K. satellites
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<a class="ipQwMb Q7tWef" href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiELHfY9G-_EpACqolpX6_iPwqGQgEKhAIACoHCAowiYr-CjD1iIoDMIq06QU">PSLV to<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: red;"> launch two U.K. satellites</span></span> today</a></h3>
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PSLV (polar satellite launch vehicle) will be launched on September 16
night from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota to put two
earth observation ...</div>
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<a class="KbnJ8" href="https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMImK_gow9YiKAw?hl=en-IN&gl=IN&ceid=IN%3Aen">The Hindu</a></div>
<time class="WW6dff" datetime="seconds: 1537015617
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<img alt="Image result for INDIANROCKET WITH BRITISH SATELLITE" class="rg_ic rg_i" height="425" id="nFWqzRr-fBZRcM:" 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" 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<h4>
<a class="ipQwMb Q7tWef" href="https://news.google.com/articles/CAIiEIHhmrcvNwEC_-Rwvkq08n4qGQgEKhAIACoHCAowj8n_CjDIrfkCMMf18wU">ISRO's Commercial Arm Launches Two UK Satellites, Will Fetch Rs 200 Crore</a></h4>
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The
Indian Space Research Organisation has launched two British satellites
tonight for which India will earn upwards of Rs 200 crore. It is the
44th launch of the ...</div>
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<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAQ" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-launch-two-british-satellites-today/videoshow/65826886.cms"><img alt="" class="rISBZc M4dUYb" data-atf="3" height="115" id="dimg_2" 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<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAQ" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-launch-two-british-satellites-today/videoshow/65826886.cms"><span class="qB1pae"></span></a></div>
<div class="k8B8Pc">
<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAQ" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-launch-two-british-satellites-today/videoshow/65826886.cms">1:50</a></div>
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<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAQ" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-launch-two-british-satellites-today/videoshow/65826886.cms">
</a>
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<div class="HZHVac mB12kf JRhSae ZyAH8d" role="heading" style="height: 6.875em;">
<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAQ" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-launch-two-british-satellites-today/videoshow/65826886.cms">ISRO to launch two </a><br />
<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAQ" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-launch-two-british-satellites-today/videoshow/65826886.cms">British satellites </a><br />
<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAQ" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-launch-two-british-satellites-today/videoshow/65826886.cms">today</a></div>
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<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAQ" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-launch-two-british-satellites-today/videoshow/65826886.cms">
</a>
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<span class="cJzOGc" style="font-size: 13px; padding: 2px 0;">The Economic Times</span> - 7 days ago</div>
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<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAN6BAgGEAc" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSw1qDKhDbc">0:46</a></div>
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<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAN6BAgGEAc" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSw1qDKhDbc">launches two </a><br />
<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiSzsO0mM_dAhXIb30KHab7DZMQwqsBMAN6BAgGEAc" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSw1qDKhDbc">British satellites</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-launches-2-uk-satellites/article24965948.ece">PSLV-C42 puts 2 UK satellites into orbit - The Hindu BusinessLine</a></h3>
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<span class="st"><span class="f">5 days ago - </span>The <i>launch</i> of <i>two satellites</i> of the <i>United Kingdom</i> — NovaSAR and S1-4 from Sriharikota Space Port on Sunday night by the Indian Space ...</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-pslv-c42-lifts-off-with-two-foreign-earth-observation-satellites/article24962349.ece">ISRO's PSLV-C-42 launches two U.K. satellites - The Hindu</a></h3>
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<span class="st"><i>ISRO's PSLV</i>-C-42 <i>launches two U.K. satellites</i>. T.K. Rohit. Sriharikota, September 16, 2018 22:56 IST. Updated: September 17, 2018 13:30 IST. Share Article ...</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/indias-pslv-rocket-successfully-puts-into-orbit-two-uk-satellites-novasar-s1-4-5196341.html">India's PSLV rocket successfully puts into orbit two UK satellites ...</a></h3>
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<cite class="iUh30 bc">https://www.firstpost.com › Technology News › Science</cite></div>
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<span class="st"><span class="f">6 days ago - </span><i>Two satellites</i> aboard the Indian rocket - Polar <i>Satellite Launch</i> Vehicle (<i>PSLV</i>) - belonged to Surrey <i>Satellite</i> Technologies Ltd (SSTL), <i>UK</i></span><img alt="Image result for INDIAN PULLING BRITISHER ON RICKSHAW" class="irc_mi" src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c8/b9/40/c8b940188fe72fe4f79593e4aff20146.jpg" style="margin-top: 48px;" /><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">THEN</span></b> <b>WE CARRIED WHITE MEN AND WOMEN ON RICKSHAWS</b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">NOW we carry satellites</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png"><img alt="קובץ:1 AD to 2003 AD Historical Trends in global distribution of GDP China India Western Europe USA Middle East.png" data-file-height="5725" data-file-width="9606" height="477" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png/800px-1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png" width="800" /></a><br />
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גודל התצוגה המקדימה הזאת: <a class="mw-thumbnail-link" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png/800px-1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png"><span dir="ltr">800 × 477</span> פיקסלים</a>. <span class="mw-filepage-other-resolutions">רזולוציות אחרות: <a class="mw-thumbnail-link" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png/320px-1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png"><span dir="ltr">320 × 191</span> פיקסלים</a> | <a class="mw-thumbnail-link" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png/640px-1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png"><span dir="ltr">640 × 381</span> פיקסלים</a> | <a class="mw-thumbnail-link" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png/1024px-1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png"><span dir="ltr">1,024 × 610</span> פיקסלים</a> | <a class="mw-thumbnail-link" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png/1280px-1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png"><span dir="ltr">1,280 × 763</span> פיקסלים</a> | <a class="mw-thumbnail-link" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/1_AD_to_2003_AD_Historical_Trends_in_global_distribution_of_GDP_China_India_Western_Europe_USA_Middle_East.png"><span dir="ltr">9,606 × 5,725</span> פיקסלים</a>.</span></div>
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<b> <span style="font-size: large;">India<span style="color: #f1c232;"> <span style="color: orange;">yellow line</span></span> was<span style="font-size: x-large;"> first super power of the world from <i><u><span style="color: magenta;">A.D. 1 TO A.D. </span></u></i></span><span style="color: red;"><i><u><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">1000</span></span></u></i></span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><i><u><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></span></u></i> AFTER BRITISH LOOTING RULE FROM 1800 TO 1947 INDIA BECAME POOR</span></span></b><br />
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<img alt="Image result for BRITISH LOOTING" class="irc_mi" height="353" src="https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-3129dbbef69ffffc36e68710f13738c2-c" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="367" /><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><span style="color: blue;"><span class="oedJWe"><a class="irc_pt irc_tas i3598 irc_lth" data-cthref="https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwir7rjClc_dAhVPFHIKHWvJC2QQjhx6BAgBEAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FWhat-is-the-evidence-to-show-that-the-Britons-had-looted-India&psig=AOvVaw1mdcEEN1PvUVYn0q7E5yeb&ust=1537723834209392" data-noload="" data-ved="2ahUKEwir7rjClc_dAhVPFHIKHWvJC2QQjhx6BAgBEAM" dir="ltr" href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-evidence-to-show-that-the-Britons-had-looted-India" rel="noopener" style="text-align: left;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">What is the evidence to show that the Britons had looted India</span>? - <span style="font-size: small;">Quora</span></a></span></span></b></i></span><br />
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<span class="irc_dsh"><a class="o5rIVb irc_hol i3724 irc_lth" data-noload="" data-ved="2ahUKEwir7rjClc_dAhVPFHIKHWvJC2QQjB16BAgBEAQ" href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-evidence-to-show-that-the-Britons-had-looted-India" rel="noopener" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">Quora</span></a></span><br />
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<span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">When britishers came to India , India was like</span> </div>
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<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-04-11/legacy-of-british-rule-is-still-holding-india-back">Legacy of British Rule Is Still Holding India Back - Bloomberg</a></h3>
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<span class="st"><span class="f">Apr 11, 2017 - </span>Evidence mounts that the former <i>colony</i> would have been better off without its master. ... Mason University and writes for the <i>blog</i> Marginal Revolution. ... hear about <i>India</i> is whether British colonialism has been good or <i>bad</i> for ...</span><br />
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In terms PPP, Indian GDP will overtake USA by 2030, and go on to overtake China by 2050 as world’s largest economy.</div>
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<u><i><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">According to a CITI Financial Services Group report summarized in
REDIFF and reproduced below,</span></span></i></u><br />
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<u><i><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> China should overtake the US to become the
largest economy in the world by 2020, </span></span></i></u><br />
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<u><i><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">then be overtaken by India by
2050. </span></span></i></u><br />
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</span><b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: large;">Following will be the 10 largest economies in the world in 2050: </span></span></b><br />
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</span></span></b><b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: large;">1. India: $85.97 trillion </span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: large;">2. China: $80.02 trillion </span></span></b><br />
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</span></span></b><b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: large;">3. United States: $39.07 trillion </span></span></b><br />
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</span></span></b><b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: large;">4. Indonesia: $13.93 trillion </span></span></b><br />
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</span></span></b><b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: large;">5. Brazil: $11.58 trillion </span></span></b><br />
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</span></span></b><b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: large;">6. Nigeria: $9.51 trillion </span></span></b><br />
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</span></span></b><b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: large;">7. Russia: $7.77 trillion </span></span></b><br />
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</span></span></b><b><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: large;">8. Mexico: $6.57 trillion </span></span></b><br />
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<a data-cthref="/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwig4diH8szdAhWXfX0KHXZDBigQFjABegQICRAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2Fid%2F41775174&usg=AOvVaw2cqFIdHsoD5p6UPamH2oeF" href="https://www.cnbc.com/id/41775174"><span style="color: blue;">US Will Be the World's Third Largest Economy: Citi - CNBC.com</span></a></h3>
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<cite class="iUh30">https://www.cnbc.com/id/41775174</cite></div>
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<span class="st"><span class="f">Feb 25, 2011 - </span>"<i>China should overtake the US to become the largest economy in the world by 2020, then be overtaken by India by 2050</i>," he predicted.</span><br />
<div data-hveid="CAIQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwig4diH8szdAhWXfX0KHXZDBigQFSgAMAh6BAgCEAA">
<div class="rc">
<h3 class="r">
<a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1360759/US-slip-worlds-biggest-economy-2050.html">US will slip to world's third biggest economy by 2050 | Daily Mail Online</a></h3>
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<div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="white-space: nowrap;">
<cite class="iUh30">https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article.../US-slip-worlds-biggest-economy-2050.html</cite></div>
<span class="st"><span class="f">Feb 25, 2011 - </span>'<i>China should overtake the US to become the largest economy in the world by 2020, then be overtaken by India by 2050</i>,' Buiter predicted.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 class="r">
<a href="http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-budget-2011-why-india-will-be-the-number-1-economy-in-the-world-by-2050/20110224.htm">Why India will be world's No. 1 economy by 2050 - Rediff.com Business</a></h3>
<div class="s">
<div>
<div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="white-space: nowrap;">
<cite class="iUh30 bc">www.rediff.com › Business</cite></div>
</div>
</div>
<span class="st"><span class="f">Feb 24, 2011 - </span>"<i>China should overtake the US to become the largest economy in the world by 2020, then be overtaken by India by 2050</i>," financial services ...</span><span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_dVhHCyp_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext"></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://www.google.com/search?gl=US&q=indian+dynasties+timeline&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2k-eC7szdAhXXV30KHTENBnYQ1QIIdigA"><b>indian dynasties timeline</b></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.google.com/search?gl=US&q=how+old+is+india&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2k-eC7szdAhXXV30KHTENBnYQ1QIIeCgC"><b>how old is india</b></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.google.com/search?gl=US&q=rulers+of+india+in+chronological+order&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2k-eC7szdAhXXV30KHTENBnYQ1QIIeigE"><b>rulers of india in chronological order</b></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.google.com/search?gl=US&q=list+of+indian+kings&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2k-eC7szdAhXXV30KHTENBnYQ1QIIfSgH&biw=855&bih=540"><b>list of indian kings</b></a></div>
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NATURALLY WESTERN POWERS WILL TRY ALL DIRTY TRICKS TO KEEP CHINA AND
INDIA FROM ACHIEVING THIS ,INCLUDING POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL SABOTAGE<br />
<br />
.<span style="color: red;"><u><i><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">looting of india by British :-</span></b></i></u></span><br />
<br />
<center>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEh7l4QjukYAXb_HCcjUUDebeYc41u-uu8cjP5b2Ol6SIJ0mn1VXPJ4t8nkHoI3-dFi3tETdzsp35uvbWtpEfxVVCmzUKPMjZGS5SU5iubohLZNrHFokAFReUTUA1aHA1J4Fp2TePw-ED4Rl27RIs6PAZ9a3M-isLQh-A-qr5yguB42HCzSzdOrGsT-_4raO4Ndlo4bPujDs7PrR2HfiNd0XeUeNtBdogFoc=s0-d" style="height: 544px; width: 800px;" /></div>
</center>
<b>"Mutinous Sepoys Dividing Spoil," a steel engraving, c.1858</b>
<br />
Source: ebay, Oct. 2001
<br />
<br />
<hr width="100%" />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<center>
<img alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiFR9A6Y-aSg0LV6gpuaPvhu5SobULEby7KgeI1D-sp0Fpg4L6DUT1_maHYofEoTwi8uz1hb6VgON-z8j7LBxNGfHLUg6HMfxiPHS7XowmSYmoask0avs3jMhOE0604dhk3ZqCJl5U8f5rUi-Flvsn___87Pwf71ZO5DYSiH0ODuEHNcS4LHLHP0-g9yk-nV3cIQKFLgox6xRDN8xlHcuiAIRE3pNyQzRk=s0-d" style="height: 523px; width: 800px;" /><br />
</center>
</div>
<b>British soldiers looting the Qaisar Bagh, Lucknow, after its
recapture</b>
<br />
Source: ebay, Oct. 2001
<br />
"The engraving depicts the 'Times' correspondent
looking on at the sacking of the Kaiser Bagh, after the capture of
Lucknow
on March 15, 1858. "'Is this string of little white stones (pearls)
worth
anything, Gentlemen?' asks the plunderer."
From 'The History of the Indian Mutiny' by Charles Ball (London: London
Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd., 1858).<br />
<br />
<hr width="100%" />
<center>
<img alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhDF2qTs_kS_PLQGnTNAKzoatv_CTCLt9cumo2SIrz0TUg2ZIA4KHlMvzQV-oEQy8krMlgwW8DF_UTiwKLQSZQYade0kNkQ2rz3hWkuF0zK6OjOk0T4ocYOtfwp9qjkzw8rNw3o9k4kNPxYPwwX6WEWB1KUg1JrZD3IiIMLOKXPo3vf0HN_2KdD85GjC9c_60JFXTF5euQtZOkiO4XU6hyTfRIsCsVAinY=s0-d" style="height: 1263px; width: 900px;" /><br />
</center>
<b>The Red Fort was of course looted too , and parts of it were
heavily
damaged as well (Illustrated London News, 1858): very large scans of *<a href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/1857revolt/looting/redfortlootedd1.jpg">the upper picture</a>* and *<a href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/1857revolt/looting/redfortlootedd2.jpg">the lower picture</a>*</b>
<br />
Source: ebay, Mar. 2010<br />
<br />
<hr width="100%" />
<center>
<img height="549" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhC2uADI_6VSBQOhDYqtjdExh_K5R0oez8wlwonxYwS0oWJ6T9Xbu_aShME3PLMlinRugv7p5LcYgW3k5TWSdar1w4vbRS4Tqj6WRTXoL6zhU4L1dhmXJXB02J3Sk_8YepUahWvEBbxFAWSSfWX9jRvRSSfbNPDPxPVarxiOLqRcSRIlH4bA62yvzY5fdItHK3i_yY1WYzC1Dggtze5dLpxSmNAyM4G-dU=s0-d" width="750" /><br />
</center>
<b>"The Plunder of the Kaiserbagh," William Howard Russell, 'My
Diary
in India', vol. 1, 1860</b>
<br />
Source: ebay, Jan. 2007
<br />
<hr width="100%" />
<center>
<img height="588" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjr1A3LIxJsxor8n0PFxBga0Sfkyo33l8r1V9MJLEMvQ6FRH9-_Uqzrpk_3Gm3t6_zjsH7ItJlwX_OHGPHu6b8W2Cwd-qntb-3HN_pVsStqpiOnp3xq4TirczCPo3n80wGCf7Hji0qw28SzfScwX14Sq56E1-BuqaMgyzUe5-znA1ARsrQwl6Tj1DnxtXAa6vInssEJVxEWD27-LLUZVjvRH4IAKRpy3g=s0-d" width="777" /><br />
</center>
<b>"Sikh Troops Dividing the Spoil Taken from Mutineers," from
'History
of the Indian Mutiny', c.1860; with modern hand coloring</b>
<br />
Source: http://www.antiqueprints.com/products.php?cat=34
<br />
(downloaded Dec. 2004)
<br />
<hr width="100%" />
<center>
== <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/index.html#dates">Indian Routes
index</a>
== <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/sitemap.html#sitemap">Indian Routes
sitemap</a>
== <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00glossary/index.html#index">Glossary</a> == <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/%7Efp7#fwp">FWP's
main page</a> ==<br />
</center>
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<img alt="Image result for BRITISH LOOTING" class="irc_mi" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/402jxHVZ0VhAWCUqjCTZTaTZ-KofOVptjwHlMoJ4Oe0KOIcyqzgBkypuwqwp0YXgwvDW4GGPZ3McQatdrAdY7Ab6EO8RuLoUNes4huqQtyWjQjA-5HRiGusKSKspJYEEsw" style="margin-top: 0px;" /><br />
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<img alt="Image result for BRITISH LOOTING" class="irc_mi" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjyicP1_dP92aGzpLeKsGjXyG5ikkCgiJ2LoYbgdNal02dLwYo2bAzPUaJtjVKLMJKF6fZe8f4rRg256o7Uew-yfzOYHnVEbipNSFEtCLvBWnnX_0HHzyoVMUj6O6ynS_Chll08Y1zG0eTC-cqM29fU=s0-d" style="margin-top: 30px;" /><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="oedJWe"><a class="irc_pt irc_tas i3598 irc_lth" data-cthref="https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiZ7vr8ks_dAhWJfn0KHZ-QCIEQjhx6BAgBEAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2Fcolumn%2Fthe-ghost-of-colonial-loot-haunts-britain%2F20171202.htm&psig=AOvVaw1mdcEEN1PvUVYn0q7E5yeb&ust=1537723834209392" data-noload="" data-ved="2ahUKEwiZ7vr8ks_dAhWJfn0KHZ-QCIEQjhx6BAgBEAM" dir="ltr" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/column/the-ghost-of-colonial-loot-haunts-britain/20171202.htm" rel="noopener" style="text-align: left;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: blue;">The ghost of colonial loot is coming back to haunt Britain - Rediff</span></b> ...</a></span></span></span><br />
<div class="irc_hd">
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="irc_dsh"><a class="o5rIVb irc_hol i3724 irc_lth" data-noload="" data-ved="2ahUKEwiZ7vr8ks_dAhWJfn0KHZ-QCIEQjB16BAgBEAQ" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/column/the-ghost-of-colonial-loot-haunts-britain/20171202.htm" rel="noopener" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Rediff.co</span></span>m</span></a></span></span><br />
<div class="irc-sec i54602" role="button" tabindex="0">
<div class="irc_asc">
<span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">Illustration: Uttam Ghosh</span> </div>
</div>
</div>
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<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext"></span></span><br />
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
<i><u><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Great Britain has looted a whopping 9.184 trillion pounds of wealth from India in a period of 173 years.</b></span></span></u></i></div>
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
Just
to put things in a perspective, as per Wikipedia, Britain’s current
economy is worth 1.83 trillion pounds. In simple terms, the amount of
wealth Britain has drained out of India is worth several times the size
of that country’s GDP today. So, if Britain even tried to pay back that
money to India, its economy would collapse to a point of no return. The
estimate has been calculated by eminent economist Utsa Patnaik.</div>
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext"></span></span><br />
<div class="ui_qtext_image_outer">
<div class="ui_qtext_image_wrapper">
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext"><img class="landscape ui_qtext_image zoomable_in zoomable_in_feed lazy_loaded lazy_loading" src="https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-72834d34cbd56b325c3736231e8327d1" style="opacity: 1;" /></span></span></div>
</div>
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext"><i>Will Britain ever be able to take off the burden of what it did to India? Above:<br />24th June 1939: The Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow (1887 - 1952), with his wife Lady Linlithgow © Getty Images Sourced from </i><span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="sott.net" href="http://sott.net/" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank"><i>Sott.net</i></a></span></span></span></div>
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">Patnaik
is Professor Emerita at the Centre for Economic Studies and Planning
(CESP), JNU. Patnaik said that the policies followed by Britain during
its colonial rule in India were so disastrous that per capita food
grains availability in India declined drastically from 197.3 kg per year
in 1909-14 to 136.8 kg per year in 1946.</span></span></div>
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">In
India, just as also happened in many countries in the Caribbean, local
producers were set to work to produce commodities – particularly primary
commodities which the colonial powers could never produce themselves in
their home countries. The colonial powers then proceeded to appropriate
these commodities.</span></span></div>
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">In the Indian case, this
appropriation took the form of getting Indian peasants and labourers to
produce an enormous global export surplus which earned gold and foreign
exchange. “But the whole of this global export surplus earnings
disappeared into the account of the Secretary of State for India in
London. Not a penny of it, of sterling or financial gold, was allowed to
flow back to the colonised country. Then how did the producers get
paid? Very clever. They got paid out of their own taxes!” said Patnaik.</span></span></div>
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">Surplus
budgets were being operated systematically in British-ruled India for
the best part of 200 years. “When you tax a population and you do not
spend all the taxation within the country, but you set aside a third or
more for purchasing export goods, the operation of such surplus budgets
deflates mass incomes. It puts a tremendous squeeze on the peasantry.”</span></span></div>
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">
</span></span>
<br />
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">“No
country in the world today in the Global South has a per capita food
availability as low as the level India had reached by the year 1946.”</span></span></div>
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">
</span></span>
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">How
was this amount calculated? By estimating the present value of the
commodity export surplus - the estimate of 9.184 trillion pounds has
been arrived at by calculating the present value at a relatively low 5
percent interest rate.</span></span></div>
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
Info Source: <span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="newsclick.in" href="https://newsclick.in/britain-would-collapse-if-it-tried-pay-back-money-it-drained-india" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">https://newsclick.in/britain-wou...</a></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="ui_qtext_para">
(<i>By
the way, Dadabhai Naoroji, one of the co-founders of Indian National
Congress in his book “Poverty And Un-British Rule In India” estimated
that the siphoning of wealth from India by the British was to the tune
of 4 million pounds a year. </i><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><u><i><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b></i></u></span><a data-cthref="/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwilpaaylM_dAhVEOisKHSsHCKQQFjABegQICRAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpovertyandunbri00naorgoog&usg=AOvVaw3llS_IOfmoWd6svcxnKSjT" href="https://archive.org/details/povertyandunbri00naorgoog"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><span style="color: blue;">Poverty and Un-British Rule in India : </span></b></i></span></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><span style="color: blue;">Dadabhai </span></b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><span style="color: blue;">Naoroji </span></b></i></span><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><span style="color: blue;">: </span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">read on line free Free </span></span></u></span></b></i></span><i><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">...</span></span></i><br />
<br />
<span class="inline_editor_value" id="__w2_yojdoki_answer_content"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext"><a data-cthref="/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwilpaaylM_dAhVEOisKHSsHCKQQFjABegQICRAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpovertyandunbri00naorgoog&usg=AOvVaw3llS_IOfmoWd6svcxnKSjT" href="https://archive.org/details/povertyandunbri00naorgoog"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b><span style="color: blue;"><img alt="Image result for Dadabhai Naoroji :" class="rg_ic rg_i" data-src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSukbz-d8MDBgmugIth000iDaKiMGsXzgz96TLMTPI7TRxu7a8C" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSukbz-d8MDBgmugIth000iDaKiMGsXzgz96TLMTPI7TRxu7a8C" style="height: 183px; margin-left: -1px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 9px; width: 275px;" /></span></b></i></span></a></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="s">
<div>
<div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="white-space: nowrap;">
<cite class="iUh30">https://archive.org/details/povertyandunbri00naorgoog</cite></div>
</div>
</div>
<span class="st"><span class="f">May 8, 2009 - </span>Book digitized by Google from the library of the University of Michigan and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.</span><br />
<i>his he calculated from the year 1857
onwards which went unabated till 1947. Assuming that the drainage was an
estimated 2 million pounds a year from 1757 (Battle of Plassey) to 1856
and 4 million pounds from the year 1857 to 1947 as mentioned before,
then the total amount swindled would be an astonishing eye-opener in
today’s terms. Source</i>: <span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="bwindia.net" href="http://bwindia.net/content/british-owe-us-600-trillion-pounds-and-apology" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">http://bwindia.net/content/briti...</a></span>)</div>
</span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 class="r">
<a href="https://gulfnews.com/opinion/thinkers/british-looters-kept-the-world-s-art-safe-1.2230981">British 'looters' kept the world's art safe | GulfNews.com</a></h3>
<div class="s">
<div>
<div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="white-space: nowrap;">
<cite class="iUh30">https://gulfnews.com/opinion/.../british-looters-kept-the-world-s-art-safe-1.2230981</cite></div>
</div>
</div>
<span class="st"><span class="f">Jun 3, 2018 - </span>The demand by TV historian David Olusoga for <i>British</i> museums to repatriate “<wbr></wbr><i>looted</i>” treasures is a familiar anti-colonial trope that has little ..</span><br />
<h3 class="r">
<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45238158">UK investigates WW2 shipwreck looting claims - BBC News - BBC.com</a></h3>
<div class="s">
<div>
<div class="f hJND5c TbwUpd" style="white-space: nowrap;">
<cite class="iUh30">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45238158</cite></div>
</div>
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<span class="st"><span class="f">Aug 19, 2018 - </span>The <i>UK</i> will investigate allegations that <i>British</i> World War Two wrecks in Asia have been targeted by scavengers, the defence secretary says.</span></div>
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<a href="https://news.artnet.com/art-world/british-museum-repatriates-antiquities-iraq-1331390">The British Museum Returns Iraqi Antiquities Looted During the US ...</a></h3>
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<cite class="iUh30">https://news.artnet.com/art-world/british-museum-repatriates-antiquities-iraq-1331390</cite></div>
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<span class="st"><span class="f">Aug 10, 2018 - </span>The <i>British</i> Museum has repatriated a trove of 5,000-year-old antiquities that were <i>looted</i> from an ancient site in Iraq shortly after the US ...</span><br />
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<a href="https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-things-stolen-by-the-British-during-their-governance-in-India" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline;">What are the things stolen by the British during their governance ...</a></h3>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: normal;">https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-things-stolen-by-the-British-during-their-govern...</cite></span></b><br />
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bkWMgd"><div class="g pb" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div data-hveid="CAEQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQFSgAMAB6BAgBEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="s" style="line-height: 18px; max-width: 48em;"><div><b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f">Aug 31, 2015 - </span>After the heroic death of the Tiger of Mysore – Tipu Sultan, the <i style="font-style: normal;">British</i> forces took ... In 1851, it was displayed with other <i style="font-style: normal;">treasures</i> of the <i style="font-style: normal;">Indian</i> Empire at the ...</span></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-evidence-to-show-that-the-Britons-had-looted-India" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">What is the evidence to show that the Britons had looted India ...</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;">16 Sep 2017</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.quora.com/What-happened-to-all-the-gold-that-the-British-stole-from-its-overseas-empire-particularly-India" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">What happened to all the gold that the British stole from its ...</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;">8 Apr 2017</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.quora.com/Shouldnt-the-British-return-the-Indian-wealth-or-at-least-the-Indian-art-and-treasures-like-the-Kohinoor-diamond-to-us" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Shouldn't the British return the Indian wealth or at least the ...</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;">18 Mar 2015</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.quora.com/What-could-have-been-the-total-wealth-that-was-drained-out-of-India-during-the-Mughal-rule-and-the-British-rule" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">What could have been the total wealth that was drained out of ...</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;">28 Dec 2014</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.co.in/search?q=indian+treasures+looted+by+british+site:www.quora.com&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQrQIoBDAAegQIARAL" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">More results from www.quora.com</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAF6BAgGEAQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoOURIdTT3g" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="rISBZc M4dUYb" data-atf="3" height="115" id="dimg_4" 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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAF6BAgGEAQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoOURIdTT3g" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><span class="qB1pae" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-size: 48px 48px; bottom: 0px; height: 48px; left: 0px; margin: auto; opacity: 0.8; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: 48px;"></span></a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAF6BAgGEAQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoOURIdTT3g" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">8:24</a></span></b></div>
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<div class="KiGY3d mB12kf JRhSae ZyAH8d" role="heading" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 5; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 16px; height: 6.875em; line-height: 1.375em; overflow: hidden; white-space: normal;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAF6BAgGEAQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoOURIdTT3g" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">top ten priceless items stolen from india by british</a></span></b></div>
</div>
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAF6BAgGEAQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoOURIdTT3g" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">
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<div class="MjS0Lc llvJ5e ivLVOc" style="flex-grow: 1; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px;">
<div class="zECGdd RgAZAc" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1em; max-height: 1em; min-height: 1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative; white-space: normal;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;">OM SHEWALE</span></b></div>
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<div class="MjS0Lc nHGuld" style="padding: 0px 16px 11px;">
<div class="zECGdd" style="font-size: 13px; padding: 2px 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span class="cJzOGc" style="font-size: 13px; padding: 2px 0px;">YouTube</span> - Sep 22, 2016</span></b></div>
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</div>
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<div class="P94G9b r-iYMRJs3oHifY" data-init-vis="true" data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQr6oBKAEwAnoECAYQBg" style="display: block; padding: 4px; position: relative; width: 205px;">
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"></span></b><br />
<div>
<div class="MAMEle" style="height: 115px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
<div class="Rd246b" style="background-color: #eeeeee; bottom: -115px; height: 115px; left: -205px; margin: auto; position: absolute; right: -205px; top: -115px; width: 205px; z-index: 0;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAc" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkFnropJqt4" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="rISBZc M4dUYb" data-atf="3" height="115" id="dimg_12" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" style="border: 0px; display: block; position: relative;" width="205" /></a></span></b></div>
<div class="OIL2le" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12); height: 115px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 205px;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAc" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkFnropJqt4" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><span class="qB1pae" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-size: 48px 48px; bottom: 0px; height: 48px; left: 0px; margin: auto; opacity: 0.8; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: 48px;"></span></a></span></b></div>
<div class="k8B8Pc" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); border-radius: 2px; bottom: 4px; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 5px; position: absolute; right: 4px;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAc" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkFnropJqt4" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">11:12</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAc" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkFnropJqt4" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">
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<div class="wCIBKb" style="display: block; padding: 16px 16px 0px;">
<div class="KiGY3d mB12kf JRhSae ZyAH8d" role="heading" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 5; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 16px; height: 6.875em; line-height: 1.375em; overflow: hidden; white-space: normal;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAc" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkFnropJqt4" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">10 INDIAN TREASURES LOOTED BY BRITISHERS</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAJ6BAgGEAc" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkFnropJqt4" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">
</a></span></b>
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<div class="MjS0Lc llvJ5e ivLVOc" style="flex-grow: 1; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px;">
<div class="zECGdd RgAZAc" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1em; max-height: 1em; min-height: 1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative; white-space: normal;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;">Being Infollegent</span></b></div>
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<div class="MjS0Lc nHGuld" style="padding: 0px 16px 11px;">
<div class="zECGdd" style="font-size: 13px; padding: 2px 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span class="cJzOGc" style="font-size: 13px; padding: 2px 0px;">YouTube</span> - Oct 3, 2016</span></b></div>
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</div>
</div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"></span></b><br />
<div>
<div class="MAMEle" style="height: 115px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAN6BAgGEAo" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X05jHgiSFWA" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="rISBZc M4dUYb" data-atf="3" height="115" id="dimg_16" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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style="border: 0px; display: block; position: relative;" width="205" /></a></span></b></div>
<div class="OIL2le" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12); height: 115px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 205px;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAN6BAgGEAo" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X05jHgiSFWA" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><span class="qB1pae" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-size: 48px 48px; bottom: 0px; height: 48px; left: 0px; margin: auto; opacity: 0.8; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: 48px;"></span></a></span></b></div>
<div class="k8B8Pc" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); border-radius: 2px; bottom: 4px; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 5px; position: absolute; right: 4px;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAN6BAgGEAo" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X05jHgiSFWA" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">4:52</a></span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAN6BAgGEAo" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X05jHgiSFWA" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">
</a></span></b>
<br />
<div class="wCIBKb" style="display: block; padding: 16px 16px 0px;">
<div class="KiGY3d mB12kf JRhSae ZyAH8d" role="heading" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 5; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 16px; height: 6.875em; line-height: 1.375em; overflow: hidden; white-space: normal;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAN6BAgGEAo" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X05jHgiSFWA" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON, the 'INDIA' exhibit and collection</a></span></b></div>
</div>
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAN6BAgGEAo" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X05jHgiSFWA" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">
</a></span></b>
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<div class="MjS0Lc llvJ5e ivLVOc" style="flex-grow: 1; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px;">
<div class="zECGdd RgAZAc" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1em; max-height: 1em; min-height: 1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative; white-space: normal;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;">Vic Stefanu - World...</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MjS0Lc nHGuld" style="padding: 0px 16px 11px;">
<div class="zECGdd" style="font-size: 13px; padding: 2px 0px;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span class="cJzOGc" style="font-size: 13px; padding: 2px 0px;">YouTube</span> - Mar 11, 2012</span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="P94G9b r-ieLGriUT700U" data-init-vis="false" data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQr6oBKAMwBHoECAYQDA" style="display: block; padding: 4px; position: relative; width: 205px;">
<div class="y8AWGd llvJ5e" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"></span></b><br />
<div>
<div class="MAMEle" style="height: 115px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
<div class="Rd246b" style="background-color: #eeeeee; bottom: -115px; height: 115px; left: -205px; margin: auto; position: absolute; right: -205px; top: -115px; width: 205px; z-index: 0;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAR6BAgGEA0" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIzEjD8y5GU" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="rISBZc M4dUYb" data-atf="3" data-src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQJuJ-jYBcokv0Ehm8eGG_uEMpDbeiJpU9Q9C3QJIMuSkZEhNvhY20UY44&usqp=CAI" height="115" style="border: 0px; display: block; position: relative;" width="205" /></a></span></b></div>
<div class="OIL2le" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12); height: 115px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 205px;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAR6BAgGEA0" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIzEjD8y5GU" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><span class="qB1pae" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-size: 48px 48px; bottom: 0px; height: 48px; left: 0px; margin: auto; opacity: 0.8; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: 48px;"></span></a></span></b></div>
<div class="k8B8Pc" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); border-radius: 2px; bottom: 4px; font-size: 12px; padding: 2px 5px; position: absolute; right: 4px;">
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAR6BAgGEA0" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIzEjD8y5GU" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">6:11</a></span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQwqsBMAR6BAgGEA0" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIzEjD8y5GU" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">
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<span style="color: #134f5c;">Web results</span></h2>
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<span style="color: #134f5c;"><a href="https://swarajyamag.com/world/forget-kohinoor-the-british-looted-greater-treasures-from-india" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Forget Kohinoor, The British Looted Greater Treasures From India</a></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><cite class="iUh30" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: normal;">https://swarajyamag.com/.../forget-kohinoor-the-british-looted-greater-treasures-from-...</cite></span></b><br />
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="g pb" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div data-hveid="CAgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQFSgAMAt6BAgIEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="s" style="line-height: 18px; max-width: 48em;"><div><b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f">Apr 30, 2016 - </span>The extent of <i style="font-style: normal;">British</i> Plunder makes the Kohinoor appear a small loss. So let the <i style="font-style: normal;">British</i>keep the stone. The <i style="font-style: normal;">British</i> caused irreparable losses to ...</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #134f5c;"><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/british-museums-shine-thanks-to-all-the-loot-from-india/" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">British museums shine thanks to all the loot from India | The Indian ...</a></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: normal;">https://indianexpress.com › Research › Express Originals</cite></span></b><br />
</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bkWMgd"><div class="srg"><div class="g pb" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div data-hveid="CAcQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQFSgAMAx6BAgHEAA"><div class="rc" style="position: relative;"><div class="s" style="line-height: 18px; max-width: 48em;"><div><b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f">Aug 15, 2016 - </span>In <i style="font-style: normal;">Britain</i>, a museum visitor from <i style="font-style: normal;">India</i> is suddenly made aware of how his or ... about the display of their national <i style="font-style: normal;">treasures</i> in <i style="font-style: normal;">British</i> museums.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><a class="bia" data-ved="2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQ9QEwDXoECAUQBA" href="https://www.google.co.in/search?q=indian+treasures+looted+by+british&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=XG2kgh2X2EM8OM%253A%252C9_Nur6pSdx9FEM%252C_&usg=AI4_-kTeoR13161z6GOfGhoodDtdF_MCMg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjkko6DmM_dAhWEfn0KHQ4lC4IQ9QEwDXoECAUQBA#imgrc=XG2kgh2X2EM8OM:" id="XG2kgh2X2EM8OM:" role="link" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 90px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-decoration: none; width: 128.984px;" tabindex="0"><img alt="Image result for indian treasures looted by british" class="rISBZc M4dUYb" data-atf="1" height="95" id="dimg_2" 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<span style="color: #134f5c;"><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/on-display-here-wanted-by-india-1988002.html" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">On display here, wanted by India | The Independent</a></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #134f5c;"><a href="https://defenceforumindia.com/forum/threads/the-stolen-wealth-of-india-during-british-rule.7550/" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">The Stolen Wealth of India During British Rule! | Indian Defence Forum</a></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><cite class="iUh30 bc" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: normal;">https://defenceforumindia.com › Forums › Indian Affairs › Politics & Society</cite></span></b><br />
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<span style="color: #134f5c;"><a href="https://instablogs.com/9-priceless-artifacts-know-india1.html" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">9 Priceless artifacts you didn't know India had - InstaBlogs - Global ...</a></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #134f5c;"><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1362168/British-Museum-display-millennia-old-looted-treasures-Afghanistan-recovered-London-art-dealer.html" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">British Museum to display millennia-old looted treasures from ...</a></span></h3>
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<b><span style="color: #134f5c;"><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f">Mar 2, 2011 - </span>'Beautiful and priceless' ancient <i style="font-style: normal;">treasures stolen</i> from Afghanistan on ... from 200-<wbr></wbr>150 BC and <i style="font-style: normal;">Indian</i> ivory furniture legs from the first century ...</span></span></b></div>
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cursor: pointer; display: block; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="csb ch" style="background: url("/images/nav_logo242.png") -74px 0px no-repeat; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 40px; overflow: hidden; width: 20px;"></span>7</a></td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.co.in/search?q=indian+treasures+looted+by+british&ei=vIKmW-TEKYT99QOOyqyQCA&start=70&sa=N" style="color: #4285f4; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="csb ch" style="background: url("/images/nav_logo242.png") -74px 0px no-repeat; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 40px; overflow: hidden; width: 20px;"></span>8</a></td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><a class="fl" href="https://www.google.co.in/search?q=indian+treasures+looted+by+british&ei=vIKmW-TEKYT99QOOyqyQCA&start=80&sa=N" style="color: #4285f4; cursor: pointer; display: block; 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<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<i><u><span style="color: red;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">STORY -- CURSE OF THE KOHINOOR DIAMOND
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It was the property of kakatiya kings of south india 1200 AD<br />
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GOLCONDA FORT<br />
The Khilji dynasty,commander Ulugh Khan in 1323 to defeated the Kakatiya king Prataparudra,and looted the kohinoor diamond<br />
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Sultan Ala-ud-din Khilji.<br />
Next it is found in the hands of kachwaha kings of city of gwalior ;inherited by tomara kings of 14th century<br />
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<i> Kachwaha fort at rohtas</i><br />
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<i> tomb of king sikander lodi at delhi</i><br />
Tomara kings were defeated by sikander lodi sultan of delhi & the diamond looted ;<br />
Next it comes in the hands of moghal emperors<br />
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moghal emperor akbar<br />
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In 1734 nader shah of persia (iran)looted it from moghals,after destroying delhi and agra<br />
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Nader shah of persia<br />
Next Nader shah is killed and the diamond comes into the hands of ahmed shah abdali of Afganistan<br />
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Ahmad shah abdali OF Afganistan<br />
N ext in 1830 the deposed king shah shuja of Afganistan flees with the diamond<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihKOM8ZLf_xMUb_s1AMENO-TCqOUTHg0c-0DaVMB9HrPpPpUCW4iD5TFp-dAA4RtobewYz2szx33SOaUk4gw6FkiGc3pOUHxunKD8LpuPCC-vLt_WkQNhjb6nEaxSzxsmUhd9onAPxbhAb/s1600-h/800px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihKOM8ZLf_xMUb_s1AMENO-TCqOUTHg0c-0DaVMB9HrPpPpUCW4iD5TFp-dAA4RtobewYz2szx33SOaUk4gw6FkiGc3pOUHxunKD8LpuPCC-vLt_WkQNhjb6nEaxSzxsmUhd9onAPxbhAb/s320/800px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
Shuja Shah Durrani of Afghanistan<br />
N ext it comes in the hand of punjab king maharaja Ranjit king and on his death<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbHejEwvTEH6p_ZC7V6dAFRHMXBVGEyX1NABj_a2Ntj-JTQck_PDp8Ekn3PSFheTQqR1Bzu66DBK7OifyOv319Kj30VDVOrQhKYZZIhT641d1DseS7AKkxuMAzesEJhwzN9z9MIJgX-B6L/s1600-h/MaharajaRanjitSIngh.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbHejEwvTEH6p_ZC7V6dAFRHMXBVGEyX1NABj_a2Ntj-JTQck_PDp8Ekn3PSFheTQqR1Bzu66DBK7OifyOv319Kj30VDVOrQhKYZZIhT641d1DseS7AKkxuMAzesEJhwzN9z9MIJgX-B6L/s320/MaharajaRanjitSIngh.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
Maharajah <b>Ranjit singh<span style="font-weight: normal;">it came in the</span></b><br />
hands of the british<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBI3f-apy55F7sL6iGbJbn9u5ooVzRuhfnf_0QYzNjDYLYuLiqOmmp9lCJO59JyHBauDtKPgIDbnTJjk7ynwNOmFvOqLTTg8Ufo7wb_w4zUvgiZaxnAo21KaiJFuBmrgoARgMJmzmnoO3L/s1600-h/Queen_Victoria_intro.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBI3f-apy55F7sL6iGbJbn9u5ooVzRuhfnf_0QYzNjDYLYuLiqOmmp9lCJO59JyHBauDtKPgIDbnTJjk7ynwNOmFvOqLTTg8Ufo7wb_w4zUvgiZaxnAo21KaiJFuBmrgoARgMJmzmnoO3L/s320/Queen_Victoria_intro.jpg" /></a></div>
<b> Queen Victoria</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[ Many of the owners of the diamond had violent deaths ]<br />
Now it is in british hands from 1840's<br />
FUTURE:-<br />
LET US WAIT AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS NEXT BECAUSE OF THE CURSE OF THE
KOHINOOR;EVERYTIME SOMETHING TERRIBLE HAPPENED;TO THE OWNER OF THE
DIAMOND WITHIN A SHORT TIME OF GETTING THE DIAMOND.<br />
<br />
EACH OF THE PREVIOUS OWNER'S(KING'S) KINGDOMS WERE DESTROYED AND THEIR
EMPIRES ALSO WIPED OUT OR HAVE BECOME PART OF ANOTHER COUNTRY.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe4nc_QC30Ri8CIIyU0DsVtPRvV8fn0lK5j8BgzSFtEBHsn8KeXfH110A308LJx8YSux7A9L-uM8rV-tPlyrj5IUAg0LH2Sz4QZOTZB-5kgk8-q7nNrR_hf635gS9GoC5FoAhxfuH3xrBL/s1600-h/map_of_the_british_empire_in_the_1920s.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe4nc_QC30Ri8CIIyU0DsVtPRvV8fn0lK5j8BgzSFtEBHsn8KeXfH110A308LJx8YSux7A9L-uM8rV-tPlyrj5IUAg0LH2Sz4QZOTZB-5kgk8-q7nNrR_hf635gS9GoC5FoAhxfuH3xrBL/s640/map_of_the_british_empire_in_the_1920s.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
ALREADY BRITISH EMPIRE IS GONE .NOW WHAT WILL HAPPEN??<br />
<span style="color: red;">----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span><br />
<br />
<div class="story-body">
<span class="story-date">
<b><u><span style="color: red;"><span class="date">14 October 2012</span></span></u></b>
<span class="time-text">Last updated at </span><span class="time">23:47 GMT</span></span><br />
<h1 class="story-header">
<u><span style="color: red;">Scottish independence: What are the legal steps to a referendum?</span></u></h1>
<span class="byline byline-photo">
<img alt="James Cook" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEibX_NhByXL9KTJT5IiFnSrgOkQmKjW42vw_iJYYX6v7I_XNLzTPzhmhxwElr9pTgiijQheAeyXI0go8eDCszIBY-8cSvhfcrQO6oAsHsLRgzTCmuS7i2kI-rqYY5Elf99jSoSR1vrroCPK5zanV1JRb0DFUSIGWsUjlwrgggsdO-fjZICJKCl7Oqo=s0-d" />
<span class="byline-name">By James Cook</span>
<span class="byline-title">Scotland Correspondent, BBC News</span>
</span>
<br />
<div class="caption">
<img alt="Man dressed in saltire flag outside polling booth" height="339" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjFu7YyKylIEVdx_1Ttb4dQFOuD6DF5OE5ytM0Qam96eeYzyGk4Tcz0XT8U8R6aqdCtXQ2DqSUo5KuWy1Kk-McsVTiiYZutEg0c5tkUy0_dIWbpizS5VBOZOpjlJjh49NJUoqyrLdFqalJLN6wrFO4LFdvXnIDKjbC0Q_Rc1uDpiUbp-bvvhyphenhyphenMyYEYy=s0-d" width="350" />
<span style="width: 350px;"> </span></div>
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<div class="heading_new_large">
<div class="heading-text-new1">
<h1>
<u><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Regions of United Kingdom</span></span></u></h1>
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<td align="center"><img align="middle" alt="Regions of United Kingdom" id="main_map" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjeVVivE8ezh2sQVCPlCH_DCUnmL3QRyBcelEv0JpqigLGyx0PdHTl5mYr_R-upFeuJOQP_PAQQmltSONnpXlWcNy6hMfmF2rfvecEifQ8Ig1N6spfNmAsfzcVXQ20LbouLT0D2FWTpvTgjadANvR2AhDu4eEsyRY7sIuoK3zXmDA=s0-d" title="Regions of United Kingdom" value="http://www.mapsofworld.com/united-kingdom/regions/UK-regions.jpg" />
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<div class="caption">
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<div class="caption">
<span style="width: 350px;">A legal process takes place before electors vote in the referendum</span>
</div>
<div class="embedded-hyper">
<br />
<div class="hyperpuff">
<h2>
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/16630456">Scotland's Future</a></h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="introduction" id="story_continues_1">
The legal authority to hold a referendum resides with the UK parliament at Westminster.</div>
On Monday, the prime minister David Cameron and Scotland's
first minister Alex Salmond signed an agreement which temporarily
transfers that authority to the Scottish Parliament, using an order
under Section 30 of the Scotland Act 1998.<br />
The order will be debated in the House of Commons and House
of Lords before going to the Privy Council for approval, which is likely
to be given in February.<br />
The transfer of powers includes all detail relating to the referendum.<br />
MPs and peers will have no subsequent role in the process.<br />
Rather, MSPs in the Scottish Parliament will debate the
details of the poll - including the question, the timing and the
franchise - in a Referendum Bill, which is expected to be introduced
next spring.<br />
Given that the Scottish National Party has a majority at
Holyrood, it seems certain that the SNP policy of extending the vote to
16- and 17-year-olds will be approved.<br />
The SNP's preferred timing for the poll, autumn 2014, is also likely to become law.<br />
In the meantime, it is expected that the Scottish government
will formally ask the Electoral Commission to "test" its proposed
question.<br />
The question which was <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0038/00386122.pdf">outlined in the Scottish consultation</a> on the referendum is: "Do you agree that Scotland should be an independent country?"<br />
The testing by the Electoral Commission involves <a href="http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/82625/Referendum-Question-statement-final.pdf">research with experts and with the public</a>.<br />
<div class="story-feature wide ">
<br />
<h2>
Electoral Commission guidelinesIn assessing the referendum question it must....</h2>
<ul><li> be easy to understand</li><li> be to the point</li><li> be unambiguous</li><li> avoid encouraging voters to consider one response more favourably than another</li><li> and avoid misleading voters.</li></ul>
</div>
<div id="story_continues_2">
The process could take up to 12 weeks, after which the commission will submit a report to the Scottish government.</div>
The recommendations are advisory, not binding, and ministers could theoretically choose to ignore them.<br />
More likely they could accept the report, which might include
tweaks to the the wording of the question, or they could suggest an
alternative question.<br />
The commission would then give its view on the alternative.
If it had already considered that alternative during the initial testing
period this could happen almost immediately, if not that process <a href="http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/82626/Referendum-Question-guidelines-final.pdf">might have to begin anew</a>.<br />
Exactly how 16- and 17-year-olds would be enfranchised is complicated.<br />
The challenge would be how to get them all on the electoral register in time for the poll.<br />
The register is at present geared towards ensuring that all
eligible voters are registered by the time they reach the voting age of
18.<br />
<div class="caption full-width">
<img alt="A possible ballot paper question" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhIU6syqqJeJO7V8T70DX2f3H6HdJu_ld_2iP6T0gQO32kZTycdBrkaGuXznWr4iL9xVWk2is1FIUTKxPKUzG9SymrfS30fSzlfD1oIyRAnKlAd39JCDgl9vjmjJglmpKcykFswP6lXjVZaOVPEUnfY0Y5JMFt6bxwa-40Ai2arOvN7yBXZOgJAfFHd326-Uw=s0-d" width="608" />
<span style="width: 608px;">The ballot paper question as proposed by the Scottish government earlier this year</span>
</div>
Ordinarily the electoral roll is canvassed annually, although
individual voters can register up to 11 working days before any poll.<br />
Inconveniently, the 2014 canvas would have been held in the autumn, but changes being proposed in the <a href="http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2012-13/electoralregistrationandadministration.html">Electoral Registration and Administration Bill</a> presently being considered at Westminster would shift that year's canvas to April.<br />
The age at which someone can first be listed on the register is complicated.<br />
According to the <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1983/2/section/4">Representation of the People Act 1983</a>:
"A person otherwise qualified is ... entitled to be registered in a
register of parliamentary electors or local government electors if he
will attain voting age before the end of the period of 12 months
beginning with the 1st December next following the relevant date..."<br />
In other words, not all 16- and 17-year-olds would be eligible under the present rules, which are reserved to Westminster.</div>
<div>
<div class="story-related">
<h2>
More on This Story</h2>
<div class="hyperpuff">
<div class="hyper-container-title">
<h3 class="hyper-depth-header">
<a class="special-report" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/16630456">Scotland's Future
</a>
</h3>
<div class="hyper-related-assets" id="group-title-1">
<h4 class="hyper-depth-stories-header">
</h4>
</div>
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<h2 class="top-index-stories-header">
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/scotland/scotland_politics/">More Scotland politics stories</a></h2>
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<br />
<ul><li class="first-child medium-image">
<h3>
<a class="story" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-19942638" rel="published-1350258372474"><img alt="Alex Salmond and David Cameron" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiXUmcrDs8hx1NPMyYkjZLhk6RnbsuHe7PSAsM1qOEd2YgDsozEcfdK7njtshTvT6ooT134TPcb64nzjgNUvIVehBues8515ZraSXzAKTlI-fow3Jg-tWf1_KKsQbGFEairkLNtATsgFm7eDLUph9obckm1eNjB-2GACmtITiwLT1hfMplSxYi1_187=s0-d" />Scottish referendum deal struck</a>
</h3>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="color: red;">A deal setting out terms for a Scottish independence</span></u></span>
referendum is signed by Prime Minister David Cameron and First Minister
Alex Salmond.<br />
</li></ul>
<span style="color: red;">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span><br />
<br /><u><b><span style="font-size: large;"></span></b></u><div><br /><h3 class="artbcrumb">
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London,
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June 4, 2010
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<h1 class="detail-title">
Can't return Kohinoor diamond to India: Britain</h1>
<span class="author">PTI</span>
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<a class="bold" href="http://www.thehindu.com/topics/?categoryId=244">World</a>
<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/topics/?categoryId=328">India</a>
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<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/topics/?categoryId=417">United Kingdom</a>
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<a class="bold" href="http://www.thehindu.com/topics/?categoryId=429">archaeology</a>
<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/topics/?categoryId=431">bronzes and carvings</a>
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<a class="bold" href="http://www.thehindu.com/topics/?categoryId=428">arts, culture and entertainment</a>
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<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/topics/?categoryId=617">theft & burglary</a>
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<div class="body">
The UK has rejected India’s fresh demand to return its priceless
artefacts like Kohinoor diamond and Sultanganj Buddha “stolen” during
the British colonial rule, citing a law that prevents it from giving
back the items.
</div>
<div class="body">
“The British Museum Act 1963 prevents our national museums from removing
items...the government has no plan to change the law,” the Foreign and
Commonwealth Office said.
</div>
<div class="body">
It made the statement in response to an appeal by Gautam Sengupta,
Director—General of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). The ASI is
planning to join a campaign with the support of UNESCO and other
countries to get back the artefacts.
</div>
<div class="body">
In an interview to The Independent, Mr. Sengupta had said, “As efforts
so far to reclaim stolen treasures have proved futile, UNESCO support is
required for launching an international campaign to achieve this end”
as India’s treasures held abroad are “too long to handle” and require
“diplomatic and legal campaign“.
</div>
<div class="body">
<b>Decisions taken by museum trustees</b>
</div>
<div class="body">
The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office spokeswoman said that there
is a strong public feeling on the restitution debate and decisions are
taken by museum trustees in which politicians do not interfere.
</div>
<div class="body">
“It’s a long—established principle in the UK, supported by successive
governments.” The British law only permits return of human remains and
objects lost during the “Nazi era“.
</div>
<div class="body">
Mughal era’s Kohinoor diamond, Sultanganj Buddha, rechristened as the
Birmingham Buddha, Amravati railings, a series of limestone carvings
dating back to 100 AD, Saraswati idol, a sculpture of the deity from the
Bhoj temple, are among the items on the ASI’s list.
</div>
<div class="body">
There is a mounting pressure on the erstwhile colonial countries to
restitute heritage items as “not only India, various countries like
Mexico, Peru, China, Bolivia, Cyprus and Guatemala also voiced similar
concern” and are planning to join the UNESCO campaign, the ASI chief
said.
</div>
<div id="articleKeywords">
Keywords: <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/cant-return-kohinoor-diamond-to-india-britain/article446526.ece#">Kohinoor diamond</a>, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/cant-return-kohinoor-diamond-to-india-britain/article446526.ece#">Sultanganj Buddha</a>, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/cant-return-kohinoor-diamond-to-india-britain/article446526.ece#">theft</a>, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/cant-return-kohinoor-diamond-to-india-britain/article446526.ece#">British rule</a>, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/cant-return-kohinoor-diamond-to-india-britain/article446526.ece#">British Museum Act 1963</a></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="color: red;"><u><i><span style="font-size: x-large;">..Britain set to compensate 'Kenya atrocity' victims
</span></i></u></span></h3>
<span style="color: red;"><u><i><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></i></u></span>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<span style="color: red;"><u><i><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></i></u></span>
<div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1086935884468386791" itemprop="description articleBody">
<span style="color: red;"><u><i><span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></i></u></span><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name"><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="font-size: large;">// BRITISH ATROCITIES:-
</span></u></span></h3>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></h1><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hJBbKyBbiaQ/Tlnn2qVWFlI/AAAAAAAATrA/BOvRaQdnV_s/s1600/colonialism.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="305" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645798534148396626" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hJBbKyBbiaQ/Tlnn2qVWFlI/AAAAAAAATrA/BOvRaQdnV_s/s640/colonialism.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" width="640" /></a></span><span style="color: blue;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;"><i>British Imperialism in Africa</i>
<span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;">LONDON: Britain was on Thursday expected to announce compensation for thousands of <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Kenya">Kenyans</a> who claim they were abused and tortured in prison camps during the 1950s Mau Mau uprising, according to a government source.<br /> <br /><br />
The foreign office (FCO) last month confirmed that it was negotiating
settlements for claimants who accuse British imperial forces of severe
mistreatment including torture and sexual abuse. <br /><br /> Around 5,000 claimants are each in line to receive over £2,500 ($3,850, 2,940 euros), according to British press reports. <br /><br /> The FCO said in last month's statement that "there should be a debate about the past". <br /><br /> "It is an enduring feature of our democracy that we are willing to learn from our history," it added. <br /><br />
"We understand the pain and grievance felt by those, on all sides, who
were involved in the divisive and bloody events of the Emergency period
in Kenya." <br /><br /> In a test case, claimants Paulo Muoka Nzili, Wambugu
Wa Nyingi and Jane Muthoni Mara last year told Britain's High Court how
they were subjected to torture and sexual mutilation. </span></span></b></span><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"> Lawyers said that Nzili was castrated, Nyingi severely beaten and Mara subjected to appalling <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/sexual-abuse">sexual abuse</a> in detention camps during the Mau Mau rebellion. <br /><br /> A fourth claimant, Susan Ngondi, has died since legal proceedings began. <br /><br /> The <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/British-government">British government</a>
accepted that detainees had been tortured, but initially claimed that
all liabilities were transferred to the new rulers of Kenya when the
east African country was granted independence. <br /><br /> It also warned of "potentially significant and far-reaching legal implications". </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1523" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhZ8PuCJp6iutFKw8kvPXtQdBnxXCT99bQ9_JZWL-EWDOthlYiVJBFDge8yUSnckNYf5vaBsTY8fSRjlvAMZSP4Iz3_ktNNeDo7oBsollgIas9pILWnQMcI3ZjDJ1gQzRDz2u4Mo93jBJeV1l2HWT2BgXMllFa9zca8ySlStzGdZOP3NyvWgHRbUz-68zXgvl-ZFJzM0kNOJndy=s0-d" title="_61590686_007538125-1" width="545" /> But judge Richard McCombe ruled last October that a fair trial was possible, citing the "voluminous documentation". <br /><br /> At least 10,000 people died during the 1952-1960 uprising, with some sources giving far higher estimates. <br /><br /> The guerrilla fighters - often with dread-locked hair and wearing animal skins as clothes - terrorized colonial communities. <br /><br /> Tens of thousands were detained, including US President Barack Obama's grandfather. <br /><br />
It was only when the Kenya <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ch-link-10" rel="human rights|10" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #0081BD !important; color: #0081BD !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Human Rights</a> Commission contacted the
victims in 2006 that they realized they could take legal action. <br /><br /> Their case was boosted when the government admitted it had a secret archive of more than 8,000 files from 37 former colonies. <br /><br />
Despite playing a key part in Kenya's path to independence, the
rebellion also created bitter divisions within communities, with some
joining the fighters and others serving the colonial power. <br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------</span><span id="advenueINTEXT" name="advenueINTEXT" style="float: left;"><br /><br /> </span></span></b><br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><u><span dir="auto">Jallianwala Bagh-India</span></u></span></h1>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEi0d5fJ7meJgjFiVpF06ZJgVh1dbJNIaxu9XPJc0dDrIhXQ2GrXLzetCYzilw5iiXYDk8EmRlwuio7wf3FV-YtCqJg6sy-yrWiSxqjcDekrXAax3_ARg2Fzo4MQctHnj0pvDO___vYoYCswmOCWlNPWCl_IhcqQquGvIT2JI_E_oiw_Z8saHq4SGYe__Dnl0U9V4sHuuUlGgULl4U1jgXQzOTtVdIyGUf4=s0-d" width="150" /></a></span></b>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiYIo7J43urOU18cEkNmB9AQocJ35___2VNeT4cD8ov5iHCjreNSVtAiq6PAe3h1tY_nh58YsjhXiMSjc5E5cUir3y1B9jKgAg9Xpn0Nl6bM2ANq4roUnZqzXN3wTCe6csQ4_E3fW9xaLBmOW5j7PmlZW2D3euHlM7yAtgQjrdHCnP-WfXMJYEjSGx9PH7P=s0-d" width="15" /></a></span></b></div>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Jallianwala Bagh memorial, Amritsar</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Jallianwala Bagh (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: ਜਲ੍ਹਿਆਂਵਾਲਾ ਬਾਗ਼, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>: जलियांवाला बाग़) is a public garden in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_%28India%29" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</a> state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,
and houses a memorial of national importance, established in 1951 to
commemorate the massacre of peaceful celebrators on the occasion of the
Punjabi New Year on April 13, 1919 in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh Massacre">Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</a>. Official <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> sources placed the fatalities at 379, and with 1100 wounded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Civil Surgeon Dr. Smith indicated that there were 1,526 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_%28person%29" title="Casualty (person)">casualties</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The true figures of fatalities are unknown, but are likely to be higher than the official figure of 379.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">The 6.5-acre (26,000 m<sup>2</sup>) garden site of the massacre is located in the vicinity of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a> complex, the holiest shrine of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">The memorial is managed by the <i>Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust</i>, which was established as per the <i>Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act</i> passed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> in 1951.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jallianwala_Bagh_sign2.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjrdzYEuwldM7Xu4vElBmwsjA8LsUmAv5aG1eVgKgSnKKJ_1WRH84p__QP7CwY2b7dnCNL0wQD0eUI34lhEdCle5pfF6UIsWMKWh1UfZgkujhBbHtZLmijCmC6OJ7Ll-DxH2suEHqZ9RX-F5tfkvXqwlDTJrvNms_9crZa5zAi_Pp6samRwd5f6LgwXzpG9ONj5dO3Hx5nboj6wuSlEEnfv6snHPfebzzSnsztHcqSEMlCj2EY=s0-d" width="640" /></a></span></b>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Sign at Jallianwala Bagh</span></b></div>
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<h2>
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</span></span> </h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Main article: <span class="selflink">Jallianwala Bagh</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg"><img alt="Crystal Clear app kedit.svg" height="40" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjH82nyMIbh_1AbtXV4VG3NWVubN0NzGyUItTQ4aFHxG4koXsvzW8TNsXzQbjgQCe0Sxck-xRiL3BATCXy2xkc2OHaetGDMdh06KK0cSmt2UqH2zF2-LxKLLF3-lpbOauA2KSXTZwklQ6Qp0RfdA9zcnAdxu0ig9zNiIfDckWTM0GXrcy_7sBIK9yJMNi-rFFyqLbdht3DDyCjdV1VyRs7gJi6BNkSkaFi30hnQug0l1fENZPRUbwh9PA=s0-d" width="40" /></a></span></b></div>
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<td class="mbox-text"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><span class="mbox-text-span">This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. <span class="hide-when-compact"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Talk:Jallianwala Bagh">discussion page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <i>(July 2011)</i> </span></span></b></td>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">(As described by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohinder_Singh_Randhawa" title="Mohinder Singh Randhawa">M.S. Randhawa</a> on 30 January 1974)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> was about to conclude, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was in ferment. In August 1917, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Samuel_Montagu" title="Edwin Samuel Montagu">E.S. Montagu</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>,
had declared on behalf of the British Government to grant responsible
government to India within the British Empire. The war came to an end on
11 November 1918. On 6 February 1919 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Bills" title="Rowlatt Bills">Rowlatt Bills</a> were introduced by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Government" title="British Government">British Government</a> in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Legislative_Council" title="Imperial Legislative Council">Imperial Legislative Council</a>,
and one of the bills was passed into an Act in March 1919. Under this
Act, people suspected of so-called sedition could be imprisoned without
trial. This resulted in frustration among Indians and there was great
unrest. While people were expecting freedom, they suddenly discovered
that chains were being strengthened. At that time, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> was governed by Lieutenant Governor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a>,
who had contempt for educated Indians. During the war he had adopted
unscrupulous methods for collecting war funds, press-gang techniques for
raising recruits and had gagged the press. He truly ruled Punjab with
an iron hand.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">At this juncture, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> decided to launch a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a>
campaign. This unique form of political struggle eschewed violence, was
open, and relied on truth and righteousness. It emphasized that means
were as important as the ends. The city of Amritsar responded to
Mahatma's call by observing a strike on 6 April 1919. On the 9th April
on <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Naumi" title="Ram Naumi">Ram Naumi</a></i>
festival, a procession was taken out, in which Hindus and Muslims had
participated, giving proof of their unity, and the government ordered
the arrest of Dr. <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saifuddin_Kitchlu&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Saifuddin Kitchlu (page does not exist)">Saifuddin Kitchlu</a> and Dr. <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satyapal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Satyapal (page does not exist)">Satyapal</a>, popular leaders of the people of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>. They were deported to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh">Dharamshala</a> where they were interned.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">On the 10 April, as people wanted to meet the Deputy Commissioner to
demand the release of the two arrested leaders, they were fired upon.
This event angered people and disorder broke out in Amritsar. Some bank
buildings were sacked, telegraph and railway communications were
snapped, three Britishers were murdered and one woman injured.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Chaudhari Bugga Mal, a leader was arrested on 12 April, and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahasha_Rattan_Chand&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mahasha Rattan Chand (page does not exist)">Mahasha Rattan Chand</a>, a piece-goods broker, and a popular leader a few days later. This created great resentment among the people of Amritsar.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">On 11 April, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.H._Dyer" title="R.E.H. Dyer">R.E.H. Dyer</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
arrived from Jalandhar Cantonment, and virtually occupied the town as
civil administration under Miles Irving, the Deputy Commissioner, had
come to standstill.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">On 13 April 1919, the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisakhi" title="Baisakhi">Baisakhi</a> Day</i>,
a public meeting was announced to be held in Jallianwala Bagh in the
evening. Dyer came to Jallianwala Bagh with a force of 150 troops. They
took up their positions on an elevated ground towards the main entrance,
a narrow lane in which hardly two men can walk abreast.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jalian_Wala_Bagh_Memorial_311.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgucHqyTphyphenhyphenC-ps-rT4VORc3vWb2dlyeTHUB6E5iYGmP5j-l9Po8MVhc593zbW4GyLUid_8sCCOBWDFX5lOFNPj2iWR1MfzFPgQSXR-3y_9UsU6IpPoxIRljd-btw2dlK6dsAzmywmnYaFUv8-Aek6YNZp4MnVjOQGK1Bo8MUhA_FLkz7CcNN5pWRccu50fiWlxhGq6T3gXvasborV8oJRISSR2RT7hVb9VjwrtFbwfA54grp9rIm8JJRG_DBvcS-HsQi-_=s0-d" width="220" /></a></span></b>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">The narrow lane used for entering the park premises.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">At six minutes to sunset they opened fire on a crowd of about 20,000 people without giving any warning. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Swinson" title="Arthur Swinson">Arthur Swinson</a> thus describes the massacre:</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">"Towards the exits on the either flank, the crowds converged in their
frantic effort to get away, jostling, clambering, elbowing and
trampling over each other. Seeing this movement, Brigs drew Dyer's
attention to it, and Dyer mistakenly imagining that these sections of
the crowd were getting ready to rush him, directed the fire of the
troops <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ch-link-8" rel="straight|8" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #0081BD !important; color: #0081BD !important; text-decoration: none !important;">straight</a> at them. The result was horrifying. Men screamed and
went down, to be trampled by those coming after. Some were hit again and
again. In places the dead and wounded lay in heaps; men would go down
wounded, to find themselves immediately buried beneath a dozen others.</span></b><br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Point_from_where_bullets_were_fired.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEi2YFopmGYq94uXhLX2uz2D8_8H7lAyj0O_LHe57Tg6WucOn9Jd3_yaiYb9IwJwF5xbJOFxhkWssmHdtmQrDjuAsCQlsl168CVehA-1wI9rxx-g-1IlsRxWOLD4ge6fjcD0gCMfnqcINVPUlwVFQByuFyH7D_0dU-5rt-mTCmKUZvbZeHc7LDeystLnsTadeXSgMlR7FwWUtBGqX4nN_d1XL7APA-qnWdX9VyhLmObMXFUw1dmz-imDCz6g1QfdDp3HiN208V-dWkWTxV4JBQpj=s0-d" width="400" /></a></span>
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<span style="color: blue;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Point_from_where_bullets_were_fired.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiYIo7J43urOU18cEkNmB9AQocJ35___2VNeT4cD8ov5iHCjreNSVtAiq6PAe3h1tY_nh58YsjhXiMSjc5E5cUir3y1B9jKgAg9Xpn0Nl6bM2ANq4roUnZqzXN3wTCe6csQ4_E3fW9xaLBmOW5j7PmlZW2D3euHlM7yAtgQjrdHCnP-WfXMJYEjSGx9PH7P=s0-d" width="15" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">From here 1600 rounds of bullets were fired by troops on 20,000 innocent people.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The firing still went on. Hundreds abandoning all hope of getting
away through the exits, tried the walls which in places were five feet
high and at others seven or ten. Fighting for a position, they ran at
them, clutching at the smooth surfaces, trying frantically to get a
hold. some people almost reached the top to be pulled down by those
fighting behind them. Some more agile than the rest, succeeded in
getting away, but many more were shot as they clambered up, and some sat
poised on the top before leaping down on the further side.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">20,000 people were caught beneath the hail of bullets: all of them
frantically trying to escape from the quiet meeting place which had
suddenly become a screaming hell.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BulletMarks.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiEHyZS_FbPrcSPYfvSyJ2LjC9ooMhTuXIlVnU56y6BJnBB7mNkzp7iqE_pMeyVmv0yTlW8tjrNsa4o1ipvMijX33FsdQXdmN9SoREiyfkRkuoYZxIjM2-2mjlhaBenOSAu3LAxZyEju_nQMKJR35qwXXjepj2QVDeEshYtWrO7ezYfTdxTYGcqWAHEN_WgiumsNnfz76dFevsaPZOk2g=s0-d" width="400" /></a></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Bullet marks on the walls of the park premises</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Some of those who endured it gave their guess as a quarter of an
hour. Dyer thought probably 10 minutes; but from the number of rounds
fired it may not have been longer than six. In that time an estimated
1000 people were killed, and 1,500 men and boys wounded.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The whole Bagh was filled with the sound of sobbing and moaning and the voices of people calling for help."</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The flame lighted at Jallianwala Bagh ultimately set the whole of
India aflame. It is a landmark in India's struggle for freedom. It gave
great impetus to <i>Satyagrah</i> movement, which ultimately won freedom for India on 15 August 1947.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Though Dyer claimed that he had nipped a revolution by his drastic
action, he never had sound sleep after the Massacre. He died on July 23,
1927 and was buried at the Church of St. Martin in the Fields in
London. Sir Michael O'Dwyer survived him by 13 years. On March 13, 1940
he was shot dead by Sardar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a> of Sunam, at the Caxton Hall, London.</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
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No Apology, Just Regret! Cameron Calls Jallianwala Bagh 'A Shameful Incident' </span></span></h1>
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By <a class="writer" href="http://www.indiatimes.com/source/IndiaTimes">IndiaTimes</a> |
<span class="I storyPosted">
February 20, 2013, </span></span><img class="rg_i" data-sz="f" height="338" name="-ak3d29uOViZ6M:" 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" style="height: 174px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -9px; margin-top: 0px; width: 289px;" /></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">But
the trip to the scene of a massacre that is still taught in Indian
school books, saw him tackle one of the enduring scars from British
rule, which ended in 1947.</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The number of casualties at
Jallianwala Bagh is a matter of dispute, with colonial era records
showing it as several hundred while Indian figures put it at between
1,000 and 2,000.Bhusan Behl, who heads a trust for the families of
victims of the massacre, has campaigned for decades on behalf of his
grandfather who was killed at the entrance to the enclosed area.Before
Cameron's visit, he had said he was hoping that Cameron would say sorry
for the slaughter ordered by General Reginald Dyer, which was
immortalised in Richard Attenborough's film "Gandhi" and features in
Salman Rushdie's epic book "Midnight's Children".</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img alt="No Apology, Just Regret! Cameron Calls Jallianwala Bagh 'A Shameful Incident'" height="449" id="ed-img" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhMaMQrPYwUSYQYxBjM2XgKzi60B3yZ5eMJG1NhmwYkNE9CoyQS9uwBjADySk5OugvjB9j2ojE43R6nannRmYq6AGVtdddii0a2tfdwpKFgGlH1gUV97jQ7kdpUhll4aKUu24vko6KZBkzT20toFT2hStJU7RgZI7m8OYfnlUJQBoSbcGnufrpxLvaT7x7P20KDnnGtlBCSfFHCtOpOTXCYZ8NPRA=s0-d" style="height: auto; width: 540px;" title="No Apology, Just Regret! Cameron Calls Jallianwala Bagh 'A Shameful Incident'" width="540" /></span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The incident in which soldiers opened fire on men, women and
children in Jallianwala Bagh garden, which was surrounded by buildings
and had few exits, making escape difficult, is one of the most infamous
of Britain's Indian rule."A sorry from a top leader would change the
historical narrative and Indians will also feel that in some way they
can forget the past and move on," Behl told news agency AFP.</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The
move is seen as a gamble by Cameron, who is travelling with
British-Indian parliamentarians, and could lead to calls for similar
treatment from other former colonies or even other victims in India.A
source close to the delegation said some advisors had voiced serious
reservations in advance about the trip.</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">In India, the move is
likely to be broadly welcomed as an acknowledgement of previous crimes,
but it also risks focusing attention on the past at a time when Cameron
has been keen to stress the future potential of Indo-British
ties.Expressing regret, while stopping short of saying sorry, can also
invite debate about why Britain is unable to make a full apology.</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Cameron is not the only senior British public figure to visit Amritsar in recent memory.</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">In
1997, Prince Philip accompanied the Queen but stole the headlines when
he reportedly commented that the Indian estimates for the death count
during the massacre had been "vastly exaggerated".</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Cameron has
made several official apologies since becoming prime minister, saying
sorry for the official handling of a football disaster at Hillsborough
stadium in 1989 and 1972 killings in Northern Ireland known as "Bloody
Sunday." ==================================================</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">WHAT ABOUT BRITAIN’S SLAVE TRADE VICTIMS OF AFRICA 17TH CENTURY?</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> <img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgr7Qa_l6RHse8pHzLuRdei1HNwuejI1bsI09V42zRT1hGhwkwtQVDCQaqxT6aBgc6HgVrx5DkgZZc_wzGtzNk0WQWFsKOobROIXTf1xyPjkFIlrdey-YkfzZstB8t6Q35pSdue0Wixqa4ux6pxHyFuY1CTCjPddC7WL1k=s0-d" width="200" /></span></span></b>
<br />
<div class="artSplitter">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img alt="Captive: An illustration shows slave traders preparing to unload human cargo at a seemingly wealthy port" class="blkBorder" height="433" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjuBTZ5g2FVpcuy7BQYgUxndCpdjD1bX1n6RKHUDgmsOOAf_GNFLzmNJEd3jYPQA5N9dXoKTNyBaN01rqOkfO0ZESeJFdy-TGswZ9fu-krTITogDu2ALel92fwCY1W8xd7g4frUwCn9urmkF3It2topHD6LKnv6AMlQk4_45eb-NLxCDv_VCFKXuS_98ur8B-n2Ls133_AKzfU=s0-d" width="634" /></span></span></b>
<br />
<div class="imageCaption">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Captive: An illustration shows slave traders preparing to unload human cargo at a seemingly wealthy port</span></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="artSplitter">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img alt="Migration: A map shows the primary trans-Atlantic routes out of Africa during the slave trade between 1500-1900" class="blkBorder" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEimfsrFqM5Rmz3yUM3NqJabJUSMk0WbBHYZEzrzUnxvOSkXZnWW-z94QkGOziRSHbEUSLQKO-xFIGqyD8t1dAp3X65S4gzc7ktogUplIed3tTQGaQMaSuMQwTU4rL0QlFyuy8F28a3D1kkfzqFHhvNJkUOaREQ9VGZQAN1tA3ycu-Xi7ZXrAVNF0R-D-fvCMpM_fcRnNUNTBqrV=s0-d" width="634" /></span></span></b>
<br />
<div class="imageCaption">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Migration: A map shows the primary trans-Atlantic routes out of Africa during the slave trade between 1500-1900</span></span></b></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">OR THE FORCED DRUG TRADE VICTIMS IN CHINA /<br /></span></span></b><div class="article-images"><div class="artimg artimg-0"><div class="artimg-table"><div class="artimg-table-cell"><img alt="" class="imagecache imagecache-vo_scale_w850 imagecache-default imagecache-vo_scale_w850_default" height="296" src="https://www.vancouverobserver.com/sites/vancouverobserver.com/files/imagecache/vo_scale_w850/images/article/body/445px-China_imperialism_cartoon-1.jpg" title="" width="445" /></div></div></div></div>Colonial powers divided China through a series of 'Unequal Treaties' in the 19th and 20th centuries.<br />
<div class="artimg-table-cell">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b> </div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Colonial powers divided China through a series of 'Unequal Treaties' in the 19th and 20th centuries.<br /></span></span></b><br /><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Massacre_of_Chumik_Shenko">The Massacre of Chumik Shenko</span></h3><p>A military confrontation on 31<span class="nowrap"> </span>March
1904 became known as the Massacre of Chumik Shenko. Facing the vanguard
of Macdonald's army and blocking the road was a Tibetan force of 3,000
armed with antiquated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> muskets, ensconced behind a 5-foot-high (1.5 m) rock wall. On the slope above, the Tibetans had placed seven or eight <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">sangars</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming,_Bayonets_to_Lhasa1961146_20-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming,_Bayonets_to_Lhasa1961146-20">[20]</a></sup>
The Commissioner, Younghusband, was asked to stop but replied that the
advance must continue, and that he could not allow any Tibetan troops to
remain on the road. The Tibetans would not fight, but nor would they
vacate their positions. Younghusband and Macdonald agreed that "the only
thing to do was to disarm them and let them go". British writer Charles
Allen has also suggested that a dummy attack was played out in an
effort to provoke the Tibetans into opening fire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen,_Duel_in_the_Snows2015113_21-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen,_Duel_in_the_Snows2015113-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>It seems then that scuffles between the Sikhs and Tibetan guards
grouped around Tibetan generals sparked an action of the Lhasa general:
he fired a pistol hitting a Sikh in the jaw. British accounts insist
that the Tibetan general became angry at the sight of the brawl
developing and shot the Sikh soldier in the face, prompting a violent
response from the soldier's comrades, which rapidly escalated the
situation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Henry Newman, a reporter for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>,
who described himself as an eye-witness, said that following this shot,
the mass of Tibetans surged forward and their attack fell next on a
correspondent for the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Candler" title="Edmund Candler">Edmund Candler</a>,
and that very soon after this, fire was directed from three sides on
the Tibetans crowded behind the wall. In Doctor Austine Waddell's
account, "they poured a withering fire into the enemy, which, with the
quick firing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxims</a>, mowed down the Tibetans in a few minutes with a terrific slaughter.".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen,_Duel_in_the_Snows2015111–120_22-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen,_Duel_in_the_Snows2015111–120-22">[22]</a></sup>
Second-hand accounts from the Tibetan side have asserted both that the
British tricked the Tibetans into extinguishing the fuses for their
matchlocks, and that the British opened fire without warning. However,
no evidence exists to show such trickery took place and the likelihood
is that the unwieldy weapons were of very limited use in the
circumstances. Furthermore, the British, Sikh, and Gurkha soldiers
closest to the Tibetans were nearly all protected by a high wall, and
none were killed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen,_Duel_in_the_Snows2015120_23-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen,_Duel_in_the_Snows2015120-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tibetan_Soldier_at_Target_Practise.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="473" data-file-width="677" height="154" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tibetan_Soldier_at_Target_Practise.jpg/220px-Tibetan_Soldier_at_Target_Practise.jpg" width="220" /></a> </div></div><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><div class="thumbcaption">Tibetan soldier during target practice</div></div></div>
<p>The Tibetans were mown down by the Maxim guns as they fled. "I got so
sick of the slaughter that I ceased fire, though the general’s order
was to make as big a bag as possible", wrote Lieutenant Arthur Hadow,
commander of the Maxim guns detachment. "I hope I shall never again have
to shoot down men walking away."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VirtualTibet_24-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet#cite_note-VirtualTibet-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Half a mile from the battlefield, the Tibetan forces reached
shelter and were allowed to withdraw by Brigadier-General Macdonald.
Behind them, they left between 600 and 700 dead and 168 wounded, 148 of
whom survived in British field hospitals as prisoners. British
casualties were 12 wounded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Powers81_25-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet#cite_note-Powers81-25">[25]</a></sup>
During this battle and some to follow, the Tibetans wore amulets which
their lamas had promised would magically protect them from any harm.
After one battle, surviving Tibetans showed profound confusion over the
ineffectiveness of these amulets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Powers81_25-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet#cite_note-Powers81-25">[25]</a></sup>
In a telegraph to his superior in India a day later, Younghusband
stated: "I trust the tremendous punishment they have received will
prevent further fighting, and induce them at last to negotiate."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b></span></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1086935884468386791" itemprop="description articleBody"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><a class="GIL3GQOBOB" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8352418842572335145#editor/target=post;postID=5357896834956436024;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=61;src=postname"> </a></span></b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="http://gallimafry.blogspot.in/2013/05/british-invasion-massacre-of-tibetans.html">http://gallimafry.blogspot.in/2013/05/british-invasion-massacre-of-tibetans.html</a></b><a href="http://gallimafry.blogspot.in/2013/05/british-invasion-massacre-of-tibetans.html"><b>http://gallimafry.blogspot.in/2013/05/british-invasion-massacre-of-tibetans.htm</b>l</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> <span style="color: red;">================================</span></b></span></span><br />
<div class="widget storyContent article widget-editable viziwyg-section-1024 inpage-widget-6138696 title">
<h1 class="title">
<span style="color: blue; font-size: xx-small;">Secret Massacre: Slaughter by British that the Indians helped to cover up</span>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="widget storyContent article widget-editable viziwyg-section-1024 inpage-widget-6138720">
<h3 class="subtitle">
</h3>
</div>
<div class="widget storyContent article widget-editable viziwyg-section-1024 inpage-widget-6138719">
<div class="byline">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/biography/peter-popham"> <span class="authorName">
Peter Popham
</span>
</a>
<img alt="Author Biography" class="openBiogPopup" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhRZpcE8wbK16ZABtadAsCMUfdnS2Jfvr5gPxgZ5IZVPkJMsITM-o2i4_Dr1dRp6t5JqsHJV6N3jwVkTZkPvuQchpzBj5OeJ-RFTFV-TjdDdRLCflY-gIXxhIkr3paRy3GVOukTZC_4a3rbmgnnovjpImN6BG8h=s0-d" /></span></span></b>
</div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Monday 13 October 1997</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><u>Secret Massacre: Slaughter by British</u> </span> </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/secret-massacre-slaughter-by-british-that-the-indians-helped-to-cover-up-1235674.htm">http://www.independent.co.uk/news/secret-massacre-slaughter-by-british-that-the-indians-helped-to-cover-up-1235674.htm</a></span></span></span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">------------------------------------------------------------------- </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<h2 class="cleared centered">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">
The Bloody Massacre</span></span></h2>
<div class="intro">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">With ongoing protests against the Townshend
Duties, waterfront jobs scarce due to nonimportation, and poorly-paid,
off-duty British troops competing for jobs, clashes between American
laborers and British troops became frequent after 1768. In Boston,
tensions mounted rapidly in 1770 until a confrontation left five Boston
workers dead when panicky troops fired into a crowd. This print issued
by Paul Revere three weeks after the incident and widely reproduced
depicted his version of what was quickly dubbed the “Boston Massacre.”
Showing the incident as <u>a deliberate act of murder by the British army</u>,
the print (which Revere plagiarized from a fellow Boston engraver) was
the official Patriot version of the incident. In reality, British
soldiers did not fire a well-disciplined volley; white men were not the
sole actors in the incident; and the Bostonians provoked the soldiers
with taunts and thrown objects.
</span></span></b></div>
<div class="centered">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhxmmAoPfkPeYXoYJADG1hdFOFTCeMr7qqnZ74NvQOxY5oZJ5QGTMiDaOACo0ygmoBG_UgpU5CF78PmWztDUhSXI5zPFDsGdXjlXcLZv4pJwwxR8u-5zene26N6Es9o03vIOLl9vtHie-KYh7uusmh3=s0-d" width="541" /></span></span></b></div>
<hr class="cleared" />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Source: Paul Revere, <i>The Bloody Massacre perpetrated in King Street Boston on March 5th, 1770 . . .</i>, etching (handcolored), 1770, 7 3/4 x 8 3/4 inches—Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Britain's Colonial Wars from 1945 </span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">‘Ah, British Mother, had you a boy there?<br />
No blame to him for the evil done<br />
Or that a sorrowing Cypriot couple<br />
Lost that day a beloved son<br />
When at eighteen years, in the cause of freedom<br />
Petrakis Yiallouris met his eclipse<br />
Shot through the heart, by a conscript soldier,<br />
“Cyprus, Cyprus!” upon his lips.’</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> From <i>Cypriot Question<br />
</i>by Helen Fullerton</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In 1914-18
Britain, to protect its world interests and prevent Germany dominating
Europe, had thrown all the resources of the country and empire into the
1st World War. Emerging triumphant, but weaker financially and
militarily, Britain found itself losing markets and influence to the US –
who gradually supplanted Britain as the dominant western power.
Britain’s armed forces spent the time between the two world wars mainly
in their traditional role of policing the Empire. New forms of warfare
were used to keep British rule in place and aircraft were found to be
cheap and effective weapons for machine-gunning and gassing rebel bands
and dropping bombs on towns and hamlets ‘to teach the natives a lesson’.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Just over two
decades after the end of the ‘Great War’, Britain and the Empire were
embroiled in another global conflict against German Nazi expansionism
and its Japanese ally in the far east. In the 2nd World War, imperialist
countries again used their modern technology of warfare against each
other with devastating effect, as this conflict became the first
conventional modern war in which more civilians than combatants were
killed.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Before the 2nd World
War many members of the British ruling class had been virulently
anti-communist and pro-fascist, even turning a blind eye to the
overthrow of the elected republican government in Spain. However,
establishment opinions began to change - and war became certain - when
it became clear that unchecked fascism threatened parts of the empire
and even the old order in Europe itself. To win support for the ‘war
against fascism’ Britain then indicated that it stood for the equality
and self-determination of all nations and from all parts of the Empire
volunteers and/or recruits came to join Britain’s armed forces.
Consequently, many of these soldiers, sailors and airmen returned
determined to put these democratic principles into practice at home.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> During the 2nd World
War many areas of the British Empire were threatened and some occupied
by enemy troops and the indigenous fight against the invader was
undertaken by the native peoples - often led by nationalists or
communists, or a combination of both. Afterwards, it was clear that the
war had helped create an attitude of mind that was conducive to throwing
off the chains of colonial rule. There was now also an availability of
arms, with an ability to use them. As independence movements emerged it
became clear that many people in far off lands were no longer willing to
live under the Union Jack. Britain’s leaders, on the other hand, were
determined to hang on to the Empire and moved swiftly to re-establish
their control.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="383" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjfx4XXfA4oAvHEXtug8CjFDS3bsG8f-2Wo7bw1yX-PT3NfutIwljN2aI9Js5lsqtmixkPYB7VNbOssyWYYxuF0G_X3hJv4PDsXLuqyIZa-WlrBNTtoyBt8RVutw-m7znVFJNeBwamV-vX-gQmmexIlgubJq_pR8AdOPVsg=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The Fall of Singapore</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In early 1942 General
Arthur Ernest Percival, under pressure from Japanese attackers, ordered
the retreat of his troops from Malaya to make a last stand on Singapore
Island. Percival was a seasoned soldier and British imperialist prestige
would rest on whether or not he could defend this ‘crown jewel’ of the
Empire. Twenty years earlier, on 16th April 1921 during the Anglo /
Irish war, the then Major Percival had led a unit of his Essex Regiment
soldiers to Woodfield, the home of the Collins family in West Cork.
Michael Collins was then the most wanted IRA ‘terrorist’ in Ireland,
before he became a ‘statesman’ by meeting the British PM Lloyd George at
Downing Street and signing the treaty.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The soldiers had come
to carry out the official ‘punishment policy’ of destroying the family
homes of rebels in martial law areas. This was supposed to include
giving notification to the residents to allow them to remove valuables,
but no warning was given to the Collins family. The two women and eight
children were roughly forced from their home and could only watch in
horror as Woodfield was set alight and destroyed. A few soldiers did not
like their task and rescued some family possessions from the flames
while their officer’s back was turned.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In another incident two
IRA men, Tom Hales and Pat Harte, were captured by Major Percival and
his troops. The prisoners were stripped and severely beaten by the
soldiers with their rifle butts. Later, back at the barracks, Hales and
Harte were taken to an upstairs room where six officers, including
Percival, were waiting to interrogate them:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Two of the
other officers ... beat him [Hales] with canes, which they did, one
standing on either side, till they ‘drove the blood out through him’.
Then pliers were used on his lower body and to extract his finger nails,
so that Hales says, ‘My fingers were so bruised that I got
unconscious.’</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> On regaining
consciousness he was questioned about prominent figures including
Michael Collins. He gave no information and two officers took off their
tunics and punched him until he fell on the floor with several teeth
knocked out or loosened. Finally he was pulled by the hair to the top of
the stairs and thrown to the bottom, where he was again beaten before
being dragged to a cell. Hales recovered. Harte, however, suffered brain
damage and died in hospital, insane.[1]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Twenty-one years later,
Percival, now a Lt.-General, commanded the British and Commonwealth
forces fighting the Japanese in Malaya and Singapore. Britain’s war
leader, Winston Churchill, sent this cable to his military commanders:</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">BATTLE MUST BE FOUGHT TO THE BITTER END.<br />
COMMANDER AND SENIOR OFFICERS SHOULD DIE WITH THEIR TROOPS.<br />
THE HONOUR OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE IS AT STAKE.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The RAF, especially,
were badly under strength and the Japanese quickly acquired decisive air
superiority. With the city about to fall, Churchill was forced to allow
the troops to cease resistance and on 15th February 1942, Percival
surrendered to General Tomoyuki Yamashita, who commanded the Japanese
attackers. Churchill described the fall of Singapore as ‘the biggest
disaster and capitulation in our history’:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">In a
brilliantly conceived, whirlwind campaign, at the cost of a few thousand
casualties, Yamashita defeated a force superior in all aspects but
aircraft and competence. Percival surrendered not only 130,000 men and
the Crown Jewel of the Empire but also British prestige in Asia. The
fortress had been “impregnable”, the British garrison keen, the outcome
certain - and no one believed that more than the British. But Yamashita
had cut away the bland face of British superiority and revealed the
tired muscles and frail tissues of a decaying empire. Later victories
never made up for the debacle at Singapore, and prestige was never
regained.[2]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> While senior officers
were treated relatively well by the Japanese, many of Percival’s British
and Imperial rank and file troops were to suffer and perish on Japanese
slave labour projects like the Burma railway.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">1: <i>Michael Collins</i>,<br />
by Tim Pat Coogan,<br />
Arrow Books 1991.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 2: <i>On Revolt - Strategies of National Liberation</i>,<br />
by J Bowyer Bell,<br />
Harvard University Press 1976.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEh0aZO76hXBffnaxyXnkx4x5G77laldvIuojyU6QDMXzBMluKUXJzrv-Pk5MKP_aGa7D543IRpCEFaVckt-C0JPPA2SdkFAITJ-8Ou1NKNmxgQYO-MGb_nTjwaI_IaU634167DK8qmbRdJ_kf469Je35qgHQuxuEjT6rB3s=s0-d" width="359" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Vietnam</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Even as the 2nd World
War was ending British troops were being used to reassert the pre-war
status quo in places as wide apart as Greece and Vietnam. In Greece,
after the Germans were forced out, there occurred civil strife between
right-wing royalist forces and the left-wing National Popular Liberation
Army (ELAS) which had borne the brunt of the fight against the Germans.
British troops were ordered to intervene on the royalist side,
prolonging the conflict and sparking an all-out civil war. With the odds
now stacked against them, the ELAS forces were eventually defeated.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> While the victorious
Allies moved to build a new world order open to their manipulation and
control, tensions often surfaced between them. In the Far East, Britain
was suspicious of US intentions towards the old areas of European
dominance. These issues were discussed among the Allies at Yalta in
early 1945. Afterwards US President Roosevelt stated: ‘I suggested ...
that Indo-China be set up under a trusteeship ... Stalin liked the idea,
China liked the idea. The British didn’t like it. It might bust up
their Empire, because if the Indo-Chinese were to work together and
eventually get their independence the Burmese might do the same thing.’ [3]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Other European
countries, like France and Holland, faced the loss of parts of their
empires, because of the time it would take them to get their military
forces back to the area. Britain, to stabilize its own colonial
interests in the area, was determined to ensure Holland could return to
dominate Indonesia and France to control Vietnam (Indo-China):</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Throughout
the war Churchill did his best to ensure the restoration of the pre-war
Imperial status quo in Asia, American ideas of political emancipation
for former French colonies were not to his liking. He knew well that
independence is a contagious force, and that if allowed in Vietnam it
might well spread to Burma and to India itself. Using every weapon in
his formidable armoury, Churchill worked to scupper Roosevelt’s liberal
policies, particularly over French Indo-China.[4]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In both Vietnam and
Indonesia nationalist movements, who in conjunction with the Allies had
fought the Japanese, were about to come to power. In early September
1945, the Vietnamese made their Declaration of Independence: ‘We are
convinced that the Allied nations, which at Teheran and San Francisco
have acknowledged the principles of self-determination and equality of
nations, will not refuse to acknowledge the independence of Vietnam.’
The Vietnamese went on to explain that they were ‘a people who have
fought side by side with the Allies against the Fascists during these
last years, such a people must be free and independent ... We, members
of the Provisional government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam,
solemnly declare to the world that Vietnam has the right to be a free
and independent country...’ [5]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Ho Chi Minh was one of
the leaders of the Vietnamese independence struggle. Twenty-five years
earlier he had stayed in London for a short period:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">On October
25 [1920], the Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Cork, Terence MacSwiney - a
teacher, poet, dramatist and scholar - died on the seventy-fourth day of
a hunger strike while in Brixton Prison, London. A young Vietnamese
dishwasher in the Carlton Hotel, London, broke down and cried when he
heard the news. “A nation which has such citizens will never surrender.”
His name was Nguyen Ai Quoc who, in 1941, adopted the name of Ho Chi
Minh and took the lessons of the Irish anti-imperialist fight to his own
country.[6]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img alt="http://socialjusticefirst.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/malaya-007.jpg" class="decoded" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgNqryRbjr9_uaUHNnk-t9QDdiar-3nnAeNpvqVbMcmBlCAEmUK2PWkDxdcYssCTkwClm1HbTzwC9WVqnp99jBW0QsZBk3tXcA1bNaEOrn8_y-dN5f_rtoL6h0apSMo-tT7x9x5W79nATchl3W7961IKdcqE4_XUm-BHN4EqV_frrVIOM8=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b> <br />
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In 1945, as British
troops first entered Saigon, they were welcomed by the people. They had
arrived at a time when Ho Chi Minh and the Viet-Minh had widespread
support throughout the country. The British commander, General Gracey,
later wrote: ‘I was welcomed on arrival by the Viet-Minh ... I promptly
kicked them out.’ [7]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">3: <i>The Bitter Heritage: Vietnam and American Democracy 1941-1946</i>,<br />
by Arthur M Schlesinger Jr,<br />
Houghton, Mifflin,<br />
New York 1967.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 4: <i>The British In Vietnam - How the twenty-five year war began</i>,<br />
by George Rosie,<br />
Panther Books 1970.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 5: Ibid - <i>The British In Vietnam - How the twenty-five year war began.</i></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 6: <i>A History of the Irish Working Class</i>,<br />
by Peter Berresford Ellis,<br />
Pluto Press 1985.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 7: <i>Journal of the Royal Asian Society</i>,<br />
July-Oct. 1953.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiwHFu25vEj-sxJP-Z6bAOEDKh26yMCzWQzwCR4Wo0zTXDsQJZ4AAJsdwZT63SNHHnrbVrRpAw-YUDVZgF06hxz18vMpZT8YfX_oX1rbEj7O_D_2mmgRdeLq8WGuevu2tam0FSGl83yI8E-SSutyWwv2lsI7_GRIq_8DrLV=s0-d" width="411" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The Japanese Rearmed</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Twenty years later, one
of Gracey’s officers, Robert Denton-Williams, told how he had arrived
with the advance party of British troops: ‘As an officer of the Indian
Army, I was part of the first allied unit to reach Indo-China in 1945.
The 20th Indian Division was stationed in Burma. The greater part of it
embarked by sea, but an advance battalion of Gurkhas (900 men with
British officers) flew to Saigon via Bangkok. I was with the advance
groups as ammunition and transport officer ...’ Denton-Williams then
gave his account of what happened:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The British
troops were made most welcome ... and posters from the airport to the
rue Catinat (the centre of Saigon) bore the legend “Welcome to the
allies, to the British and to the Americans - but we have no room for
the French”. Everything seemed to be going well. The government of the
country was in the hands of the Committee of the South, a united front
organisation of the Viet Minh and various Buddhist and other groups.
Ho’s picture was all over Saigon.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> ... Then an
appalling thing happened. Some eighty Free French (not the discredited
Vichy French) resolved to restore French power in Indo-China ... they
occupied a number of key public buildings in Saigon, hoisted the
tricoleur, and declared the return of Indo-China to French sovereignty.
Then they called upon the British to arm them and join them against ‘les
jaunes’ (the yellow people).[8]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Back home people were
deliberately misled as to what was happening. As Robert Denton-Williams
explained: ‘In a command paper (R 2817; 25 March 1954), and also in
other papers before and since, the Central Office of Information has
given it out that because of “unrest and terrorism”, General Gracey had
given orders to arm the French. Both parts of the statement were wholly
untrue. There was at this time no unrest and no terrorism, and General
Gracey did not give the order to arm the French. The order came from the
Foreign Office through an F.O. official in Saigon, and it was delivered
to the local British Commander, Brigadier-General Taunton.’ [9]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> To stem the increasing
tide of nationalist hostility, the British sought help from their
defeated enemy. Ironically, as the Allies tried and executed some
Japanese soldiers as war criminals, others were rearmed and prepared for
front line duty. George Rosie, in his book <i>The British in Vietnam</i>,
said: ‘A further element of irony was contained in the unenviable role
of the Japanese, who, defeated and humiliated, were obliged to pick up
their arms for their former enemy and to bear the brunt of the “Allied”
casualties.’ [10]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Robert Denton-Williams,
who took part in this process, later recalled: ‘As there were less than
a thousand allied troops and some 79,000 Japanese concentrated round
Saigon, the Japanese units (previously under the command of Field
Marshal Count Terauchi) were now taken under British command to defend
Saigon.’ Denton-Williams also helped rearm the Japanese: ‘ They were
even issued with 3-inch mortars and bombs which they had themselves
captured from the British at Singapore in 1942. I myself was responsible
for issuing arms and deploying transport with the help of Colonel Endo
and Lieut.-Colonel Murata of the Japanese army.’ [11]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Alongside British
soldiers, these Japanese troops were used to police Vietnam until French
forces could return and take over. Military force was used to quell
dissent, as Vietnam became a colonial battleground for British, then
French and finally US troops:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">We are used
to the idea that wars in Vietnam have been exclusively the concern of
first the French, and later the Americans. But, in late 1945, it was
British bullets which were whining across the paddy-fields around
Saigon, British mortars which were pounding the frail villages of the
Mekong Delta (and British soldiers who were being brutally ambushed by
the forerunners of the Vietcong). The history of the British occupation
of South Vietnam does not form a happy narrative. Like most post-war
colonial interludes, it is a tale fraught with political complexity and
intrigue, with internecine struggle, with terrorism and repressive
counter-measures...[12]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 8: Statement by Robert Denton-Williams,<br />
in<i> Ho Chi Minh and the Struggle for an Independent Vietnam</i>,<br />
by William Warbey,<br />
Merlin Press 1972.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 9: Ibid - Statement by Robert Denton-Williams.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">10: <i>The British In Vietnam - How the twenty-five year war began</i>,<br />
by George Rosie,<br />
Panther Books 1970.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 11: Statement by Robert Denton-Williams,<br />
in<i> Ho Chi Minh and the Struggle for an Independent Vietnam</i>,<br />
by William Warbey,<br />
Merlin Press 1972.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 12: <i>The British In Vietnam - How the twenty-five year war began</i>,<br />
by George Rosie,<br />
Panther Books 1970.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjvS2n4qwpRPkAqi2_aguK_ZESTWQyMDxgS703AXFI7mCgi3KYRfff2U-ZML4WpKr8C-3ufCEsM-lbBao-0oB350cwdFPqocyQIu1MdW2Wi3TFGSt5823sE257DWlF7cP_rG9zSXsN1zZDAynsz8vCCxg02LLG3Ze-sTSJf=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Critical Voices</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The British, with the
Japanese now fighting alongside them, were as harsh and inflexible in
suppressing Vietnamese independence as the French and Americans who
followed them. George Rosie stated: ‘It is quite clear the war was no
trifling affair, and that some of the operational instructions issued to
the British division were implicitly ruthless. There was an alarming
directness about the way in which the British troops operated, a
directness which cost the lives of thousands of Vietnamese.’ Rosie went
on to give as examples ‘two operational orders [which] stand out as
indicative of the way in which the war was waged. Both are disturbing in
their implications. They were issued to 100 Indian Infantry Brigade,
operating to the north of Saigon (the worst area) under the command of
Brigadier Rodham.’ Rosie continued:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The first is
Operational Instruction No. 220, dated 27 October, 1945, which states
that, ‘We may find it difficult to distinguish friend from foe ...
always use maximum force available to ensure wiping out any hostiles we
may meet. If one uses too much no harm is done.’ Thus, while admitting
that it was often impossible to tell combatants from civilians, the
British units are exhorted to use ‘maximum force’, which means that in
this thickly peopled territory any hostile act could have brought down
fire from mortars, 25-pounders and the guns of the 16th Light Cavalry’s
armoured cars. With such firepower, in these conditions, how could
civilians (who were ‘difficult to distinguish’) have avoided high
casualties? Similarly, the second order, Instruction No. 63, dated 31
December 1945, states quite categorically that it was ‘perfectly
legitimate to look upon all locals anywhere near where a shot has been
fired as enemies - and treacherous ones at that - and treat them
accordingly...’[13]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> By October 1945 British
forces in Vietnam numbered nearly 26,000 men, backed by RAF Spitfire
and Mosquito warplanes. Many of the troops were from India, where
critical voices were raised. This dissent was given expression by Indian
independence leaders like Pandit Nehru: ‘We have watched British
intervention there [Vietnam] with growing anger, shame and helplessness,
that Indian troops should be used for doing Britain’s dirty work
against our friends who are fighting the same fight as we.’ [14]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Back home in Britain
the wartime coalition government, led by Churchill, had resigned and, at
the end of July, Labour won a ‘landslide’ victory in the 1945 general
election. With its programme of ‘radical reforms’, many expected changes
in overseas affairs from Attlee’s new government. Instead, it gradually
became clear that Labour was continuing Churchill’s colonial policy. On
11th December in the House of Commons, Labour MP Tom Driberg questioned
the use of British troops in Vietnam:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Claiming
that the British people had ‘learned with dismay that four months after
the end of the war in the Far East, British and Indian troops were
engaged and were suffering heavy casualties in a war in ... French
Indo-China ... the object of which appeared to be the restoration of the
... French Empire.’ He made use of the fact that Terauchi’s soldiers
were being used against the Vietnamese: ‘... their [the British
people’s] dismay was not lessened when they learned that we were also
employing Japanese troops...’</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> As late as
the end of January, Driberg was still pressing for information on the
activities of the British forces of occupation. On 28 January he
demanded a statement on British withdrawal, details of casualties, and
an assurance that guarantees of future independence would be given by
the French. He was told that, ‘Allied casualties during the period from
mid-October up to 13 January were 126 killed and 424 wounded. Of the
killed, three were British and thirty-seven were Indian.’ The government
also estimated that the Vietnamese dead numbered 2,700. No figure was
given for Vietnamese wounded.[15]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In the end, military
might won the day and the Vietnamese were forced back. As Robert
Denton-Williams explained: ‘October and November 1945 saw some fierce
fighting, and the Viet-Minh suffered severe casualties. Finally the
Saigon bridgehead was made secure, pending the arrival of General
Leclerc and his Foreign Legion troops from Madagascar.’ Britain’s
actions in denying Vietnamese self-determination and restoring French
rule led to three decades of bloody colonial warfare, before the
Vietnamese finally achieved their independence.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Many of the British
forces fighting in Indo-China believed their government’s policy was the
result of a ‘secret deal’ between the French and the Labour government:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">As many
British and Indian officers in Saigon understood it, a deal had been
done between Ernest Bevin, British Foreign Secretary, and Massigli of
France. Under this secret agreement, the French were to be allowed to
re-establish themselves in Indo-China on the understanding that they
would not attempt to return to Syria and the Lebanon. The Committee of
the South, in the face of Western perfidy, resolved to fight; and
nightly attacks on Saigon began.[16]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 13: <i>The British In Vietnam - How the twenty-five year war began</i>,<br />
by George Rosie,<br />
Panther Books 1970.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 14: <i>New York Times</i>,<br />
1st Jan. 1946.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 15: <i>The British In Vietnam - How the twenty-five year war began</i>,<br />
by George Rosie,<br />
Panther Books 1970. </span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 16: Statement by Robert Denton-Williams,<br />
in<i> Ho Chi Minh and the Struggle for an Independent Vietnam</i>,<br />
by William Warbey,<br />
Merlin Press 1972.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEg0PMoHmEp-xYwf8KrJVPssf143vT1dodToARDQnrm-NHUpRAFyZBTYTd3UzeuusyI1i2fn6CWgojjYDEjrS-u-7lMSkD4SPaoj5l9XICVThPhi283-JHRkTiCYr40grpFFxXuTf7M8MhH-qLP9L40PmOjMDRMNy5nKZ-gg=s0-d" width="374" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Indonesia</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In Indonesia, British
forces were also used to occupy the country, allowing the Dutch to
return and take control. Here the fighting was even fiercer as British
and Indian troops suffered nearly a thousand dead and many more injured.
The Japanese troops, who fought alongside them, also had some 1,000
soldiers killed. The 23rd Indian Division, which took heavier casualties
in just over a year in Indonesia than in four years fighting the
Japanese in Burma, recorded in its official history their feelings about
fighting with their former enemy: ‘As remarkable as it was unwelcome
... we had for a time to order the Japs to fight with us, an event
hushed up at home.’ [17]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Tens of thousands of
Indonesians died as towns and villages were bombed by aircraft and
shelled by artillery and Navy ships. With the population overwhelmingly
on their side, the nationalists would not give in. The British
Commander, Mountbatten, despairingly informed London that Indonesia
threatened to become a ‘situation analogous to Ireland after the last
war, but on a much larger scale.’ [18] Many
British soldiers, who had expected a quick return home as the 2nd World
War ended, became resentful about ‘saving’ Indonesia for the Dutch:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">When the
Seaforth <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ch-link-5" rel="highlanders|5" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #0081BD !important; color: #0081BD !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Highlanders</a> set off for Jakarta docks in November, 1946, after
months of coping with the Indonesian liberation movement on behalf of
the absent Dutch, they passed contingents of troops just in from
Holland. With one accord, the British soldiers raised clenched fists and
shouted “Merdeka!”(“Freedom!”). Liberation salute and slogan were more
than just a joke at Dutch expense. They were a recognition by men of
what was still an imperial army that empire was not going to long
survive in the Indies - something which the young Dutchmen in the
lorries going the other way did not yet understand.[19]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Britain’s holding-role
in Vietnam and Indonesia directly led to large scale colonial wars,
which saw the Dutch forced from Indonesia and the French from Vietnam.
Over 3,000,000 US troops were ultimately involved in Vietnam after the
French withdrawal. The Americans lost 58,000 soldiers killed in the
conflict, but the Vietnamese estimated their dead at over 3 million.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">17: <i>A forgotten war: British intervention in Indonesia 1945-46</i>,<br />
by John Newsinger,<br />
in <i>Race and Class</i>, vol.30, no.4, Apr./Jun. 1989,</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 18: <i>Troubled Days of Peace</i>,<br />
by Peter Dennis,<br />
Manchester 1969.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 19: <i>Guardian</i>,<br />
10th Sept. 1999.<br />
Article by Martin Woollacott about Indonesia and East Timor.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhYP_uYV1E2F9-NGZA0QRFfvi6dlX2ycqOVluaguN-mmGZBH3ecTMSusgInO_cV4WBvg80JkKspemRaSw4fQpBtvKrAomFISmgi78B8zLqs53U8Y1fKHf1CpcRLOnON6vH8vCCdwmNWisF1j8-z_6gNTFauAsL23T4pHORe=s0-d" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Malaya</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> <b>Just three years after
the defeat of the Japanese, British troops were engaged in a bitter
‘Emergency’ in Malaya. During the 2nd World War, the people of Malaya
had been promised self-government because of their fight against the
occupying Japanese troops. That promise was renewed in October 1945 by
the Labour government and the Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army laid
down their arms. For the next three years a Malayan independence
movement strove by peaceful means to achieve their freedom. Britain’s
establishment, however, wanted to retain control of the country’s rubber
and tin: ‘In 1950, Malaya produced 37% of the world’s natural rubber
(and 25% of total world rubber production, including synthetics). In the
same year, rubber (61%) and tin (12%) accounted for 73% by value of all
exports from the colony .[20]</b></span></span></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The British colonial
elite had done very well in Malaya, exploiting the country’s resources
and using the native people as cheap labour. In its May 1926 edition, <i>British Malaya</i>
expounded on the white role in the Far East: ‘The function of the white
man in a tropical country is not to labour with his hands, but to
direct and control a plentiful and efficient supply of native labour, to
assist in the Government of the country, or to engage in opportunities
offered for trade and commerce, from an office desk in a bank or
mercantile firm.’</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Ironically, while
workers at home, through trade union struggles, gradually managed to win
concessions of better wages and working conditions, the ruling class,
to maintain their profit margins, ruthlessly increased the exploitations
of native workers abroad. In Malaya, while great wealth was made from
rubber, the native labourers lived poverty-stricken lives. In 1948,
Patrick O’Donovan wrote about their living conditions in the <i>Observer</i>:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Several
times I have been shown with pride coolie lines on plantations that a
kennelman in England would not tolerate for his hounds ... There is
little consciousness [among the plantation owners] of the poverty and
illiteracy that exists in this country. And, too often, it is a foul,
degrading, urine-tainted poverty, a thing of old grey rags and scraps of
rice, made tolerable only by the sun.[21]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Across the country
trade unions started to demand wage increases and better living
conditions. Bitter disputes occurred in which detained Japanese troops
were often released and used to take the places of striking workers. The
whites in Malaya, who controlled the production of rubber and tin,
demanded that the British administration stay in control and that the
trade unions and independence movement be suppressed. The Labour
government complied and an ‘Emergency’ was declared in mid-1948.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">20: <i>Malaya - The Making of a Neo-Colony</i>,<br />
edited by Mohamed Amin and Malcolm Caldwell,<br />
Spokesman Books 1977.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 21: <i>Observer</i>,<br />
10th Oct. 1948.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><img border="1" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEg7OUFTdLdXFazbHdST4QLgTI5_pK2wiPju7fcistF952CGKEdtvT_7lIqd7gIaKmp38PIQ6-E6GzXAbsY8kQ8tmTULW9J1LrF9khpGTBuuWHYDxgSsIB69DfHVaCYbmmIui_l7Uqb3gBTBWDeQKTTH1yswfA9EM4CLkqXE=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="color: blue;"> <span style="font-size: large;">The ‘Emergency’</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> One of the first
measures was to declare the Pan-Malayan Federation of Trade Unions
illegal and force it to be disbanded. All forms of constitutional
protest or reforms were effectively blocked off and the situation soon
escalated into violence. British military and counter-insurgency experts
now took control - setting in motion an all-out conflict. The Malayan
Races Liberation Army (MRLA) led by Chin Peng, a communist who had been
awarded an OBE while fighting for the Allies against the Japanese,
launched guerrilla actions against the government.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> A scenario, that was to
become familiar, began to unfold as local ‘loyal’ forces were greatly
increased and reinforcements of British troops were rushed to the area.
General Sir Harold Briggs took charge of military operations and
‘suspect’ members of the native population were ‘resettled’ into
fortified hamlets that were little more than mass prison camps, with
guards, barbed wire and searchlights at night. The idea was to deprive
the guerrillas of their source of food, shelter and recruits:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The war
could not have been won without ruthless government control over the
totality of the population. The most conservative and pro-British
observers are agreed upon this. ... the whole operation formed one
whole, dedicated to physically separating the non-combatants from the
combatants among the Malayan masses - or, in the terminology of the
administration, separating “the people” from the “communist
terrorists”.[22]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Over 500,000 natives
were ‘resettled’ in the camps, euphemistically called ‘new villages’,
where they were forced to labour on plantations for barely subsistence
wages. They were also often ‘punished’ by detentions and food reductions
and were subjected to constant controls, including curfews and
searches.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The build up of the security forces was on such a large scale that the <i>British Survey</i>
of June 1952 stated that ‘in some areas there is an armed man to police
every two of his fellows, and more than 65 for every known terrorist
...’ The British High Commissioner, General Sir Gerald Templer, stated
in his report for 1953 that a ‘main weapon in the past four years has
been ... the sevenfold expansion of the Police and the raising of
240,000 Home Guards and of four more battalions of the Malay Regiment.’</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Between 1948 and 1957
some 34,000 people out of a population of 5 million were
imprisoned without trial, with another 20,000 being deported.
The police were a typical colonial style force, based on the Royal Irish
Constabulary, who operated mainly through fear and intimidation. Victor
Purcell, a former colonial civil servant, observed:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">There was no
human activity from the cradle to the grave that the police did not
superintend. The real rulers of Malaya were not General Templer or his
troops but the Special Branch of the Malayan Police. What General
Templer had ordered was virtually a levy en masse, in which there were
no longer any civilians and the entire population were either soldiers
or bandits. The means had become superior to the ends. Force was
enthroned, embattled and triumphant.[23]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Despite this
overwhelming concentration of security forces, the British
administration was not secure. Templer’s predecessor as High
Commissioner, Sir Henry Gurney, had been killed in an ambush in 1951,
and few areas were safe for colonial administrators or agents.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">22: <i>Malaya - The Making of a Neo-Colony</i>,<br />
edited by Mohamed Amin and Malcolm Caldwell,<br />
Spokesman Books 1977.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 23: <i>Malaya - Communist or Free?</i>,<br />
by V Purcell,<br />
Gollancz 1954.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjelVZM9tVtTDASlcHnlVL859kuJx4b0fGyX3bYIM6GYuT6biG6qS1is3yeo2oZIiv7im2mvh2SqJ5_mg-nh9ytBfvtM54aoqVoh72Q-qc9BAokWJHOjf-BNpaWeBjl1BIw9itiMmekuNgtUeTg6ogpT7Re7pwAFT2P0jeu=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> ‘A Handful of Bandits’</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Concerned voices about Malaya were raised in Britain, including <i>The Times</i>
which stated in its editorial columns: ‘The cost in human life has been
considerable; in money it is counted in millions ... Several able and
resourceful men have tried their hands at solving the problem, but none
of the recent news has appeared to hold out better hope for the future.’
[24]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> A few weeks later, <i>The Times</i>
reported on the trip to Malaya of Oliver Lyttelton, the Colonial
Secretary just appointed by Churchill’s newly elected Conservative
Government: ‘At no time were there fewer than 1,000 troops and police on
guard, and when Penang was visited about 2,000 were directly involved.
Outside Kuala Lumpur, Mr Lyttelton was compelled to travel in an
enclosed armoured car and one observer remarked that his progress was
rather like that of a Nazi leader travelling through occupied Europe.’ [25]
Lyttelton had been educated at Eton and Cambridge and served in the
Brigade of Guards. In 1937 he had been chairman of the London Tin
Company, which had extensive mining interest in Malaya.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In contrast, communists
in Britain, like Harry Pollitt, campaigned in support of Malayan
independence. Pollitt wrote the pamphlet, <i>Malaya - Stop the War!</i>,
in which he set out his forthright views. He outlined the size of the
security forces and their repressive use against the Malayan people by
the administration. Then Pollitt went on to state: ‘And all this, we are
told, “against a handful of bandits”! This must surely be the biggest
and most persistent handful that has ever existed in human history.’
Pollitt continued:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The British
lads who are being sent thousands of miles away to Malaya are not
defending Britain or safeguarding democracy. They are there to defend
the corrupt colonial system under which two-thirds of the children
receive no schooling, the workers’ own trade unions have been
suppressed, and real wages are only a third of their pre-war starvation
level. Despite all the official propaganda about Malaya being the most
prosperous British colony, for the Malayan people conditions are
appalling.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> ... This is
the degraded Police State for which the Tories want to sacrifice more
British lives. Already hundreds of British lads have lost their lives in
Malaya. It is time for the British people to put an end to this cruel
and ghastly war. ... For the Tory rubber and tin profiteers there is
plenty to gain, but for the British people the only dividends are death,
more taxation, cuts in social services, and attacks on wages and
working conditions.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Mr Churchill
has already confessed that the British Government is spending £50
million a year on the Malayan war ... Now fresh burdens are to be added.
It was no coincidence that Lyttelton’s tour of Malaya and the
announcement of his six-point plan for an intensified war came at the
same time as the employers’ rejection of the claims put forward by the
dockers, miners and other British workers ... the Government’s
announcements of £15 million cuts in education, and further cuts in
rations and rises in prices.</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The British Defence
Secretary then issued a directive stating that those called ‘bandits’
should now be referred to as ‘communist terrorists’ (CTs). But Pollitt’s
Stop the War campaign had more positive effects, with even the
establishment paper, <i>The Times</i>, in its edition of 30th November
1951, stating that: ‘Together with the usual colonial suspicions is a
growing belief, hastened by the statements of rubber producers, that
Malaya is regarded first as an investment area to be made safe for
British capital.’ As Pollitt had indicated, guarding that capital were
young British soldiers, often doing their national service, who fought a
bitter war in the jungle areas.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">24: <i>The Times</i>,<br />
Nov. 13th 1951.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 25: <i>The Times</i>,<br />
Dec. 9th 1951.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjWepYtx4aH2KWUuMSgkFG3eqOnCws8ym1Munzr0STTQj0KBHyZtCtuxn2FQ1vGVm_dUDGGNHMk4-SaC8tesyl14Bu_LHSOh9mdTD681ai14Xhpgp8uBf9yWi-1lb7iSx_ane00G7SVvSIs7XzaXMG3e3sItNM8nWLCSm3a=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Massacre at Batang Kali</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In 1960, Anthony Short,
who had completed his national service in Malaya, was commissioned by
the Malayan government to write the official history of the Emergency.
They sat on his work for three years, then rejected it. Short omitted
various contentious parts, but the book was continually turned down.
Eventually, seven years after its completion, the book was published in
London. As the writer Malcolm Caldwell stated, in the book Short had
tried to come to terms with ‘the problems of waging a
“counter-insurgency” war against a hostile population, deemed to be
“friendly”’:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">In the early
stages of the campaign, and indeed wherever contact took place ...,
how, in the few seconds of confusion when figures are running from huts
into jungle does one decide to open fire or not? ... unless they are
uniformed or obviously armed, there is no guarantee that the people who
are running are guerrillas or wanted criminals rather than very
frightened men and women who may or may not be willing or unwilling
guerrilla supporters.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Almost every
other situation report at the beginning of the emergency recorded the
shootings of men who ran out of huts, were challenged and failed to
stop. Too often, no weapons, ammunition or anything else in the least
way incriminating, either materially or oral evidence, was ever found
... the CPO (Chief Police Officer) Johore was particularly concerned
with the situation in which suspects were shot while attempting to
escape: ‘I can find no legal justification for the shootings, whether
under the normal laws or the emergency regulations, unless the incident
occurs in a protected place or during curfew hours.’ So far it seemed
that the magistrates had brought in verdicts of justifiable homicide;
but the CPO thought that would not always be the case and that some
major scandal might occur.[26]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Short also recorded
that it was seriously suggested in the British parliament that a force
of ‘Black and Tans’ be recruited to send to Malaya, but British troops
were soon to prove that they did not require a new force to carry out
terrorism on behalf of the state. On 11th December 1948, a unit of the
2nd Battalion of the Scots Guards entered Batang Kali, a small hamlet in
the Selangor area of Malaya. The soldiers then rounded up and massacred
25 Chinese villagers and burnt many of the dwellings. When word leaked
out, the authorities attempted to justify the killings by saying that
the victims had been detainees who had tried to escape:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">There matters rested until, 20 years later, <i>The People</i>,
a London newspaper, challenged a statement by George Brown, a leading
Labour Party politician, discussing revelations of the My Lai massacre
[by Americans in Vietnam], that ... “there are an awful lot of spectres
in our cupboard too...”</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> ... Among
those who read this challenge was a Scots Guardsman who had been a
member of the patrol. Eventually, he and three other members of the
patrol swore statements on oath to the effect that the 25 Chinese had
been massacred and that they were not trying to escape. The victims,
moreover, were all civilians, and “this is just one of the many British
My Lai’s in Malaya”.[27]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The soldiers’
statements provoked new public interest and, under pressure, the
government instructed Scotland Yard to undertake an ‘Official Inquiry’.
But this was quietly shelved later after interest faded, so the details
of this colonial atrocity have still to be fully revealed.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">In 1952, soon after
being appointed High Commissioner, General Templer had said ‘the hard
core of communists in this country are fanatics and must be, and will
be, exterminated.’ That same year the <i>Daily Worker</i> carried a
photo of a smiling Royal Marine commando in Malaya, holding the severed
head of a dead guerrilla. Shortly after, a second photo was shown, with
another marine holding two severed heads. The authorities claimed that
heads and hands were taken from the bodies of ‘terrorists’ for
identification purposes. But many soldiers regarded them as trophies,
which showed their unit’s effectiveness: ‘Other photos reproduced in
British papers showed severed hands propped next to severed heads in
mock salute and dead guerrillas stretched out like tiger skins in front
of the units that had “bagged” them.’ [28] This
was eerily reminiscent of the way English soldiers had displayed Irish
heads, during the Elizabethan conquests 400 years previously.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The ‘Emergency’ did not
officially end until 1960, but by the mid 50s guerrilla numbers had
dwindled and those who were still active could only operate from the
deepest jungle. The MPLA had launched their campaign from the Chinese
community, who, while being the main labour force, were a 45 per cent
minority of the Malayan population. This proved a fatal flaw for
although the guerrillas tried to broaden their appeal, Britain used
ethnic and religious divide and rule tactics against them to keep them
separated from the Malay and Muslim majority.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> For
years the
authorities had also been cultivating the native political and
commercial elites, especially the United Malay National Organisation and
the Malayan Chinese Association - and convincing British businessmen
that it was safer to exert economic control over a neo-colony, than
continue with direct rule. ‘Independence’ was declared in August 1957
and British companies had good reasons to be happy at the outcome: ‘At
independence 75 per-cent of all rubber plantation acreage was in
European (mostly British) hands, along with 61 per-cent of all tin
production, and 75 per-cent of all services and trade.’ [29] For them
the expense and the ferocity of the ‘Emergency’ had paid off.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">26: <i>The Communist Insurrection in Malaya - 1948-60</i>,<br />
by A Short,<br />
Frederick Muller, London 1975.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">27: <i>Malaya - The Making of a Neo-Colony</i>,<br />
edited by Mohamed Amin and Malcolm Caldwell,<br />
Spokesman Books 1977.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">28: <i>British Counterinsurgency, 1919-60</i>,<br />
by Thomas R Mockaitis,<br />
Macmillan Press Ltd 1990.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 29: <i>Malaya - The Making of a Neo-Colony</i>,<br />
edited by Mohamed Amin and Malcolm Caldwell,<br />
Spokesman Books 1977.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiL6gRfBiIYsbC8LPp3rIdv3Vc0l56rqsstbR8M5vAmSi6Y6DLvNlWYLAc2wW-D_qNSzyLaxIZv56js1VGiwYF3fjwNCAKq40myK_mIULIJMyeSaMh3kB-hOyo_cZO5kFO0uM6lcLr_DuNs754qawhf5Maqud006Sq2wOUxew=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Cyprus</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> While British soldiers
were still fighting ‘terrorists’ in Malaya a new colonial war was
starting in Kenya (this will be discussed in detail in the next chapter -
<i>The Myth of Mau Mau</i>). At the height of the conflict in Kenya,
another ‘Emergency’ was declared on the island of Cyprus, a British
colony in the Mediterranean. Britain’s interests in Cyprus were mainly
strategic, during the ‘Emergency’ the Suez invasion was launched from
the island and afterwards it became a base area for missiles trained on
Russia. The population, a volatile five to one ratio of Greeks to Turks,
was ripe for British divide and rule tactics.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The Greeks’ political
leader was Archbishop Makarios who was demanding ‘Enosis’ (union with
Greece). They also formed an underground military organisation, known as
EOKA (the National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters), led by a
right-wing ex-Greek army colonel called George Grivas, who had colluded
with British forces in Greece at the end of the 2nd World War to crush
the left-wing ELAS forces.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> On 25th September 1955, Sir Robert Armitage was replaced as Governor by Field-Marshal Sir John Harding KCB, DSO and MC:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Harding
launched at once into a campaign against EOKA, and at the same time
began talks with Archbishop Makarios. The strategy was obvious: as EOKA
was gradually subdued, Makarios would lose his bargaining power and
would have to meet the Government’s terms. Harding took personal charge
of Security and welded together the police, whose ranks were being
filled with Turkish Cypriots, and the Army, which had now grown to
twelve thousand men. The offspring of the marriage was called the
‘Security Forces’, a title which covered everyone from ice-cream
peddlers enlisted into the auxiliary police to subalterns from
Sandhurst.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> It was an
old routine, pioneered in other colonies. A State of Emergency would be
declared: villages and towns curfewed by day, and by night; collective
fines would be levied; the public finger-printed, identity cards issued
... Already a Detention of Persons law had been introduced, permitting
people to be held without trial, and there was evidence that it was
being abused.[30]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The situation quickly
escalated into open conflict, with EOKA using guerrilla warfare against
the British forces. The propaganda war also went into overdrive, with
the British media vilifying the Greek leader, Makarios. In 1956, Peter
Benenson, who afterwards was to initiate Amnesty International, visited
Cyprus and later wrote: ‘Although frequently invited, Archbishop
Makarios refused to condemn the methods used by EOKA ... the British
Government seized on his refusal to make him a figure of execration
throughout Britain, to scoff at his cloth, to mock his crozier and to
“singe his beard”.’ Benenson continued:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">In repeated
statements in Parliament, Government spokesmen emphasised the particular
wickedness of the Archbishop, and the bestial behaviour of EOKA. The
same story was retold to every journalist or visitor who visited Cyprus.
Within one year this systematic vilification brought forth its harvest.
By the summer of 1956 the first protests against violence and torture
were to be heard in Cyprus. The Army, 30,000 strong under a
Field-Marshal, had been hunting unsuccessfully for a year for an
elusive, small-statured, large-moustached guerrilla colonel. All the
while they were being told by their Ministers back home and by their
commanders in the field, that they were fighting a barbarous enemy under
a villainous cleric, painted in the colours of the Anti-Christ. Not
unnaturally some of the men came to regard the Cypriots, or the ‘Cyps’,
as they were by then called, with contempt.[31]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 30: <i>Legacy of Strife - Cyprus from rebellion to civil war</i>,<br />
by Charles Foley,<br />
A Penguin Special 1964.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 31: <i>Gangrene</i>,<br />
John Calder Ltd. 1959.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="549" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEh7w-eIe925casjDMdoSESx9n2wJZ7bhAv1VxIMtZHHO9W8BrKEukuKa2OfPL_RUdrdO4ctOHNt-rGIltGfdgEA2V3d9VxdWXzh9DI2TEYvLBkunEZrfezKgorXhgAhue5VKcwIOFtnnGxLOzPyetzhLZRNcYPHJXV1TqUagA=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Detainees and Torture</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> As more and more
detainees were rounded up, reports of ill treatment began to circulate.
Most concerned the interrogation methods that all prisoners were
subjected to. In his book, <i>Legacy of Strife, </i>Charles Foley
outlined the beginning of the process: ‘The start was usually quiet. A
man might be shown a photograph and asked if he recognised it; he might
be asked if he knew a certain person or had some information about EOKA
which was common knowledge. Later questions would take a threatening
turn, or a bundle of folded money might appear from a drawer. If you
refused to answer you might then be taken across the corridor to another
room containing an iron bedstead, to which you would be strapped by the
wrists and ankles.’ Foley then described what could happen next:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Methods
of
treatment varied widely, depending on the imagination of the operators,
who were jocularly known by the foreign Press as ‘HMTs’ [Her Majesty’s
Torturers], and there was apparently no time-limit. You might be
alternatively maltreated and questioned by relays of men for one hour or
four or twenty-four. You might be beaten on the stomach with a flat
board, you might have your testicles twisted, you might be
half-suffocated with a wet cloth which forced you to drink with every
breath you took, you might have a steel band tightened round your head.
Techniques were backward for the twentieth century; there were, for
instance, no proven reports of treatment by electric shock. No more than
six people died under interrogation during the whole Emergency [my
emphasis].[32]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The protests by
concerned Cypriots expanded in volume and grew louder, as Peter Benenson
stated: ‘When I first arrived in Cyprus, in October 1956, the entire
Greek Cypriot Bar was inundated with complaints against the authorities.
I have seen a queue of anxious parents at the chambers of the present
Minister of Justice so long that it stretched outside the front door.’
Benenson explained how the British administration ignored their
complaints, or took evasive action:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">The
authorities insisted that the Greek lawyers were mischievously inventing
allegations of violence. To prevent them talking to their arrested
clients, they were refused information as to their whereabouts.
Independent Greek doctors were denied access to prisons or prison
hospitals. Regulations were passed permitting the Government to hold
arrested persons administratively in close confinement for 16 days
without charge. Letters of enquiry, complaints and protests from Greek
barristers went without answer. Another regulation was passed making it
impossible for any lawyer to start criminal proceedings against any
member of the Security Forces without permission from the
Attorney-General.[33]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> By 1957, Britain stood
accused before the Council of Europe of 49 specified cases of torture in
Cyprus. But a political deal was struck between Britain and Greece, who
then dropped the charges.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">32: <i>Legacy of Strife - Cyprus from rebellion to civil war</i>,<br />
by Charles Foley,<br />
A Penguin Special 1964.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">33: <i>Gangrene</i>,<br />
John Calder Ltd. 1959.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="633" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgaqDbcgWtLifpavRr5b9tnacQCVUJSRDNMKjLl54FMIMczqCLqRhwwYp4tUWhj3PMVZADolonnFkmjhNIVkQlg91kbEG6kn0TTA2L4p55-XxSaMpeUgGl9wSQJobwYzRgV6vu04kSWY1IkgItKSFaxGTozfFXY2NEc0gCNMw=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Conscript Soldiers Die and Kill</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> As the conflict
continued, British troops found themselves in an increasingly hostile
environment. Many members of the security forces were killed or injured,
often in street ambushes. Charles Foley describes how the soldiers were
isolated from the Cypriot people and crowded together in bad living
conditions: ‘Most of the troops were living under canvas, plagued by
flies and dust. When it rained, the tents were often found to leak;
bedding was soaked, the electricity system broke down, the fuel for the
stove gave out, and the ground</b> <b>became a swamp. The men were confined to
barracks more or less permanently; if they were allowed out they had to
move in groups of four, armed and in uniform, and they could visit only
the handful of bars officially declared “in bounds”. This frustration
and discomfort sought an outlet. As the troops’ frustrations built up,
soldiers were fed on hate propaganda and the security chiefs excused
anything that smacked of reprisals on the grounds of “intolerable
provocation” ...’ Many of these young soldiers became angry and
aggressive and ‘incidents’ started to occur:</b></span></span></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">A typical
incident occurred at Kathykas, one of three villages which had been
searched by the Argyll and Sutherland <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ch-link-6" rel="highlanders|6" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #0081BD !important; color: #0081BD !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Highlanders</a> after one of their men
had been killed and another wounded in an ambush. The authorities spoke
of ‘slight injuries’ and the Greek mayor of men beaten and bayoneted
and a nineteen-year-old wife raped. One Cypriot had been shot dead after
stabbing two soldiers who burst into his home in the darkness. A
village priest was said to have had his beard set on fire and his head
rubbed with mud.[34]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The authorities set up
an ‘Official Investigation’ which was clearly not impartial, because it
justified the ill treatment by reporting that: ‘Not only were the
soldiers searching for the killers of one of their comrades, but the
villagers were uncooperative to the point of serious resistance in one
case.’</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Barbara Castle, then
Vice-Chair of the Labour Party, visited Cyprus and went to Kathykas. She
met a number of the people injured by the Argylls and when Castle
returned to Britain she stated that she believed the troops were being
permitted to use unnecessarily rough measures after a shooting, on the
grounds that they were engaged in ‘hot pursuit’:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">At once a
storm of execration broke over Mrs Castle’s head in the British press,
despite a statement from the Governor that ‘when their comrades are
killed, troops are naturally angry and roughness can and does take
place’. Mr Gaitskell [Labour leader] hurriedly disowned Mrs Castle,
remarking on the intolerable provocations to which our forces had been
subjected by brutal murders which horrified and disgusted him. With a
General Election alarmingly close the Labour leaders could not risk
offending public opinion by seeming to take sides against the
troops.[35]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Gaitskell’s attack on Castle was in vain, as Labour lost the election anyway.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">34: <i>Legacy of Strife - Cyprus from rebellion to civil war</i>,<br />
by Charles Foley,<br />
A Penguin Special 1964.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 35: Ibid - <i>Legacy of Strife - Cyprus from rebellion to civil war</i>.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhkacPsQoYXrajFHBmIWhW3gbXoxCb2z1lALDM_jrJzs1B0lsDnwzJmxkF-4E5N19RM1feG63gB3pwTkSv6iixuEqtXvfFJ1gIi90VtYAg7j1qyUSedVttakLccSy6mICy-vNh5A6Om_1gBBLN16mwuocaqDfmjU7vEDu86Ww=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The Cypriot Question</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In July 1958 the Prime
Minster, Harold Macmillan, who had succeed Sir Anthony Eden as the Tory
leader after the Suez debacle, visited Cyprus. His trip included several
meetings with the troops:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">One of the
Premier’s calls was to Lyssi village, which lay under a ten-day curfew,
but he spoke to no one there except soldiers and police, departing with
ten copies of <i>The Grenadier</i>, a Guards magazine for Guards. Breaking into verse at one point, the cyclostyled magazine declared:</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Sergeant Clerk is the Acorn’s clerk<br />
But is prone to get in rages.<br />
If the Wogs give any trouble<br />
He puts them into cages.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The cages
were the barbed-wire pens where men waited their turn for questioning -
another name for them was ‘play-pens’; the Wogs, of course, were the
Cypriots. The visitor wrote across a souvenir copy: ‘With best wishes
from an old Grenadier - Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister’.[36]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Helen Fullerton gave an alternative view of British soldiers’ actions in her poem <i>Cypriot Question</i>.
On February 1956, in Famagusta, troops had opened fire on a
demonstration of students and school children and 18-year-old Petrakis
Yiallouris was killed by a bullet from a soldiers’ sten-gun. In the poem
a Cypriot mother has an imaginary conversation with the mother of a
British conscript soldier:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">In Famagusta, one February morning<br />
The market place and the streets were full<br />
When crowds of children marched protesting<br />
That General Harding had closed their school:<br />
Then the British Army went into action<br />
With baton charges and tear gas drill<br />
And the children’s stones were met with bullets<br />
For the troops had orders to ‘shoot to kill’.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Ah, British Mother, had you a boy there?<br />
No blame to him for the evil done<br />
Or that a sorrowing Cypriot couple<br />
Lost that day a beloved son<br />
When at eighteen years, in the cause of freedom<br />
Petrakis Yiallouris met his eclipse<br />
Shot through the heart, by a conscript soldier,<br />
‘Cyprus, Cyprus!’ upon his lips.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> When the dockers heard it, they struck in anger<br />
And our shops were closed and our streets were still<br />
And we drew around us our little children<br />
Your troops had orders to ‘shoot to kill’;<br />
But they feared Petrakis more dead than living<br />
And they made us bury him out of sight<br />
Fifty miles from the scene of the murder<br />
In lashing rain and by lantern light.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Scotland’s hero, brave William Wallace<br />
They slew for the love he bore his land<br />
And they shot James Connolly as he was dying<br />
And made a mighty crown of the felon’s brand;<br />
They make the widow, they make the orphan,<br />
They shoot the children - it’s come to this:<br />
But ah, British Mother, had they a quarrel<br />
Your conscript laddie and our Petrakis?</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The military conflict
ended in stalemate, but this was really a victory for EOKA – because a
few hundred guerrillas, with popular support, had remained undefeated
while facing British troops who numbered over 40,000 at the height of
the conflict. However, the bitter course of the struggle - coupled with
the divide and rule tactics used by the British authorities – meant
there was little chance of unity between Greeks and Turks. This left an
‘independent’ Cyprus in a political mess, that became worse after the
Turkish invasion and illegal occupation of Northern Cyprus. Britain’s
rulers, on the other hand, were well satisfied with the outcome, because
they retained two strategic ‘sovereign bases’ on the island - which
during the ‘cold war’ contained nuclear missiles aimed at the Soviet
Union.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">36: <i>Legacy of Strife - Cyprus from rebellion to civil war</i>,<br />
by Charles Foley,<br />
A Penguin Special 1964.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgbvc6_O2Mqvc-LJhBr9G2QHNwH_ZG4G21nZckRdbBkWkWGhB5gDq0zbsCz30Cxa-Ga_dfG32oZ__3EXfrmFUdV0uBe_vC3gtle2gXozVVapEvdgkeWrvR7vf3Zm7eAiydWJ8cF-busNDiaaQekhb9zL3Gf6C7vxyXdz_cBaQ=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Aden</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In 1963, Aden became
the new ‘trouble spot’, carrying on from Malaya, Kenya and Cyprus. The
area had first come under British rule when the port had been seized by
the British East India Company in 1838, to protect shipping routes to
the East. As troops were rushed to Aden, National Service had ended and
the army was returned to a fully ‘professional’ force. Even now, some
soldiers became disturbed by the actions they were ordered to carry out
and came to question their role. Like this Para, who later wrote about
his tour of duty:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Towards the
end of Britain’s corrupt rule in Aden, a colony in the Persian Gulf, I
got off the aircraft at RAF Khormaxer. A miner’s son, an ex-miner
myself, I had crossed a gulf to become an NCO in one of Britain’s crack
units. The previous weeks had been taken up in a propaganda blitz on us,
as we were indoctrinated into a racist frame of mind in order to be
able to put down a nation of ‘ungrateful wogs’ who were biting the hand
that fed them. I <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ch-link-2" rel="am|2" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #0081BD !important; color: #0081BD !important; text-decoration: none !important;">am</a> ashamed that the lot of us fell for it.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> ... As an
NCO I was given a section of men, a landrover for patrol and a 007
licence. Arabs were to be roughed up when searched at roadblocks so they
could be shown who was boss. ‘It’s the only method they understand’, we
were told. The natives naturally enough resented this and demonstrated.
The ‘bloody wogs’ actually had a trade union and started a dock strike.
So we now became strike-breakers, protecting the troops and scab Arabs
who were drafted in to break the strike.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> After the
people had been starved and threatened, after the leaders had been
arrested and lodged at Al Mansura, the political prison, the workers
reluctantly returned to work. Our unit was praised for the tough
no-nonsense stand it had taken. This included the arrest of one of the
instigators, who must have been an ‘extremist’ as he was a militant
trade union leader. We took him at a reasonable time - about two in the
morning - as I kicked the door down and dashed into the hovel to be met
with the sight of about 12 people sleeping in a room that measured about
12 feet by 20.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Oh, you
could see by this luxury that he was financed by ‘Chinese Gold’. After
all, he had an orange box for a bedside locker. He actually had the gall
to draw himself up to his full height of 5 feet 2 inches and demand to
know what right I as a British soldier had to break his door down.
However, dragging him downstairs so that his head bounced on every step
soon quietened him.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> After these
heroic deeds we were posted up-country for a rest, which consisted of
keeping the Arabs there in line. There were two camps at Dhala. One was
the British camp, about a mile from the town on the slopes of Jebel
Jihaff, and about 400 yards away was the Arab camp, manned by the
Federal Army. There was a permanent curfew from dusk to dawn. After 6pm
there was a fireworks <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ch-link-4" rel="display|4" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #0081BD !important; color: #0081BD !important; text-decoration: none !important;">display</a> from the machine guns, mortars and cannon
in the British camp and the artillery in the Arab camp. This was
supposedly to register the bearings for recorded night targets but was
more in fact to ‘show the flag’. Quite a number of shots strayed into
the town in order to reinforce this. However all this never seemed to
deter the ‘terrorists’. In fact most nights, even though we sent out
ambush patrols, they usually reminded us that they were still around by
firing Swedish rockets and British 84mm mortars at us. The armaments
firms recognise both sides when the price is right.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Our tactics
was to send sweep patrols up the wadis (valleys) to flush out the
‘terrorists’ during daylight hours. This was not very successful, since
most of the population were anti-British. It was on one of these patrols
that the truth of what we were doing started to come through. We had
marched through the night to occupy a high Jebel ready for a sweep the
next morning. As we were a small party of around six men, being
unobserved was the main task.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Just before
daylight we turned a corner and came face to face with an early rising
local Arab camel dealer out to check his herd. We grabbed him and then
debated what to do with him. I was the most adamant of the party,
wanting to cut his throat. My men agreed with me and I volunteered to do
it. The one voice against, fortunately, was a young officer, just out
from Britain who was along for the ride. But new or not, he had a pip on
his shoulder that made him superior to me. The lucky camel dealer had a
day’s outing with the British Raj instead.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Back at base
with the pressure off me, I started to think about the incident. I, an
ex-miner, the son of a miner, had actually had a knife out and was going
to cut an innocent man’s throat just because he had seen us. I had shot
men in ambush, but this was different. I was becoming as corrupt as the
fat Emir we were keeping in power. Just around the corner the artillery
were firing white phosphorus shells. In normal circumstances these are
used to provide smoke for cover, but phosphorus burns when exposed to
air and when any gets onto human flesh it continues to burn unless the
flesh is kept under running water. These shells were fired as an
airburst so that it descended like rain on anybody below. And there is
not much water in a desert.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> ... I wasn’t
sorry to leave Aden as my attitude was coming to question with the
ruling caste of the Army. Nor was I alone, for when the BBC came round
and asked the soldiers, ‘If you were killed while serving in Aden what
would you have died for?’, only the few bucking for promotion said, ‘We
were protecting the locals from terrorists’. The great majority had a
simple but honest answer: ‘£10 a week’.[37]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 37: <i>Socialist Worker</i>,<br />
17th Dec. 1977.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhcrsvc1KzpIsB2AOqsPIgxj4oLs75MC7tpO-Q7zBeHxYibuooC5LjqjhFr23-KVURZkafS_0EX4sXuVs5tsg1wKe8VmlceLGFR5yVOTol-b9Q6Q1phMHstyYvH5-KobKtItBSwN8KJourYZTDa_RSzBW8sTJsnBVO938yucA=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Failure and Withdrawal</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The decisive battle
took place in Aden town, where the soldiers faced a totally hostile
population. The Army was desperate for information, especially after the
Arab Special Branch had been decimated by assassinations, and the use
of torture was systematised at the Fort Morbut Interrogation Centre.
Along with vicious beatings, various other forms of humiliating and
disorientating treatment were used. Detainees were interrogated naked,
were refused toilet visits so they had to soil their cells, were kept
awake and deprived of food. The International Red Cross was refused
permission to visit detainees and the same fate met an Amnesty
International emissary.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> George Lennox, a
corporal in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, who was stationed in Aden in
the country’s last years under the Union Jack, later explained how the
soldiers were used:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Most of the
soldiers who went into the Adenis’ houses, who arrested them, shot them,
who even tortured them, never asked the question, ‘Why <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ch-link-3" rel="am|3" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #0081BD !important; color: #0081BD !important; text-decoration: none !important;">am</a> I doing it?’
This is not part of your thinking while you’re in the Army. You haven’t
got the experience to think for yourself which is one of the reasons why
you join the Army, and if you did you’d probably come up with a lot of
unsatisfactory answers and I think you would question your role.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> So it’s very
easy for the politicians to use a military force, those in uniform, to
perform tasks such as the Army was doing inside Aden and that was to
crush any political opposition. Because the people who are performing
that task, who themselves are the people who are being killed and
injured, don’t ever question why they’re doing it. That’s always been a
fact.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> I know that
when I was in Aden we never talked about the political situation there.
Our level of consciousness or our level of conversation of talking about
Adenis was, ‘Oh these fucking wogs’, etc. which was essentially I think
to be expected of any army or military personnel under active service.
We were conditioned to think in terms of, ‘That is the enemy, this is
who we’re fighting’, and never question it.[38] </span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Despite the level of
repression, Aden proved a failure for the Army’s counter-insurgency
methods, and Britain was finally forced to withdraw in 1967. However, by
then Britain was already strongly entrenched in neighbouring Oman,
where oil had been found: ‘Oil, which had been the subject of much
exploration throughout the 1950s, was finally discovered in commercial
quantities in the early 1960s and the first exports began in 1967...
Shell ... had an 85 per cent interest in Omani oil.’ [39]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">38: <i>British Soldiers Speak Out on Ireland</i>,<br />
edited by Aly Renwick,<br />
Information on Ireland 1978.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 39: <i>The Ambiguities of Power</i>,<br />
by Mark Curtis,<br />
Zed Books 1995.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgR8S3MP2lseEPm6UYyz-ohPL1CkLoq0BLmV0UM7PgF_CYUGmchF_UyW7gRCUeGO6WgpJmrw1DS65BaDzVN0QA9JIotuz5Zr8YbIYta2BqWKhBcuX-2ajnxzeysAu-KQpfo5gVlnluhl7ygHFX0-uM4RTqQz3vgx0QblmW13g=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">ADEN</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Oman</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In Oman, British troops
found themselves upholding the rule of a despotic Sultan: ‘The Omani
regime was highly repressive and existed for the benefit of the Sultan -
in power with British support since 1932 - his immediate entourage and
Britain. The infant mortality rate in 1970 was 75 per cent, torture was
commonplace in Omani prisons and the population was kept in a state of
utterly impoverished subservience to the Sultan.’ [40]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> There were periodic
revolts against the absolute rule of the Sultan, but the British forces
were always on hand to crush dissent. In 1957-59 the RAF bombed rebel
villages while the SAS fought a counter-guerrilla war on the ground. At
the end of 1965 the United Nations General Assembly called for British
forces to be withdrawn and recognised Oman’s right to
self-determination. But British forces were now well entrenched and
Westminster was determined that they should remain.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Because of the dubious
legality of using British forces in this way, in a country that was not
even a colony, the tactic of secondment - the temporary transfer of
units to the Omani defence forces, which were commanded by British
ex-officers - was undertaken. Oman became full of British ‘advisers’,
mercenaries and troops on secondment.</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">By the late
1960s Britain had around 700 troops, including an SAS contingent, RAF
personnel and private mercenaries, in the country. Customary methods
were used in countering rebels. A British army officer stated that ‘we
... burnt down rebel villages and shot their goats and cows. Any enemy
corpses that we recovered were propped up in a corner of the [main
city’s market] as a salutary lesson to any would-be freedom
fighters.’[41]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In 1970, Britain’s grip
on the Omani state machine enabled them to mastermind the overthrow of
the old Sultan in favour of his son, Qaboos, a Sandhurst graduate.
Supposedly more ‘liberal’, the new Sultan is not any more democratic and
British forces continue to ensure his rule.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">40: <i>The Ambiguities of Power</i>,<br />
by Mark Curtis,<br />
Zed Books 1995.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 41: Ibid - <i>The Ambiguities of Power</i>.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEha0hKR2kdxun28E6_DRvxC6qgvuvgIDHpCm1uPmeQ4JROXcTitYPLe4saESDTPodWkgjXY_RxgRoN7tLh03yzGFjZE_LkjDVEip3RLYXYteOGRMzho4OTpemICv0uiwewdSF4mOaqQ0CwwuRLhoYHRtnX5RZhAc1B5snWwCA=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Disaffection and Monotony</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In the post 2nd World
War years the British Army was made up of regulars and conscripts. The
writer Alan Sillitoe joined up at the end of the 2nd World War and in
the RAF he recalled the type of conscripts he met: ‘It was a rule that
one never talked about politics or religion, a sure sign that nothing
else was worth discussing. I met IRA supporters and communists,
anarchists and rebels and nihilists. I was torn between hatred of the
life, of those blinkered barbaric swine who tried to make everything
unnecessarily difficult and whom we generally regarded as the scum of
the earth, and what I found of interest in talking to youths from all
over the country...’ [42]</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Sillitoe, who before
his call-up had been a factory worker and trade unionist, described his
politics as ‘extremely left-wing’. Later, he found himself at
Butterworth in Malaya working as a skilled radio operator:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">My abilities
in this direction were called upon when the so-called State of
Emergency was declared in June 1948. A squadron of heavy Lincoln bombers
was sent from England to try and hunt out the communist guerrillas in
the jungle. This increased my work to a hectic degree, work indeed that
now went strongly against my political beliefs.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The bombers
roamed around the jungle dropping their loads, and when they asked me
for bearings in order to check their positions the angles I sent back
began to lack their accustomed accuracy. Even as much as half a degree
out - something which could not be proved one way or the other - meant
that they missed their targets (which often could not be seen under the
massively thick coating of forest) by many miles.[43]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Some soldiers caught up
in colonial wars became so frustrated that they attempted to bring some
retribution down on their officers. Charles Foley described an incident
which occurred in Cyprus: ‘Four privates of the Highland Light Infantry
were court-martialled for the novel offence of throwing grenades at
their officers’ mess. Their defending counsel said they resented the
officers’ privileges and were “upset about women coming in”. They had
drawn lots to see who would throw the grenades.’</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Most National
Servicemen often complained about their lot, but usually did not contest
the views put out by the authorities. They often served in exotic
locations, but found themselves cut off from the native people and
outside attractions by the situation. As Foley stated:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Cyprus, to
the British Army, meant little more than a long spell of boredom from
which the commonest escapes were the NAAFI and sudden death. The Army,
after all, was largely made up of civilians in uniform - boys doing
their National Service and spending two years of their lives on duties
which often seemed pointless. Everything inside the walls of Nicosia was
‘out of bounds’ - the Just-a-Minute Milk Bar, the Magic <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ch-link-9" rel="palace|9" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #0081BD !important; color: #0081BD !important; text-decoration: none !important;">Palace</a> Cinema,
the Frolics Cabaret. The troops could not even walk down Ledra Street
and buy some small souvenir to take home. Officers might be able to join
the English Club or take the Company Commander’s daughter to Kyrenia.
But the Other Ranks had nothing to do but sit in draughty tents and tin
huts writing letters home. The monotony was broken only by patrols and
operations, which were not only boring but dangerous. Few soldiers came
in contact with a Cypriot, apart from the man who cleaned the
bath-houses; fewer still ever met a girl, except the kind who threw
stones.[44]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 42: <i>All Bull: The National Servicemen</i>,<br />
edited by <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ch-link-7" rel="b s|7" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #0081BD !important; color: #0081BD !important; text-decoration: none !important;">B S</a> Johnson,<br />
Quartet Books Ltd. 1973.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 43: Ibid - <i>All Bull: The National Servicemen</i>.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> 44: <i>Legacy of Strife - Cyprus from rebellion to civil war</i>,<br />
by Charles Foley,<br />
A Penguin Special 1964.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="409" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjL93IVLbCZor7G-vYfYze6ioa48LSy1QSuaYmUSYOKxaqyZCtpluTm6qgiL6EN_gExwBSanBy33DNemKKhZDfv_UQOgjdi9Db1Cj8VGD3eM6iMaFGpUElzzoWKoNnmRd22APWlOpjEaW1XSvgpJSRAdoZd-woUqsDnCEaxEQ=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The Empire Guard</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Throughout the 2nd
World War Britain’s armed forces had continued with their hierarchies
intact, but many militant anti-fascists had joined up to fight Hitler.
They did their best to subvert officer class views, circulating books
like Jack London’s <i>People Of The Abyss</i> and Robert Tressell’s <i>The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists. </i>Later,
informal <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ch-link-1" rel="discussion|1" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted #0081BD !important; color: #0081BD !important; text-decoration: none !important;">discussion</a> groups were organised, which, when successful,
often progressed into more formal structures based on Westminster to
allay their commander’s fears. In Egypt the ‘Cairo Parliament’, which
regularly attracted hundreds of troops to debates, became so radical
that officers eventually suppressed it. It was activity of this sort
that secured the huge ex-services vote for Labour after the war had
ended.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In the Far East, at the
end of the war, there occurred a series of ‘strikes’ by British
servicemen. Mainly brought on by the slow rate of demob, but some men
also protested against the colonial role some of these 2nd World War
veterans were now being ordered to fulfil. From 1939 to 1945 Britain’s
armed forces had been filled with valiant combatants who had fought
Nazism because they found it repugnant, and to stop a foreign power from
occupying their country. The British Army had emerged from the war
highly mechanised with a formidable array of weaponry. Ironically, it
was then returned to its role as the Empire guard - in other peoples’
countries.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> As the red of Empire
gradually shrank in school atlases, back home, the British people took
little notice - except when new ‘trouble spots’ sprang to their
attention. 1968, ironically called the year of revolution, was the first
year since the end of the 2nd World War that a British soldier had not
died in action somewhere in the world. Up to that date, conflicts of
varying intensity had included:</span></span></b></div>
<ul><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Greece, 1944-47. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Palestine, 1945-48. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Vietnam, 1945. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Indonesia (Java), 1945-46. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> India/Pakistan, 1945-47. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Aden, 1947. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Ethiopia (Eritrea), 1948-51. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> British Honduras, 1948. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Malaya, 1948-60. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Korea, 1950-53. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Kenya, 1952-56. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Cyprus, 1954-59. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Aden (border), 1955-60. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Hong Kong, 1956, 1962, 1966 and 1967. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Suez, 1956. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Oman, 1957-59, 1965-present (Advisers, secondment of troops and mercenaries). </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Jamaica, 1960. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Cameroons, 1960-61. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Kuwait, 1961. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Brunei, 1962. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Malaysia (North Borneo and Sarawak), 1962-66. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> British Guiana (Guyana), 1962-66. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Aden, 1963-68. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Swaziland, 1963. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Uganda, 1964. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Tanganyika, 1964. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Mauritius, 1965-68. </span></span></b></div>
</li><li>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Bermuda, 1968.</span></span></b></div>
</li></ul>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Just one year later, in
1969, British troops were ordered to make ready for possible duty in
Northern Ireland - some were told a spot of ‘paddy bashing’ might be
required. Many soldiers, especially the veterans of previous colonial
wars, could not believe they would experience much opposition or
resistance so close to home. But in a part of Britain’s oldest colony,
Ireland, the scene was being set for the longest small war in the
run-down of Empire.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> The late James Cameron
was a journalist who covered many of Britain’s colonial conflicts. His
reporting was an honourable exception to the usual jingoistic type of
coverage. In an article about Northern Ireland, published in <i>The Guardian</i> in 1975, he made these comments about the previous small wars:</span></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">I have spent
the greater part of my working life watching British troops being
pulled out of places they were never going to leave. The process started
in the 1940’s, when Mr. Churchill insisted that the British could never
leave India, and of course they did. A wide variety of Colonial
Secretaries in the years to come made it abundantly clear that their
forces would never leave Malaya, or Kenya, or Cyprus, or Aden. All these
places were integrally part of an imperial system that could not be
undermined and must be protected, and one by one all these places were
abandoned, generally with the blessing of some minor royalty and much
champagne.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> In most
cases some rebellious nationalist was released from gaol, or its
equivalent - Nehru, Nkrumah, Kenyatta, Makarios - given the ritual cup
of tea at Windsor and turned into a President. The thing in the end
became a formula, though the process wasted a great many lives and much
time and money, and as far as I know on every occasion the formula
followed the one before it: We shall not leave; we have to leave; we
have left. At no time in our colonial history did one occasion leave any
precedent for the next one, except for the statement that we would
never pull out, which was always one thing before the last.[45]</span></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> From 1945
British governments, confronted with freedom demands from national
movements in British colonies, used armed force in attempts to crush
them. These happenings were often hidden from view and/or had their
events distorted by biased reporting and therefore constitute a hidden
history for most British people. Just as the Victorian wars to build the
Empire had been accompanied with waves of jingoism and propaganda, so
the run-down followed a similar pattern. During these conflicts cinema
news (later TV) took over from the music-halls, and with the press took
up the task of imperial cheer leaders with a relish.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> Cocooned in a
media web - of ‘Our boys doing a jolly good job in trying
circumstances’, ‘peace keepers’ amid ‘bandits’, ‘extremists’ and
‘terrorists’ - the folks back home rarely asked any questions. The truth
was quite different as these ‘small wars’ were about power, hegemony,
natural resources, cheap labour and profits - where intimidation,
internment, torture and mass murder was systematically used to protect
‘British interests’.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">45: <i>Guardian</i>,<br />
2nd June 1975.</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><img border="1" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEh-DigLmr3hOn3tsUrxPq_OZNYbWeaufYudxO97q0antY-M8Ziq0BSEFB4U8KuHWqMxjBjqgRVPzAHfcyEc0h8tRR58qvqJM2KBGlL86FfiJ-7FjX9sLo6nxIfNf37_FMODgandBgdinzsEzIWZqXWUTh5xaTszbsumwbuBHA=s0-d" width="640" /></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">......................© 2004 Aly Renwick / TOM....................</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</span></span></b><br />
<h3 class="r">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://elderofziyon.blogspot.com/2012/01/british-atrocities-against-palestinian.html">Elder of Ziyon: <i>British atrocities</i> against <i>Palestinian</i> Arabs, 1936-39</a></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>elderofziyon.blogspot.com/2012/.../british-atrocities-against-palestinian.h...</cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><span class="f">Jan 9, 2012 – </span>Punishment in the form of the destruction of Arab property across urban and rural areas of <i>Palestine</i> was central to <i>British</i> military repression ...</span></span></span></b><br />
<h3 class="r">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.countercurrents.org/polya230109.htm">Churchill's Crimes From Indian Holocaust To <i>Palestinian</i> Genocide</a></span></span></h3>
<div class="s">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>www.countercurrents.org/polya230109.htm</cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><span class="f">Jan 23, 2009 – </span>Sudan <i>atrocities</i> [horrendous <i>British atrocities</i> after the Battle of ... Jews were 5% of the <i>Palestine</i> population; in 1948 Jews were 1/3 of the ...</span></span></span></b></div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><br /></span></span></span></b>
<br />
<h3 class="r">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/englishatrocitie00hughuoft/englishatrocitie00hughuoft_djvu.txt">Full text of "<i>English atrocities in Ireland</i>; a compilation of facts from ...</a></span></span></h3>
<div class="s">
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<div class="f kv" style="white-space: nowrap;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>www.archive.org/.../englishatrocitie00hughuoft/englishatrocitie00hughu...</cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st">Jmies D. Phelan. <i>ENGLISH ATROCITIES IN IRELAND</i>. I. ENGLISHMEN CONDEMN BRITISH MILITARISM IN IRELAND. The President of the Irish Republic ...</span></span></span></b></div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><br /></span></span></span></b>
<br />
<h3 class="r">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/apr/23/british-empire-crimes-ignore-atrocities">Deny the <i>British</i> empire's crimes? No, we ignore them - The Guardian</a></span></span></h3>
<div class="s">
<div>
<div class="thb th" style="height: 44px; width: 44px;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://plus.google.com/110141516731582216365"><img border="0" height="44" id="apthumb7" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="44" /></a></span></span></b></div>
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<div style="margin-left: 53px;">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>www.guardian.co.uk/.../british-empire-crimes-ignore-atrocities</cite></span></span></b></div>
<div class="f">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a class="authorship_link" href="https://plus.google.com/110141516731582216365">by George Monbiot</a> - <a class="authorship_link" href="https://plus.google.com/110141516731582216365">in 134 Google+ circles</a></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><span class="f">Apr 23, 2012 – </span>George Monbiot: New evidence of <i>British</i> colonial <i>atrocities</i> has not changed our national ability to disregard it.</span></span></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="rc" data-hveid="135">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<h3 class="r">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-01-10/news/8902240421_1_sinn-fein-british-civil-rights"><i>British Atrocities</i> Worse Than <i>Irish</i> - Chicago Tribune</a></span></span></h3>
<div class="s">
<div>
<div class="f kv" style="white-space: nowrap;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite class="bc">articles.chicagotribune.com › <a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/">Featured Articles</a> › <a href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/ireland">Ireland</a></cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><span class="f">Jan 10, 1989 – </span>To respond in kind to <i>British</i> Consul General F.R. Mingay (Voice, Dec. 14): Was it heroism that murdered Fathers Fitzgerald and Mullins while ...</span></span></span></b><br />
<ol id="rso"><li class="g"><div class="rc" data-hveid="42">
<h3 class="r">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.militaryethics.org/British-Atrocities-in-Counter-Insurgency/10/"><i>British Atrocities</i> in Counter Insurgency | Encyclopedia of Military ...</a></span></span></h3>
<div class="s">
<div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>www.militaryethics.org/British-Atrocities-in-Counter-Insurgency/10/</cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><i>BRITISH ATROCITIES</i> AND COUNTERINSURGENCY Introduction ..... all too frequent. The disastrous campaign in <i>Ireland</i> from 1919 ñ 1921 springs to mind.</span></span></span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
</li><li class="g"><div class="rc" data-hveid="49">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></b>
<br />
<h3 class="r">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.politics.ie/forum/history/24231-guardian-british-empire-atrocities.html">The Guardian: <i>British</i> Empire <i>Atrocities</i></a></span></span></h3>
<div class="s">
<div>
<div class="f kv" style="white-space: nowrap;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite class="bc">www.politics.ie › <a href="http://www.politics.ie/forum/">Forum</a> › <a href="http://www.politics.ie/forum/special-interest-discussion/">Special Interest Discussion</a> › <a href="http://www.politics.ie/forum/history/">History</a></cite></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Jan 11, 2008 - 10 posts - 7 authors</span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><i>Ireland</i> not mentioned of course. http://books.guardian.co.<i>uk</i>/comment/sto ... 78,<wbr></wbr>00.html It's the top story on reddit at the moment: ...</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://creative.sulekha.com/1857-british-raj-atrocity-exposed-from-1-8-bn-victim-indian-holocaust-to-10-bn-first-world-climate-genocide_424422_blog">1857 <i>British</i> Raj <i>atrocity</i> exposed - from 1.8 bn victim India...</a></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>creative.sulekha.com/1857-british-raj-atrocity-exposed-from-1-8-bn-vict...</cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st">Sulekha Creative Blog - The <i>British</i> had chopped off their forefathers' hands in ... BBC TV's “The Story of <i>India</i>” ignores horrendous <i>British atrocities</i> in <i>India</i> ...</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://debatewise.org/debates/1901-the-blood-never-dried/"><i>British atrocities</i>; The Blood Never Dried. | Debatewise Where great ...</a></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>debatewise.org/debates/1901-the-blood-never-dried/</cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st">The <i>British</i> government, through their actions have caused the deaths of more ... but the Bengal famine in <i>India</i> as late as 1943, caused due to <i>English atrocities</i>.</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://thefirstholocaustofthe20thcentury.blogspot.com/2008/12/2nd-boer-war-atrocities.html">2nd BOER WAR <i>ATROCITIES</i> - THE BOER WAR - the first ...</a></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>thefirstholocaustofthe20thcentury.blogspot.com/.../2nd-boer-war-atrociti...</cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><span class="f">Nov 24, 2008 – </span>By the time <i>Britain</i> acquired the strategically situated Cape of Good .... to the people of <u>South <i>Africa</i></u> in 1999, for the <i>atrocities</i> of the Boer war, ...</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://africaunchained.blogspot.com/2013/05/british-atrocities-and-empire.html"><i>British Atrocities</i> and Empire | <i>Africa</i> Unchained</a></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://plus.google.com/100735632851950353491"><img border="0" height="44" id="apthumb9" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="44" /></a></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>africaunchained.blogspot.com/.../british-atrocities-and-empire.ht...</cite></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a class="authorship_link" href="https://plus.google.com/100735632851950353491">by Emeka Okafor</a> - <a class="authorship_link" href="https://plus.google.com/100735632851950353491">in 892 Google+ circles</a></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><span class="f">May 18, 2013 – </span>Scuttling away from India in 1947, after plunging the jewel in the crown into a catastrophic partition, "the <i>British</i>", the novelist Paul Scott ...</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CFEQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialistworker.co.uk%2Fart.php%3Fid%3D21931&ei=9DCwUdiQEoaRrQe63oGQCg&usg=AFQjCNFSBwzIk_Bf0OPAzBUn2SMnD8DfIQ&sig2=zRs65_18fUNGeBQLjXz5PQ&bvm=bv.47534661,d.bmk">Leaked <i>Afghan</i> documents expose <i>British atrocities</i> - Socialist Worker</a></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=21931</cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st">A description for this result is not available because of this site's <a class="fl" href="http://socialistworker.co.uk/robots.txt?id=21931">robots.txt</a> – <a class="fl" href="https://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=156449">learn more</a>.</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/4992746/Preacher-accuses-British-troops-of-atrocities-as-150th-serviceman-killed-in-Afghanistan.html">Preacher accuses <i>British</i> troops of "<i>atrocities</i>" as 150th serviceman ...</a></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite class="bc">www.telegraph.co.uk › <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/">News</a> › <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/">Politics</a></cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><span class="f">Mar 14, 2009 – </span><i>British</i>-based Islamic extremist Anjem Choudary has sparked a new furore after accusing <i>UK</i> troops of "<i>atrocities</i>" on the day the 150th ...</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/craig-murray-afghanistan-is-the-reason-why-eu-ignores-atrocities-2192480.html">Craig Murray: <i>Afghanistan</i> is the reason why EU ignores <i>atrocities</i> ...</a></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>www.independent.co.uk/.../craig-murray-afghanistan-is-the-reason-why-...</cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st">Today
the President of the European Commission, Jose Manuel Barroso, will
host an official visit by the Uzbek dictator Islam Karimov.</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2282563/British-gang-plotted-deadlier-atrocity-7-7-using-Afghan-style-roadside-bombs.html"><i>British</i> gang plotted a deadlier <i>atrocity</i> than 7/7 using <i>Afghan</i>- style ...</a></span></span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><cite>www.dailymail.co.uk/.../British-gang-plotted-deadlier-atrocity-7-7-using...</cite></span></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><span class="st"><span class="f">Feb 21, 2013 – </span>In
the towering shadow of Pakistan's Black Mountain, Irfan Naseer and
Irfan Khalid were trained to assemble the deadly IEDs that are the ...</span></span></span></b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1795692512572865673.post-26160027928185795322021-10-11T10:23:00.004-07:002021-10-11T10:23:43.479-07:00<p> </p><div class="img-wrapper"><picture class="ds-image
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BBC:The%20mysterious%20disappearance%20of%20the%20world's%20longest%20shrubbery&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.email" id="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-only">Share using Email</span></a><a class="twitter-icon gelicon--twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=The%20mysterious%20disappearance%20of%20the%20world's%20longest%20shrubbery&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.twitter&via=BBC_Future" id="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Twitter</span></a><a class="facebook-icon gelicon--facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.facebook&t=The%20mysterious%20disappearance%20of%20the%20world's%20longest%20shrubbery" id="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Facebook</span></a><a class="linkedin-icon gelicon--linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.linkedin&title=The%20mysterious%20disappearance%20of%20the%20world's%20longest%20shrubbery" id="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-only">Share on Linkedin</span></a></div><div class="copyright__text b-reith-sans-font"><b><i><u><strike>(Image credit: Alamy)</strike></u></i></b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><i><u>Alamy born around 2000AD and this photo doesnot belong to Alamy or their family just another way to make money by British greed ;as the salt tax</u></i></span><strike><br /></strike></div><div class="hero-image"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><img alt="A close up of a thorny Vachellia nilotica plant (Credit: Alamy)" draggable="false" id="" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09t3c6d.jpg" title="A close up of a thorny Vachellia nilotica plant (Credit: Alamy)" /></picture></div><div class="article__author-unit"><div class="author-unit"><div class="author-unit__container author-unit__container--desktop"><a class="author-unit__text b-font-family-serif" id="" rel="" target="">By Kamala Thiagarajan</a><span class="b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">25th August 2021</span></div></div></div><div class="article__intro b-font-family-serif">The
natural living barrier was described as "utterly impassable to man or
beast", and snaked across India from the Indus River to the Mahanadi.
But why doesn't anyone remember it?</div><div class="article-body-native-ad article-body__body-text"><p class="article-body__mpu-title">Article continues below</p><div class="sticky"><div aria-hidden="true" class="bbccom_slot bbccom_standard_slot adslot--mpu bbccom_visible" id="bbccom_mpu_1_1_2_3_4"><br /></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="drop-capped b-reith-sans-font drop-capped--future">I</div><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--drop-capped body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>In
a second-hand bookstore in London, in late 1994, author Roy Moxham made
a discovery that would consume the next three years of his life. Wedged
in the footnotes of a colonial-era book published in 1893 that he had
just purchased, was a fascinating, long-forgotten piece of Indian
history.</p>
<p>In the book <em>Rambles and Recollections of an Indian official</em> by Major General WH Sleeman, in a chapter called <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15483/15483-h/15483-h.htm#Ch60">Transit Duties in India – Mode of Collecting Them</a>,
was a startling reference to a "customs hedge" – a natural barrier that
the book described as becoming "gradually a monstrous system to which
it would be almost impossible to find a parallel in any tolerably
civilised country".</p>
<p>The details about the hedge itself were sparse, but whatever
was documented was enough to deeply puzzle Moxham, who had by then made
five journeys to India without ever hearing about the hedge. The hedge
was allegedly built over a customs line, which the book mentioned was
established in 1869 and expanded to stretch across the length of India,
covering an estimated 2,300 miles (3,701km) – the distance from London
to Istanbul (then Constantinople). It was guarded by 12,000 British
officers, at an annual cost of 1,620,000 rupees (£162,000 or $220,716,
based on the exchange rate today).</p>
<p>The hedge was constructed entirely from an impenetrable thicket of
thorny native shrubs, designed to prevent smugglers from sneaking in
salt from coastal areas to British-controlled states, where it was taxed
heavily. "People seldom realise how critical salt is to health," says
Moxham. "And yet, it seems inconceivable to me how this incredibly
painful part of history, the immense abuse people endured at this time,
could be so utterly forgotten." </p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body-native-ad article-body__body-text"><div class=""><p class="b-font-family-serif">Story continues below</p></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-p09t25tb"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><img alt="Today, the majority of India's salt comes from the west of the country and no one has to smuggle it across any hedges (Credit: Alamy)" draggable="false" id="" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09t25tb.jpg" title="Today, the majority of India's salt comes from the west of the country and no one has to smuggle it across any hedges (Credit: Alamy)" /></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Today,
the majority of India's salt comes from the west of the country and no
one has to smuggle it across any hedges (Credit: Alamy)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>At
first, Moxham thought the reference to the hedge was a mistake – it
sounded wildly improbable. He began to seek out other colonial-era books
that could possibly allude to it. In April 1996, in a book called <a href="https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Finances_and_Public_Works_of_India_f/bzwn9CEHgwkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover">The Finances and Public Works of India (1869-81)</a>
written by John and Richard Strachey, both brothers and administrative
officers in British India, he uncovered other details confirming the
hedge's existence. The hedge was divided into 110 "beats", each
extending 10 to 30 miles (16-48km) and presided over by a patrol,
watched from 1,727 guard posts.</p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
</span><p><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><strong><em>You might also like:</em></strong></span></p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">
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<p>Moxham pieced together from records how the Customs Line needed 10
men guarding it in shifts for every mile, how these men had to "sweep"
their section of the line when they took over duties, which they did by
trailing bamboo or a large branch over the sandy floors. This was to
ensure that they would be accountable for any impressions of footsteps
that were discovered after they went off duty. In his book, <em>The Great Hedge of India</em>,
Moxham describes how the boundaries of the hedge kept shifting over the
years, as the British gained greater control over India. "It kept
getting longer and more formidable," he says.</p>
<p><a href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n98922907/">James Grant Duff</a>,
one of the famous "administrator-historians" of India during this
period, compared the Great Hedge to the Great Wall of China. There was
vigilance night and day. The motive behind it was clear: to drive
profits by allowing the British to effectively tax salt. The hedge
isolated British controlled states from salt-producing coastal areas.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-p09t22f0"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><img alt="One of the shrubs used in The Great Hedge of India was the carandas plum, which produces fruits that are used as a condiment in Indian pickles (Credit: Alamy)" draggable="false" id="" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09t22f0.jpg" title="One of the shrubs used in The Great Hedge of India was the carandas plum, which produces fruits that are used as a condiment in Indian pickles (Credit: Alamy)" /></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">One
of the shrubs used in The Great Hedge of India was the carandas plum,
which produces fruits that are used as a condiment in Indian pickles
(Credit: Alamy)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Launched on a <a href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/45669/625263.pdf?sequence=1">cold New Year's Eve, in 1600</a>,
The East India Company has often been described as one of the world's
first multi-national corporations. And salt was one of the longest
lasting sources of revenue that supported it and the British Imperialism
that followed, not just in India, but across Asia. The necessity of
salt meant that it <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/salt-and-sovereignty-in-colonial-burma/AEE6FC4EE94DCBCF4A42B200DEF62565">could be reliably taxed to raise state finances</a>.</p>
<p>Much of the development of the hedge has been credited to one man. In <a href="https://www.conservationindia.org/wp-content/files_mf/Collar-Prys-Jones-2012-Allan-Octavian-Hume.pdf">1867, when the British Civil Servant and botanist Allen Octavian Hume was appointed Commissioner of Customs</a>,
he took control over the Customs Line, pouring considerable resources
and his own horticultural know-how into making the hedge an effective
barrier against smuggling.</p>
<p>By 1869, the great hedge stretched from the foothills of the
Himalayas to Odisha, and then cut mid-way across the country as it
inched towards the Bay of Bengal. Its purpose was to cut off the salt
producing coastal regions in Gujarat and Odisha from the rest of the
princely states governed by the British Raj. This ensured that salt
remained a precious commodity. It was taxed so heavily that most Indians
couldn't afford it. <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/india/salt-march">The India Salt Act of 1882</a>,
ensured that the British had a complete monopoly over salt and
explicitly prohibited Indians from collecting or selling it, a law which
Mahatma Gandhi would soon defy in a series of marches that sparked the
Indian independence movement.</p>
<p>But despite it being a formidable barrier, with an average height of
8ft (2.4m), the smuggling of salt went on unabated. Armed gangs broke
through the hedge, driving camels laden with sacks of salt right through
it. Smugglers tossed salt over it in unguarded areas. Violent
skirmishes broke out often. "The Customs officials harassed the
population and exhorted bribes," Moxham noted in his book. "The barrier
was a continual reminder of what Indians saw as unjust – British taxes.
Nevertheless, it continued to be strengthened."</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-p09t27ny"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><img alt="In protest against the salt taxes, Gandhi and his followers marched 241 miles (388km) across Gujarat in 1930 (Credit: Alamy)" draggable="false" id="" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09t27ny.jpg" title="In protest against the salt taxes, Gandhi and his followers marched 241 miles (388km) across Gujarat in 1930 (Credit: Alamy)" /></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">In protest against the salt taxes, Gandhi and his followers marched 241 miles (388km) across Gujarat in 1930<strike><i><u>(<b>Credit: Alamy)</b></u></i></strike><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><i><u>Alamy born around 2000AD and this photo doesnot belong to Alamy or their family just another way to make money by British greed ;as the salt tax</u></i></span><strike><br /></strike></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Sheila
Ghelani, a London-based artist who recently wrote about the hedge in a
book she co-authored with fellow artist Sue Palmer (Common Salt, based
on a live performance on the same subject), explains that the humble
hedge can serve as a formidable natural barrier. "But it's also kind of
invisible. It's not something you notice right away," she says.</p>
<p>In Moxham's book, he describes the hedge as being built from "almost
every description of locally indigenous thorny shrubs." In some dry
areas, the entire top layer of rocky soil had to be dug out and replaced
for the hedge to thrive. It was built with prickly pear (<em>Opuntia ficus-indica</em>), clusters of thorny acacias (<em>Vachellia nilotica</em>) and the thorny Indian plum tree <em>Ziziphus mauritiana</em>.</p>
<p>But of all of these, the <em><a href="https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/species-in-news-carissa-carandas-the-great-hedge-of-india/">Carissa carandas</a></em>, called <em>karonda</em>
in Hindi, is the most intriguing from a horticultural point of view,
says Reema Gupta. Gupta is a former investment banker-turned organic
farmer after setting up the Sustainable, Local, Organic, Wholesome
(Slow) farm in the outskirts of Bengaluru, in the state of Karnataka in
South India in 2014. "In Northern India, karonda was a condiment," she
says. Her grandmother would pickle the bright red berry, while she uses
it to make jam. The raw berry can be eaten on its own and has a sour,
tangy taste, like lemon. Gupta is keenly aware of how this indigenous
knowledge of plants and herbs is fading fast. Even among organic farmers
across India, so few people know of this indigenous shrub and its role
in the history of the hedge, she explains. "It is a hardy bush. It grows
fast, spreads rapidly, needs constant pruning and has vicious thorns. I
can easily imagine it being a critical part of the Great Hedge," she
says.</p>
<p>But why did it disappear?</p>
<p>According to Moxham, the hedge was eventually abandoned when the
British took complete control of all salt production in India, by
seizing one of the largest territories – the Sambhar Salt Lake in
Rajasthan. The salt tax could then be added at the point of manufacture,
and this would effectively stop smugglers. There was no longer any need
for a Customs Line nor an expensive hedge. On 1 April 1879, it became
obsolete. However, people continued to pay steep salt taxes in the years
that followed, right up to March 1947. India received its independence
in August of the same year.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-p09t291t"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><img alt="Unlike the whimsical hedges in traditional English gardens, the customs hedge was designed to divide (Credit: Alamy)" draggable="false" id="" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09t291t.jpg" title="Unlike the whimsical hedges in traditional English gardens, the customs hedge was designed to divide (Credit: Alamy)" /></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Unlike the whimsical hedges in traditional English gardens, the customs hedge was designed to divide (Credit: Alamy)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Perhaps
this fading knowledge of these indigenous plants was an indirect cause
for the Great Hedge's demise in modern India. Hoping to find someone who
remembered the hedge or some physical evidence of its existence, Moxham
made three trips to India in the mid-1990s, seeking it out. He pored
over old maps and satellite imagery, travelled to small towns and spoke
to villagers and locals in areas where the hedge was mentioned in
historical records.</p>
<p>In many places, Moxham found that the Hedge had just melted away.
Many of the trees had a lifespan of sixty years, so they would have died
by then anyway. Others had been cleared for the construction of roads.
People had also widened their agricultural fields to encroach along the
areas where the Great Hedge once ran.</p>
<p>A pivotal moment came in 1998, when Moxham finally found traces of
the Great Hedge – in a section of prickly shrubs that grew along a
40ft-wide embankment in Etawah, a district in India's most populous
state of Uttar Pradesh. Some of the hedgerow in this area was now 20ft
(6m) high and it was impossible to tell if they were part of the
original hedge or had sprouted from successive seeding, he says. </p>
<p>The location was exactly on the same latitude (the longitude,
however, was one mile further east) as indicated in the map of India in
1876, when the Great Hedge was first documented. When Moxham had first
started his search, he wrote that he was looking for "a harmless piece
of English eccentricity" but he had ended up finding instead "a terrible
instrument of British oppression."</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-p09t244k"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:1200px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:880px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:576px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/webp"></source><source media="(min-width:224px)" type="image/jpeg"></source><img alt="The customs hedge was made primarily of thorny bushes such as the prickly pear, chosen to deter smugglers from crossing it (Credit: Alamy)" draggable="false" id="" src="https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09t244k.jpg" title="The customs hedge was made primarily of thorny bushes such as the prickly pear, chosen to deter smugglers from crossing it (Credit: Alamy)" /></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font inline-image__description--desktop"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">The
customs hedge was made primarily of thorny bushes such as the prickly
pear, chosen to deter smugglers from crossing it (Credit: Alamy)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Aisling
O'Carroll, a lecturer teaching landscape architecture and a PhD
candidate at The Bartlett School of Architecture at University College,
London, has also been looking for the hedge. O'Carroll's research
started with an interest to investigate The Great Hedge as a border and
see what traces of that could be found remaining in the landscape –
whether remnants of the hedge itself, or structural, spatial,
infrastructural, or cultural traces of it – and if so, what its impact
had been.</p>
<p><br />"I wanted to understand more about how a live hedge could be
maintained as a border at such a massive scale, and the contradiction
between the typical function of the hedgerow – to protect and increase
[the] productivity and resilience of the landscape on either side, often
to mitigate erosion – and the violent intention of this hedge, to
physically separate and exert control over the people of each province,"
says O'Carroll.</p>
<p><br />The research was primarily carried out between 2017 and 2018 in
Uttar Pradesh and funded by the Danish Arts Council. "I found it
particularly interesting that the line of the hedge, which used to be a
barrier, has transformed into a corridor of connection in many parts —
where the embankment of the hedge now serves as the road corridor," says
O'Carroll.</p>
<p>Moxham was recently invited to a conference on Nuclear Energy in
Verdun, France to speak about the Great Hedge. "They were intrigued by
how such a big project could have disappeared from memory in such a
short time," says Moxham. The delegates saw it as proof enough that the
world could forget anything – including the cost of nuclear warfare or
the grave dangers posed by improperly disposing of radioactive waste –
all of which could have severe consequences if ever erased from public
memory.</p>
<p>Today, the fact that the hedge remains largely unknown is seen by
Ghelani and Palmer as another example the uncritical teaching of British
Imperialism, which they argue often downplays the pain and suffering of
colonialism and the human cost of these endeavors. "This history [of
India's Great Hedge] was missing from our [British] history books too,"
says Palmer. "We could find no reference to it."</p>
<p>Trying to keep this public memory alive is a constant challenge – but
one that Palmer and Ghelani take on. Ironically, they recently
performed at the South London Botanical Institute, which was set up by
one of the key commissioners of the Hedge, AO Hume. "He had this very
British obsession with making the hedge perfect and impenetrable," says
Palmer. "When we performed… his portrait was on the wall. It was like we
were trying to say, so many years later, that we needed to acknowledge
that this happened. We need to hear this," she said.</p>
<p><em>--<br />This article was updated on 25 August 2021.<br />--</em></p>
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<a href="https://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2008/07/indian-naval-mutiny-of-1946-against.html">INDIAN NAVAL // AIRFORCE//ARMY -MUTINY OF 1946 AGAINST BRITAIN</a>
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<div>
INDIAN NAVY REVOLTED AGAINST BRITAIN IN 1946 AND FORCED IT TO GIVE FREEDOM TO INDIA IN 1947</div>
<div>
The RIN Mutiny: a brief history:-Royal Indian Navy Mutiny<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_Mutiny">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_Mutiny</a><br />
</span></b><br />
<a href="http://heritagetimes.in/the-air-force-mutiny-1946/"><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">THE AIR FORCE MUTINY – 1946 :- The Forgotten Mutiny that ...</span></span></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx">heritagetimes.in<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe"><span> › the-air-force-mutiny-1946</span></span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf"><div class="TbwUpd"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe"><span></span></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc"><span></span></div></div><div class="IsZvec"><div><span class="aCOpRe"><span class="f">Dec 4, 2018 — </span><span>While the disturbances in the <i>Army</i> and the RIN were confined to <i>Indian soldiers</i> and sailors, the unrest in the RIAF was induced by 'strikes' by ...<br /></span></span><h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_5"><i><u><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a>Mutiny in the British Indian Army Jabalpur-1946</span></u></i></h3><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751"><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md"><span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Great Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946 and beyond – A</span> ...</span></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx">www.europe-solidaire.org<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe"><span> › spip › article46751</span></span></cite></div></a></span><div class="B6fmyf"><div class="TbwUpd"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe"><span></span></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc"><span></span></div></div><div><span class="aCOpRe"><span class="f">Nov 7, 2016 — </span><span><b><u><i><span style="color: red;"><i>Mutiny in</i> the British <i>Indian Army</i> Jabalpur. On the 26 <sup>th</sup> February <i>1946</i> </span></i></u></b>120 <i>army</i> men of the 'J' company of the Signals Training Centre (STC), ..</span></span></div><h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_5"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mutiny in the British Indian Army Jabalpur</span></span></h3>
<p>On the 26<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup> February 1946 120 army
men of the ‘J’ company of the Signals Training Centre (STC), Jabalpur
rebelled against their British superiors and broke free from their
barracks directly due to the naval revolt. Part of a radio signalling
unit, they were sick and...........................</p></div></div><br />
<br />
HMIS Talwar at Bombay Harbour.<br />
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIN_HMIS_Akbar.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEi2bmC75rKwe-95wEUV7m3V8dy70_uhW1Ji19PtveP5I1RkpbTojHoFUY1egpHxGqQkzGBlD3RxL54hOYNFtQDNdUmhl4ivdjsTnAJkbuwk7vSlh50XuRuDxt3MAmrtpllmajquBp7dw12op5qJvWWx-PfCd11I1em1rKLx_B4c9svRpOZXWu4vCXqrfEqzqQjBk2e0r_SM0r3k8O0lUqQ=s0-d" width="400" /></a> <br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMIS_Talwar" title="HMIS Talwar">HMIS <i>Talwar</i></a> at Bombay Harbour.</div>
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</div>
<br />
The RIN Mutiny started as a strike by ratings of the Royal Indian Navy
on 18 February in protest against general conditions. The immediate
issue of the mutiny was conditions and food, but there were more
fundamental matters such as racist behaviour by Royal Navy personnel
towards Indian sailors, and disciplinary measures being taken against
anyone demonstrating pro-nationalist sympathies. By dusk on 19 February,
a Naval Central Strike committee was elected. Leading Signalman M.S
Khan and Petty Officer Telegraphist Madan Singh were unanimously elected
President and Vice-President respectively. The strike found immense
support among the Indian population, already gripped by the stories of
the Indian National Army. { read about I.N.A.:-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army</a>}
The actions of the mutineers was supported by demonstrations which
included a one-day general strike in Bombay. The strike spread to other
cities, and was joined by the Royal Indian Air Force and local police
forces. Naval officers and men began calling themselves the "Indian
National Navy" and offered left-handed salutes to British officers. At
some places, NCOs in the British Indian Army ignored and defied orders
from British superiors. In Madras and Pune, the British garrisons had to
face revolts within the ranks of the Indian Army. Widespread rioting
took place from Karachi to Calcutta. Notably, the mutinying ships
hoisted three flags tied together — those of the Congress, Muslim
League, and the Red Flag of the Communist Party of India (CPI),
signifying the unity and demarginalisation of communal issues among the
mutineers.<br />
The mutiny was called off following a meeting between the President of
the Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC), M. S. Khan, and Vallab Bhai
Patel<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQQTYmK26NipjKLhyeWsy2CcvZ2JyHKQLm864_Dpk0owgiBMJp0" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgzN_4uu8Am3GUQPOd8hGbsml-Ob0Dyjv9_jNTnWMmtipcUDj8-hicIjoZlGe8Cpc8ADChyphenhyphenKJQPzRvbqDOZVy1wlqsfb0oN1tqTsQNCC5Vg-05VNQH9igDEDTZQ0OKf3luniTEH6xa6iuZBo8ujkcP8exTrKSnoWFolAxjkFZZ_VV0ImceT9z6213gciOrGiX_6E6zxZ_xM9CguNg=s0-d" /></a></div>
<br />
of the Congress, who had been sent to Bombay to settle the crisis. Patel
issued a statement calling on the strikers to end their action, which
was later echoed by a statement issued in Calcutta by Mohammed Ali
Jinnah<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgSbi8capgqbDzBUkcw8EJtTqlJQSrLB_FlFLIiKbp7bMUXV9uFIpk8C364j7m2B94rCn5ebKikUTB9hyphenhyphenAna9cT2VnXXBHurOWW2f6Lu58rEm5q6jYLQIHXRA6WExkRjEU28KU3d7bIXw/s400/mur3.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgSbi8capgqbDzBUkcw8EJtTqlJQSrLB_FlFLIiKbp7bMUXV9uFIpk8C364j7m2B94rCn5ebKikUTB9hyphenhyphenAna9cT2VnXXBHurOWW2f6Lu58rEm5q6jYLQIHXRA6WExkRjEU28KU3d7bIXw/s400/mur3.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
on behalf of the Muslim League. Under these considerable pressures, the
strikers gave way. However, despite assurances of the good services of
the Congress and the Muslim League widespread arrests were made. These
were followed up by courts martial and large scale dismissals from the
service. None of those dismissed were reinstated into either of the
Indian or Pakistani navies after independence.<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2352176008720833167&postID=4414759783577342090" id="Events_of_the_Mutiny" name="Events_of_the_Mutiny"></a><br />
Events of the Mutiny:-<br />
After the Second World War, three officers of the Indian National Army (I.N.A.), General Shah Nawaz Khan, <a href="http://indianindependancemovementphotos.blogspot.com/2009/07/shah-nawaz-khan-general-indian-freedom.html">http://indianindependancemovementphotos.blogspot.com/2009/07/shah-nawaz-khan-general-indian-freedom.html</a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSRlwCZSyJztuje_hHDVIDHMiY0WkTnNrpy5qUGVWpd7z5XIinuHGRsAY7274bdgGFmGszrY7kbB2zscSgdI-uvv9lmx-JIlmGbsxhwDKTr9A54-H6salOESbiltdsRVUanNgyUhwXIA8/s320/netaji_deathcertificate.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSRlwCZSyJztuje_hHDVIDHMiY0WkTnNrpy5qUGVWpd7z5XIinuHGRsAY7274bdgGFmGszrY7kbB2zscSgdI-uvv9lmx-JIlmGbsxhwDKTr9A54-H6salOESbiltdsRVUanNgyUhwXIA8/s320/netaji_deathcertificate.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
Colonel Prem Sehgal<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.ebook3000.com/upimg/201010/03/084528219.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEglMMzg-2UNWv3B_ShqIjyKkv1yPJ1wp_z9RFrwWzZmVY-FlQyESYlk_fviYk6WBZF7z2ruAgSwK6Y0BV4Bw7dNYJvpNV4qkJ_pkuJEQlxpZffEporKitIN-IjMpMqpScX-0W3uZ-c3A1Blttn7TMQMHwSI1jdGsg=s0-d" /></a></div>
<br />
and Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.timescontent.com/tss/photos/preview/41047/Colonel%20Gurbaksh%20Singh%20Dhillon.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEib4f0m5MGn4X7CDhcoUgfeX5Y8injyf5i804ffpp0wQ4vc9D2t_-YgvbRN4TAiEOVJgrMw8s0YuZYN2JNcGKYYuoHqWGNbK6jGhZuTXgKSnEcXpdj1jV4_CPuZaqHrda8iXnz62r-l5iY88dzWD2AjrsOqNBXA80gkPRoLT-NLHtGoYkMoxce_8f833H494N0bgdTUu3T7M5ZUi3Hn=s0-d" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h3>
Freedom fighter, Indian National Army colonel and Netaji Subhash
Chandra Bose's close associate G S Dhillon, in Delhi on December 22,
1950. </h3>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>1945 INA trials: a rare glimpse from the lens of photojournalist Kulwant Roy
<h2 class="synopsis" itemprop="description">Rare images
of the November 1945 Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) trials from
photojournalist Kulwant Roy’s work, as documented by Aditya Arya in the
visual archive History in the Making.</h2>
<div class="editor" id="storycenterbyline"> Written by <a class="bulletProj" href="https://indianexpress.com/profile/author/nandini-rathi/" id="written_by1">Nandini Rathi</a>
| New Delhi |
<span content="2017-08-29T19:57:30+05:30" itemprop="dateModified">
Updated: August 29, 2017 7:57:30 pm </span>
</div>
<span itemprop="image" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject">
</span><p>In his book <i>Azaadi!, </i>English author
Reginald Massey, who was born and raised in pre-Partition Lahore,
recalls the reception of three INA generals shortly after they were
acquitted, which he witnessed as a teenager:</p>
<blockquote><p>There were thousands who greeted them at the historic Minto Park. In unison they chanted loudly:</p>
<p>“<i>Chaalis crore-on ki awaaz! </i>(Forty crore people shout in unison!) (<i>Editor’s note: India’s population was 40 crores – 400 million – at that time.</i>)</p>
<p><i>Sehgal – Dhillon – Shah Nawaz!!</i>“</p></blockquote>
<p>When the Japanese routed the Allies in south east Asia, they took
some 60,000 soldiers of the British Indian army prisoners. 20,000 of
them agreed to switch sides and go to war against their former masters —
the British, in the Indian National Army under the command of Subhas
Chandra Bose.</p>
<p>After the Allies won the war, the INA soldiers once again became
prisoners — this time of the British. The military logic of the British
India government was clear — they considered the INA joinees to be
traitors, deserving of severe punishment. The furious, self-righteous
government decided to make an example of the the INA leaders by
performing their court martial and treason trial — the first one was to
take place in Delhi’s iconic Red Fort, the same place from where Bose
promised that INA would declare India’s independence.</p>
<p>Of the three INA generals arraigned for the first trial were a Hindu
(Prem Kumar Sehgal), a Muslim (Shah Nawaz Khan) and a Sikh (Gurbaksh
Singh Dhillon). The cause of their defence was taken up by the Congress,
whose leaders toured the country, mobilizing support for the soldiers
awaiting the trial. <a href="https://indianexpress.com/about/jawaharlal-nehru/">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>
was among the defence lawyers. While the defense lost the case and the
defendants were declared guilty, the British sensed the popular mood,
including within the British India Army, which was far from
unsympathetic toward the INA. This was a time when the Muslim League was
on the threshold of winning Pakistan, by dividing the territory of
British India along communal lines. Yet, Indians, irrespective of
religion were united in feeling that the ruling power was out for
vengeance and in heaping curses upon it. The government was forced to
commute the sentences of the convicted trio and release them.</p>
<p><b>Images</b></p>
<p>Photojournalist Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) had been among the handful of
Indians who lived and worked through the exciting times before and
after India’s Independence. His archive of mostly unpublished prints and
negatives lay forgotten in boxes for more than 20 years after his death
in 1984 until they were discovered by Aditya Arya, to whom he had left
his work. Here are a few snapshots from the time around the INA trials
of 1945 that Roy captured through his lens:</p>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="Indian national army, kulwant roy, jawaharlal nehru" class="wp-image-4819121 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/ina-trials-0.jpg" style="display: inline;" />
Jawaharlal Nehru with the members of the INA Defence Committee,
1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and photo credit : Aditya Arya
Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo Archive Foundation.</span>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="Indian national army, kulwant roy, jawaharlal nehru" class="wp-image-4819128 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/ina-trials-1.jpg" style="display: inline;" />
Members of the Defence Committee, R.B. Badri Dass, Justice Acchru Ram
and Asaf Ali discussing the charge sheet of the INA cadre at Delhi Red
Fort, 1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and photo credit : Aditya
Arya Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo Archive Foundation.</span>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="INA defence committee, azad hind fauj, INA trials, jawaharlal nehru" class="wp-image-4819131 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/ina-trials-2.jpg" style="display: inline;" />
Jawaharlal Nehru emerging from the Defence Committee office. Photo by
Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and photo credit : Aditya Arya Archives,
Chairman & Trustee, India Photo Archive Foundation.</span>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="INA trial, red fort trials, Indian national army, kulwant roy" class="wp-image-4819140 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/ina-trials-3.jpg" style="display: inline;" />
General Mohan Singh who formed the First I.N.A in Far East is seen here
while chatting with Mrs. Ehsan Qadir, wife of Capt. Ehsan Qadir of the
INA. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and photo credit : Aditya Arya
Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo Archive Foundation.</span>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="INA, mahatma gandhi, red fort trials, azad hind fauj" class="wp-image-4819172 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/ina-trials-4.jpg" style="display: inline;" /> <a href="https://indianexpress.com/about/mahatma-gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>
with soldiers of the INA, 1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and
photo credit : Aditya Arya Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo
Archive Foundation.</span>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="kadam kadam badhaye ja, mahatma gandhi, INA, azad hind fauj" class="wp-image-4819143 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/ina-trials-5.jpg" style="display: inline;" />
Captain Ram Singh, who had composed the patriotic song ‘Kadam Kadam
Badhaye Ja’ plays the violin for Gandhiji at the Harijan Colony,
1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and photo credit : Aditya Arya
Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo Archive Foundation.</span>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="indian national army, mahatma gandhi, jawaharlal nehru" class="wp-image-4819149 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/ina-trials-6.jpg" style="display: inline;" />
Jawaharlal Nehru attends a meeting of Gandhiji and INA soldiers,
1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and photo credit : Aditya Arya
Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo Archive Foundation.</span>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="indian national army, mahatma gandhi, jawaharlal nehru" class="wp-image-4819154 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/ina-trials-7.jpg" style="display: inline;" />
An engrossed audience listening to Gandhiji in this rare documentation
of the meeting, 1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984) and photo credit :
Aditya Arya Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India Photo Archive
Foundation.</span>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="indian national army, mahatma gandhi, jawaharlal nehru, sardar patel" class="wp-image-4819156 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/ina-trials-8.jpg" style="display: inline;" />
Also seen attending the meeting is Sardar Patel, 1945. Photo by Kulwant
Roy (1914-1984) and photo credit : Aditya Arya Archives, Chairman &
Trustee, India Photo Archive Foundation.</span>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="INA defence committee, jawaharlal nehru, indian national army" class="wp-image-4797440 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/nehru-6.jpg" style="display: inline;" />
Jawaharlal Nehru with members of the INA enquiry committee at the
Constitution Club, New Delhi (1945). Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984)
and photo credit : Aditya Arya Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India
Photo Archive Foundation.</span>
<span class="custom-caption"><img alt="indian national army, jawaharlal nehru" class="wp-image-4819164 size-full" data-lazy-loaded="true" src="https://images.indianexpress.com/2017/08/ina-trials-10.jpg" style="display: inline;" />
Jawaharlal Nehru with INA cadre, 1945. Photo by Kulwant Roy (1914-1984)
and photo credit : Aditya Arya Archives, Chairman & Trustee, India
Photo Archive Foundation.</span>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><i>Kulwant Roy gifted his work to Aditya
Arya, who has since archived them under the aegis of the India Photo
Archive Foundation. Arya can be reached at adityaarya@adityaarya.com</i></p>
<br />
for "waging war against the King Emperor", i.e. the British sovereign
personifying British rule. The three defendants were defended at the
trial by Jawaharlal Nehru,<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQvihbuBn_bW1w-do7jUSQUSFQK11neXaHR4-CSVK3-2VdmIq2p&t=1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjLgRqPEInJ43_xGFeGd1fieV-TV9EG0zVo8wugUGDznmmmbDqwTlwV2IIFdy5p1mCDqCoTjypxi7pd61WeNa3p7_4fnpyWqQLNdPnvy4f2K225bALGYHmqvWOdLRPa5at129XTR47-7bMH5g1liI9ZtsZhprpkJvt9jgIWHbFwHej3TOyrNN_lP-8bUn1fY0pepUaaqbXZVZ_zCSRclrI=s0-d" /></a></div>
<br />
Bhulabhai Desai<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSckDL-WOuoSnBm4MUdZoJSFQjrfSmwyaGhokQ-Z1Be6DDsyBSO" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhxJBL6jgV5pebzIrPLGAJZw1lnIJqPLIRlRSYUDSeg7v6JuhEgEGUJGsR23uFzhxUG4BTtn1Zuqb_3laFIjVLOUIjwx4ZLMyRwofiyAsu2kqVOwzynO-KSgUP6ic99NUj66AUy00SKS9FAKv1i36Lk9ZZSykYKT0i7yfo-aPR5H9PhPp2jEBdaEHx77kC_C1C6pwcN_2KzSvdVmg=s0-d" /></a></div>
<br />
and others. Outside the court, the trials inspired protests and
discontent among the Indian population, who came to view the defendants
as revolutionaries who had fought for their country.READ ABOUT THE
TRIALS:-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INA_trials">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INA_trials</a><br />
<br />
HMIS Hindustan at Bombay Harbour after the war<br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small;"><br />
HMIS Hindustan at Bombay Harbour after the war.</span><br />
The mutiny was initiated by the ratings of Indian Navy on 18 February
1946. It was a reaction to the treatment meted out to ratings in general
and the lack of service facilities in particular. On 16 January 1946, a
contingent of 67 ratings of various branches arrived at Castle
Barracks, Mint Road, in Fort BOMBAY(Mumbai). This contingent had arrived
from the basic training establishment, HMIS Akbar, located at Thane, a
suburb of Bombay, at 1600 in the evening. One of them Syed Maqsood
Bokhari went to the officer on duty informed him about the galley
(kitchen) staff of this arrival. The sailors were that evening alleged
to have been served sub-standard food. Only 17 ratings took the meal,
the rest of the contingent went ashore to eat in an open act of
defiance. It has since been said that such acts of neglect were fairly
regular, and when reported to senior officers present practically evoked
no response, which certainly was a factor in the buildup of discontent.
The ratings of the communication branch in the shore establishment,
HMIS Talwar, drawn from a relatively higher strata, harboured a high
level of revulsion towards the authorities, having complained of neglect
of their facilities fruitlessly.<br />
The INA trials, the stories of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose<br />
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, as well as the stories of INA's fight during the Siege of Imphal and
in Burma were seeping into the glaring public-eye at the time. These,
received through the wireless sets and the media, fed discontent and
ultimately inspired the sailors to strike. In Karachi, mutiny broke out
on board the Royal Indian Navy ship, HMIS Hindustan off Manora Island.
The ship, as well as shore establishments were taken over by mutineers.
Later, it spread to the HMIS Bahadur<br />
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<span style="color: #4381bc;"><b>Sunday</b></span></span><span style="color: #4381bc; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><b>,
February 24, 2002</b></span></td>
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<p align="CENTER"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: medium;">The lesser-known Mutiny<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Trilochan Singh Trewn</span></p>
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<p align="center"><img alt="Line-up of Indian Naval ships on Mumbai dockyard breakwater during the crucial three days of the Rin Mutiny." border="1" height="178" src="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020224/spectrum/ship.jpg" width="250" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">Line-up of Indian Naval ships on Mumbai dockyard breakwater during the crucial three days of the Rin Mutiny.<br />
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<p align="JUSTIFY"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana; font-size: medium;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">HE
trauma experienced during those four days of the Rin Mutiny in
February, 1946 was a source of tension. In fact the situation was more
sensitive than the one that arose from the actual combat condition
prevailing in the north Arabian sea during the India-Pakistan conflict
in 1971.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">The mutiny was
initiated by the ratings of Indian Navy during early 1946. It was a
reaction against the treatment meted to ratings in general and the
lack of service facilities in particular. On January 16, 1946, a
contingent of 67 ratings of various branches arrived at Castle
Barracks, Mint Road, in Fort Mumbai. This contingent had arrived from
the basic training establishment, HMIS Akbar, located at Thane a
suburb of Mumbai at 1600 in the evening. The officer on duty informed
the galley (kitchen) staff of this arrival. Quite casually, the duty
cook, without winking an eyelid, took out 20 loaves of bread from the
large cupboard and added three litres of tap water to the mutton curry
as well as the gram <i>dal </i>which was lying already cooked before
as per the morning strength of the ratings. Every one associated with
each wing of administration in those days had such a mindset that no
one bothered. Nothing more was required to be done in such cases. On
that day, only 17 ratings ate the watery, tasteless meals while the
rest went ashore and ate. Such daily cases of neglect, when reported
to senior officers present, practically evoked no response and the
discontentment continued to build up. The better educated ratings of
communication branch in the shore establishment, HMIS Talwar, located
in Mumbai had been complaining of neglect of their facilities and
harboured a high level of revulsion towards the authorities.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">The adventures of Indian National Army and
the stories of glory of Netaji Subhas Chander Bose received through the
wireless sets and the media inspired them. A naval central strike
committee was formed. It was led by a naval rating M.S Khan. Soon,
thousands of disgruntled ratings from Mumbai, Karachi, Cochin and
Vishakhapatnam joined them. They communicated with each other through
the wireless communication sets available in HMIS Talwar. Thus, the
entire revolt was coordinated. The unrest spread to ships too. Admiral
Godfrey in Mumbai took a stubborn stand towards the demands of the
strikers. Demands by now had come to include the release of INA
prisoners too. This was early February, 1946.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Inspired by the
patriotic fervour sweeping the country, the movement started taking a
political turn. During the second week of February, 1946, my ship was
alongside the outer breakwater. One fine early morning, I noticed about
20 junior ratings surrounding the main duty- free canteen located close
to the smithy shop inside the naval dockyard in Mumbai. This large
canteen was a part of an international chain of canteens run by the
royal navy and was well-stocked with choicest brands of foreign liquor,
cheeses, caviar, cigarettes etc mostly imported. About four ratings
forced themselves into the store and came out with cartons of
cigarettes, cameras and electric irons etc. It was followed by another
rush of ratings who now were holding boxes of scotch whisky in both
hands and sported imported umbrellas slinging on their shoulders. Soon
the canteen staff also arrived but was helpless and terrified as some of
the ratings carried arms.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">As if this was not
enough, another batch of ratings brought some steel bars from the
closeby smithy shop and dismantled the steel safe from its seat. Efforts
were being made to drag the locked safe to nowhere when I left the
scene. I then came across some cooks holding fully-loaded automatic
weapons in their hands and pointing those towards the direction of
Gateway of India where the British destroyers from Trincomalee were
expected to arrive. Just then Captain (E) T.N. Kochhar, then an engineer
officer of HMIS Narmada, sped past me and told me that the strike
committee had broadcast a message that Indian officers would not be
harmed if they did not interfere, while Admiral Godfrey required all
officers to be in their place of duty and ensure that no violent action
or damage to equipment and property took place and that the agitation
remained peaceful. In the evening, a news item was received stating that
a Gurkha regiment in Karachi had refused to fire at an agitated group of
naval ratings. This was day one.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">The next day morning,
the tricolour was hoisted by the ratings on mastheads of most of the
ships and establishments. There was a general feeling of anxiety and
tension everywhere. The ships deck and lavatories had not been cleaned
for past two days. Officers and ratings’ kitchens were out of use. The
canteens in every ship were forced open and eatables consumed in lieu of
cooked food. The morning news on the radio indicated that fully-armed
destroyers of British Navy had already steamed out of Trincomalee
harbour and were heading towards Mumbai to quell the Mutiny. The naval
ratings’ strike committee decided, in a confused manner, the HMIS
Kumaon had to leave Mumbai harbour while HMIS Kathiawar was already in
the Arabian Sea under the command of a striking rating. At about 10.30
HIMS Kumaon suddenly let go the shore ropes, without even removing the
ships’ gangway while officers were discussing the law and order
situation on the outer breakwater jetty.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">So the wooden gangway,
six-metre-long was protruding out of the ship’s starboard waist when
the ship moved away from the jetty under command of a revolver bearing
senior rating. However, within two hours fresh instructions were
received from the strikers’ control room and the ship returned to the
same berth.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">The situation was
changing fast and rumours spread that Australian and Canadian armed
battalions had been stationed outside the Lion gate and the Gungate to
encircle the dockyard where most ships were berthed. Unfortunately, by
now all the armouries of the ships and establishments had been seized by
the striking ratings. The real danger was that the sophisticated arms
with the ammunition were being handled casually by unscrupulous ships
clerks, cleaning hands, cooks and wireless operators who had never
handled these before.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">The third day dawned
charged with fresh emotions. Sardar Patel’s statement of assurance did
improve matters considerably. However, an unruly guncrew of a 25 pounder
gun fitted in an old ship, without orders from the strikers, fired a
salvo towards the Castle barracks and blew off a large branch of an old
banyan tree. It was clear that those bearing arms had started acting on
their own without taking orders from their central striking command. The
negotiations moved fast, keeping in view the extreme sensitivity of the
situation and on the fourth day most of the demands of the strikers were
conceded in principle.</span></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Immediate steps were
taken to improve the quality of food served in the ratings’ kitchen
and their living conditions. The national leaders also assured that
favourable consideration will be accorded to release of all the
prisoners of the Indian National Army. By this time the British
destroyers fully armed to go into action arrived and had positioned
themselves off the Gateway of Indian Mumbai.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;">Luckily a very grave situation was
tackled in a very timely manner and a real disaster was averted by the
prudent action both by the strikers and the country’s leadership.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small;"><br />
Line-up of ships of the RIN on the Bombay dockyard breakwater during the mutiny.</span><br />
. A naval central strike committee was formed on 19 February 1946, led
by M. S. Khan and Madan Singh. The next day, ratings from Castle and
Fort Barracks in Bombay, joined in the mutiny when rumours (which were
untrue) spread that HMIS Talwar's ratings had been fired upon. Ratings
left their posts and went around Bombay in lorries, holding aloft flags
containing the picture of Subhash Chandra Bose. Several Indian naval
officers who opposed the strike and sided with the British were thrown
off the ship by ratings. Soon, the mutineers were joined by thousands of
disgruntled ratings from Bombay, Karachi, Cochin and Vizag.
Communication between the various mutinies was maintained through the
wireless communication sets available in HMIS Talwar. Thus, the entire
revolt was coordinated.<br /><div><h1 class="title"><span>Freedom on the Waves: The Indian Naval Mutiny, 70 Years Later</span></h1><p class="shortDesc">‘For
the first time the blood of men in the Services and in the streets
flowed together in a common cause’ – in remembrance of the Royal Indian
Navy’s mutiny, 70 years on</p></div><div class="postComplete__post-image-wrapper"><div class="featured-image valign-wrapper wp-caption aligncenter"><img alt="Freedom on the Waves: The Indian Naval Mutiny, 70 Years Later" class="img-responsive" src="https://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/HMIS_Hindustan.jpg" /><p class="wp-caption-text">The HMIS Hindustan. Credit: Wikimedia Commons</p></div></div><div class="postComplete__post-content-wrapper"><div class="col s12 m3"><div class="author"><div class="avatars"><span class="avatar"></span></div><div class="tag"><a href="https://thewire.in/author/anirban-mitra" target="_blank" title="All Stories by Anirban Mitra">Anirban Mitra</a>History</div></div></div></div><div class="col s12 m12"><div class="top-space post__content-meta valign-wrapper"><span class="data-tag"></span><span class="posted-on">18/Feb/2016</span></div></div><div class="col s12 m10 width-78p postComplete__description"><div class="grey-text _yeti_connatix_done"><p><br /></p>
<p>It is perhaps the natural course of history that some events and
individuals are remembered more than others. The Indian struggle for
independence is no exception. While the great leaders, and the movements
they led command respect, there remain unsung heroes whose contribution
has remained unknown except in the scholarly books of historians. The
mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN), which broke out on February 18,
1946 – and, in only five days, delivered a mortal blow to the entire
structure of the British Raj – is one oft-forgotten saga. It is worthy
of remembrance on its 70th anniversary.</p>
<p><b>The tide of nationalism after WW2</b></p>
<p>The Second World War changed geopolitics. It also altered the way
societies view the world and themselves. The Indian soldier was no
exception. The war had caused rapid expansion of the RIN. In 1945, it
was 10 times larger than its size in 1939. Recruitment was no longer
confined to martial races; men from different social strata, including
many college-educated, enlisted. As the campaigns carried the soldiers
across the seas, they saw the world, read the newspapers and learnt that
the war was for ‘restoring democracy and freedom’. The Indians
themselves were hailed as liberators as they freed Greece, Italy, Burma,
Indo-China and Indonesia from Axis rule. This forced many of them to
wonder ‘Will not my own country be free? How am I a liberator when my
own land is a colony?’ Moreover, the inclusion of Indians in technical
posts had proven that they were no less than the whites in professional
expertise. And, they had seen first-hand how the Europeans had fled in
face of the initial Japanese onslaught – ‘white supremacy’ was an
obsolete myth.</p>
<p class="_yeti_done" style="display: block;">But, the end of war also
meant demobilization and the anxiety of unemployment. Worse, crude
British racism knew no end. British salary was 5-10 times more than that
of the Indian. They had better food, better quarters, better quality
uniforms and travelled comfortably in individual berths. The Indian
barracks were ‘pigsties’, the food was often inedible and Indians were
herded into train compartments. The British and Australian troops could
use the canteens and messes designated for Indians, but not vice versa.
Even medals and recommendations were denied at times. The Indian
soldiers loathed the foul language the British used and were not going
to tolerate the arrogance anymore. The smoldering resulted in at least 9
minor mutinies between Mar 1942 – April 1945. With the war over,
several factories were shut down leading to widespread unemployment. The
increasingly strong labor movement protested through more than 1200
strikes during 1945-46.</p>
<p>At the nationalist front, the memories of the heroic ‘Quit India’
movement were fresh. And then, the news of the struggle of Netaji’s INA
burst onto the scene. Indians rejoiced that a formal Indian army, led by
the charismatic leader, had actually fought the British in battle. As
the trial of the INA officers proceeded in the Red Fort, the press
printed tales of the non-sectarian character of their struggle. As Nehru
described it, ‘[the trials] gave form to the old contest: England vs
India…a trial of strength between the will of the Indian people and the
will of those who hold power in India’.</p>
<p>The anti-colonial attitude went beyond India. Indians deeply resented
the fact that their army was now being sent to crush the new peoples’
governments in Burma, Indonesia and Indo-China, and reestablish French
and Dutch colonies. In the last months of 1945, police firing killed 63
protestors at Bombay and Calcutta. These were turbulent times and the
young Indian soldier was deeply affected. As BC Dutt, one of the leaders
of the RIN mutiny wrote in his memoir, ‘The barrack walls were no
longer high enough to contain the tide of nationalism’.</p>
<p><a href="http://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/RINmutiny.jpg"><img alt="RINmutiny" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21952" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEji9zK00UcyqOvKLgx8tlZKnYvxI-RPyZfAH1ts7-GsQz9QW_4b86E69p6XOIwFmkRKM0WeJfGyoICmAQ4seIg_6B98Fd3leJsIZDY2hvrwjD4CJPac8Lbted4gXXFS2IObvDjw6VHUqaVkBVSZc-dqYXvRDEsL2IczeA=s0-d" width="512" /></a></p>
<p><b>The sparks – the Azad Hindi boys on HMIS <i>Talwar</i></b></p>
<p>Based at Bombay, HMIS <i>Talwar</i> was the signal-training
establishment of the RIN. With 1500 officers and ratings (enlisted
members) on board, it was the second-largest training center in the
whole empire. In the informative recollections titled <i>Mutiny of the Innocents</i> and <i>The RIN Strike</i> <i>By a Group of Victimized Ratings</i>, the former mutineers detailed the squalor on board the <i>Talwar</i>
and the indifference or racism of the British officers. It was at this
time that a colleague returned from Burma secretly carrying letters from
INA men addressed to Nehru and Sarat Bose – an incident that ignited
their latent patriotism.</p>
<p>Years later, Dutt recalled, ‘…we came from widely different regions…
belonged to Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Sikh families. The years spent
in the navy had made them – the ratings of the RIN – Indians’. A few of
them formed a clandestine group called ‘Azadi Hindi’ and planned to
create general disorder and unrest on <i>Talwar</i>. On Navy Day, 1<sup>st</sup>
Dec, 1945, they painted ‘Quit India’, ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ and ‘Revolt
Now’ all over the establishment and repeated it when Commander-in-Chief
General Auchinlek came on a visit. Dutt was eventually arrested but his
defiant reply to Commanding Officer King – ‘…Save your breath, I am
ready to face your firing squad’ – made him an instant hero. Another
rating, BR Singh, flung his cap down and kicked it in front of the
officers.</p>
<p>The unprecedented incidents received press coverage and surprised
everyone. However, CO King responded by calling the ratings ‘you sons of
bitches’ and ‘sons of bloody junglees’. The emboldened ratings replied
with slogans painted all over the <i>Talwar</i>, and even deflated the
tyres of King’s car. Though the events were confined to one center,
word spread to all the ships and shore establishments in Bombay. Ratings
openly began to discuss politics, read nationalist newspapers, set up a
INA Relief Fund and submitted individual letters protesting against CO
King.</p>
<p><b>The strike at <i>Talwar</i> ripples outwards</b></p>
<p>On February 17, when the ratings reiterated their demand for decent
food, British officers sneered that ‘beggars cannot be choosers’. This
was the last straw. On the 18<sup>th</sup> morning, 1500 ratings walked
out of the mess hall in protest, a clear act of mutiny. Yet they also
declared that ‘this is not a mere food riot. [We] are about to create
history…a heritage of pride for free India.’ By 4.30pm, the ratings had
rejected the appeals of their officers and even Rear Admiral Rattray.
The ‘strike committee’ decided their task was to take over the RIN and
place it in the command of national leaders. A formal list of demands
called for release of all Indian political prisoners including INA POWs
and naval detainees, withdrawal of Indian troops from Indonesia and
Egypt, equal status of pay and allowances and best class of Indian food.
It also formally asked the British to quit India.</p>
<p>The Bombay press was puzzled by the turn of events. Only the <i>Free Press Journal</i>
understood the significance of what was underway, and editor S.
Natarajan even offered his columns to the ratings. By that night, AIR
and BBC had to broadcast the news of the RIN strike and it spread like
wildfire across the country.</p>
<p>The next morning, sixty RIN ships harboured at Bombay – including the flagship HMIS <i>Narbada</i>, HMIS <i>Madras</i>, <i>Sind</i>, <i>Mahratta</i>, <i>Teer</i>, <i>Dhanush</i>, <i>Khyber</i>, <i>Clive</i>, <i>Punjab</i>, <i>Gondawana</i>, <i>Berar</i>, <i>Moti</i>, <i>Jamna</i>, <i>Kumaon</i>, <i>Oudh</i>
– and eleven shore establishments, including the large Castle Barracks
and Fort Barracks, pulled down the Union Jack and hoisted the three
flags of the Congress, the Muslim League and the Communist Party. Under
the ‘joint banner’ of Charka-Crescent-Hammer and Sickle, the ratings
marched in thousands towards the epicenter, the <i>Talwar</i>. They
chased foreigners, stoned British-owned shops and pulled down the flag
from the USIS library. By the morning of February 20, the strike had
spread to Calcutta, Karachi, Madras, Jamnagar, Vishakapatnam, Cochin and
other navy stations.</p>
<p>In all, around eighty ships, four flotillas, twenty shore
establishments and more than 20,000 ratings joined the mutiny. Most
Indian officers, barring a few like Lieutenant Sobani and Lieutenant
Mani, stayed away. Yet in 48 hours, British India had lost control of
its navy.</p>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_21954" style="width: 1032px;"><a href="http://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/HMIS-Kumaon.jpg"><img alt="HMIS Kumaon" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-21954" class="wp-image-21954 size-full" height="653" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiVGdn185rKbdGVXXCIZ46L8qIO4oAlQOAWgrQnyadPSMj9Cgu58sUWYebIfHIAjJ8Ssg4LgJaFWRI3vKV02FMmx_0ZNWlJgbfBN5ZblrfvFdi2SDyZz02KLjwSXYaGHtrxXfYNwvpzAHfggStZpm9IIAVjshKJzOXBjOTS=s0-d" width="1022" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-21954">The HMIS Kumaon. Credit: Wikimedia Commons</p></div>
<p> </p>
<p class="_yeti_done"><b>The Indian National Navy</b></p></div></div><br />
<p>A newly-formed Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC) included 12-36
representatives from all the ships and barracks of Bombay. Leading
signalman MS Khan and petty officer telegraphist Madan Singh were
elected president and vice-president. Years later, their comrades
recalled how both were ‘free of the communal virus’. They declared the
RIN renamed as the ‘Indian National Navy’. They also decided that their
struggle would be a non-violent one and henceforth they would take
orders ‘only from the national leaders’.</p>
<p class="_yeti_done" style="display: block;">As the NCSC asked for
guidance, however, what they heard was an uneasy silence. Finally, the
Left-leaning Congress leader Aruna Asaf Ali advised them to accept the
counsel of Sardar Patel. She also informed Nehru, explaining the tense
situation that was ‘climaxing to a grim close’. Meanwhile, the ratings
marched in discipline at Colaba and Flora Fountain, with slogans of
‘Hindu Muslim ek ho’ and ‘Inquilab Zindabad’. The people of Bombay
cheered them. Journalists who visited the <i>Talwar</i> were surprised
to find that the primary demand of the ratings was now not better
amenities, but freedom from British rule. They even rebuked the
journalist of the <i>Times of India</i> for having tried to malign
them in the previous day’s reporting. The ratings told the reporters,
‘We shall use the little knowledge they have given us against them.
Remember the INA. We too shall teach them a lesson’.</p>
<p>The government had been stunned, but now, deducing that nationalist
leaders were not keen to support the uprising, Admiral Godfrey reached
Bombay to negotiate with the NCSC. The political inexperience of the
young NCSC made them hesitate, and they accepted Godfrey’s demand that
they return to their respective ships and barracks. Within an hour,
Godfrey had sent the army to surround the barracks. Realizing they had
been tricked, the ratings discontinued their hunger-strike, broke open
the magazine and prepared for battle.</p>
<p><b>Battle at Castle Barracks; India’s ‘Battleship Potemkin’ moment</b></p>
<p>The next morning, the British officers discovered that the Maratha
soldiers ordered to attack the barracks, were sympathetic to the
ratings. They were replaced with British troops and rating Krishnan
became the first martyr of the counter-offensive. In face of spirited
resistance, the attacks against both Castle Barracks and the ships were
indecisive. That night, a press release from NCSC read, ‘ten ratings and
around fifteen British soldiers have been killed’. Prime Minister
Attlee, however, had announced that seven ships were heading for Bombay
and Admiral Godfrey had demanded unconditional surrender. Realizing the
danger, the NCSC earnestly appealed ‘You, our people and our respected
political leaders come to our aid…you must support us.’</p>
<p>The leaders were still absent, but the people had come in
overwhelming numbers. A rumour that the British were going to starve the
ratings into surrender, brought thousands of civilians to the Gateway
of India with fruits, milk, bread and vegetables. The ratings came by
motorboats and collected all that was offered. Hindu, Muslim and even
Iranian shops and eateries asked them to take whatever they needed for
free – similar to the famous fraternizing scenes of the classic
Battleship Potemkin – and the Indian soldiers on duty did not stop them.</p>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_21955" style="width: 590px;"><a href="http://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/HMIS-Hindustan.jpg"><img alt="HMIS Hindustan" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-21955" class="wp-image-21955 size-full" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiv70hDbfulKt1rklIi1kshBmG7u-RNu9ibcb8OJB5CJLaYoyWMAuOIxz5MOVe8jlw_OSteIK4LGbkZ_Vr5RQY_Nr_E7YjJG3_0iaO0Jk9s-nG-oafhSjIyFqgQs_ykvIrN73ahghUzEweYR1hbWBJt26io3ktgstaEkRJFOXV4=s0-d" width="580" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-21955">The HMIS Hindustan. Credit: Wikimedia Commons</p></div>
<p><b>The ‘hartal’ – bloodbath at Bombay and the battle at Karachi</b></p>
<p>The Bombay Students’ Union and the CPI had called for a general
strike and the NCSC had asked people to make it a success. In contrast,
Gandhi was clearly unsupportive of the unplanned uprising and Sardar
Patel even asked people to ‘go about their work as usual’. For once, the
people rejected the great leaders. The strike was ‘total’ and
processions rolled across the city. At the seaside, British troops now
prevented any food from reaching the ships. In the Fort area, a military
truck recklessly ran over couple of protestors. This triggered a
general mayhem and, within few hours, at least eleven military trucks
were torched. The army responded with indiscriminate firing, especially
in working class areas of Parel. By night, the city was under curfew.</p>
<p>At Karachi harbor, HMIS <i>Hindustan</i> had resisted British
small-arms throughout the February 21. They had been helped by the
once-loyal Gurkha and Baluch regiments, who had refused to fire at them.
By the next morning, however, the British had positioned artillery
around the ship, and as the tide ebbed, the Hindustan’s levels dropped
and made it difficult for the ratings to aim their guns. The artillery
opened fire. After thirty minutes, with six ratings dead, the ship
surrendered. HMIS <i>Kathiawad</i>, which was in high seas, had responded to the distress calls from <i>Hindustan</i>. However, learning that they would be too late for Karachi, they turned towards Bombay.</p>
<p><b>Surrender </b></p>
<p>With no assistance from either the Congress or the League, the NCSC
were disheartened. A show of strength by RIAF bombers had only been
delayed because an entire squadron from Jodhpur, piloted by Indians, had
mysteriously developed engine trouble. Instead a British squadron flew
over the ships. Clearly, Admiral Godfrey had firepower at his disposal
and he would use it.</p>
<p>Khan, Singh and their colleagues met under the shadow of the
slaughter in the city. They agreed that ‘the debt of this blood has to
be repaid a hundred-fold’ and made order against any unconditional
surrender. Hectic negotiations with Sardar Patel followed. He assured
them that the national leadership would look into their grievances and
prevent any victimization. A clear divide formed among the ratings –
many wanted to fight along with the people, but others cautioned that
their military resources were very limited. Besides, having declared
that their objective was to do as instructed by the national leaders,
how could they go against the same leadership?</p>
<p>At that moment, Jinnah’s message reached the NCSC; he also asked
them, especially the Muslim ratings, to surrender. This sealed the fate
of the mutiny – thirty out of 36 members of NCSC now voted to stop the
struggle.</p>
<p>From private correspondence, it seems Patel’s decision had been
influenced by the idea that ‘discipline in the army cannot be tampered
with’. A few months later, Patel would refer to the ratings as ‘a bunch
of young hotheads messing with things they had no business in.’</p>
<p>Nehru would accept that ‘the gulf that separated the people from the
armed forces had once for all been bridged. The janata and soldier have
come very close to each other.’ But both leaders had failed to provide
the ratings with the political support they needed; and, when hundreds
of ratings were imprisoned for months in abominable conditions at the
Mulund camp, there would be no one to speak for them. The CPI fared
better. Its call for nation-wide strikes clearly demonstrated the
solidarity of the people with the ratings. But, their overall alignment
with the national movement finally let the RIN mutiny down.</p>
<p>On February 23, at 6am, all ships surrendered. At the Thane-based HMIS <i>Akbar</i>, 3500 ratings and 300 sepoys refused to surrender, but had to capitulate in face of bayonets. When HMIS <i>Kathiawad</i>
reached the Bombay coast, it found the royal cruiser Glasgow blocking
its way. In a last act of valiant defiance, the little corvette
threateningly aimed its puny 12-pounder gun at the giant adversary.
‘Goliath’ Glasgow, perhaps in respect for bravery, allowed them to sail
into Bombay harbour – the first Indian-administered ship to ever reach
an Indian port to assist Indians. They arrived to the news that it was
all over.</p>
<p><b>The battles rage on</b></p>
<p class="_yeti_done" style="display: block;">The general public was,
however, in no mood to give up. Seething with anger, over the next day,
the city raised barricades and fought bullets with stones. In just two
days, the official tally recorded 228 civilians and three policemen
dead, and 1,046 people and 91 policemen and soldiers injured. By the
evening of February 23, Congress, League and CPI volunteers were asking
people to disperse. In Calcutta, the strike led by the Union of Tramway
Workers extended into the next day and, for the first time, railway
workers joined in, paralysing large parts of the country. Notably, at
Majerhat in Calcutta, jawans and NCOs of the 1386 Indian Pioneer Company
joined the strike. When their angry commanding officer slapped Naik
Budhan Sahab, he was slapped back. At his court-martial, a defiant
Budhan thundered, ‘What? I should beg of mercy from my enemy?’ –
sending shockwaves throughout the military establishment.</p>
<p>In its last statement released on the night of 22<sup>nd</sup>
February, the NCSC concluded, ‘Our strike has been a historic event in
the life of our nation. For the first time the blood of men in the
Services and in the streets flowed together in a common cause. We in the
Services will never forget this. We know also that you, our brothers
and sisters, will not forget. Long live our great people. Jai Hind’.</p>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_21956" style="width: 1034px;"><a href="http://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Naval_uprising_statue.jpg"><img alt="Naval uprising statue in Mumbai. Credit: Wikimedia Commons" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-21956" class="size-full wp-image-21956" height="768" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjInLvDn3mdCkySvY1mvB9jOBdf0uF_jF4g91I92PlTq5SWrM28577bcE9u12pHMYPlv0uGKXpjzo1AlKRezU3yKI1SSu5CO8lIi_KA198tm5FFdcvOcpmzaNbwEhVtDO8H5iK5cYQSAfz3nz9AsAOxUAMvVMka9YMOGcrdDzDOZ8BIbn606Q=s0-d" width="1024" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-21956">Naval uprising statue in Mumbai. Credit: Wikimedia Commons</p></div>
<p class="_yeti_done" style="display: block;">In
conjunction with the INA trials and the peasant movements of Telengana
and Tebhaga, the peoples’ unity during the mutiny had loosened the last
pillars of the Raj. Indian leaders may have fumbled, but the British
knew that their days were over. On March 15, Prime Minister Attlee
accepted that, ‘The tide of nationalism is running very fast in India
and indeed all over Asia…the national ideas have spread … among some of
the soldiers.’ Historians agree that the one thing the British had
consistently feared was united mass movements. They would not risk
facing another ‘Quit India’, this time with veterans of the INA and RIN
in the country. A year later, they fled before the Empire collapsed on
their own heads.</p>
<p><i>Anirban Mitra is a molecular biologist and a teacher residing in Kolkata.<br />=============================================<br /></i></p><div class="clearfix header">
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<p class="arbo"><a href="http://mainstreamweekly.net/">Home</a> > <a href="http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/rubrique2.html">Archives (2006 on)</a> > <a href="http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/rubrique111.html">2016</a> > <b class="on">Role of Karachi in the 1946 Naval Rebellion</b></p>
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<p class="surtitre">Mainstream, VOL LIV No 11 New Delhi March 5, 2016</p>
<h1 class="surlignable entry-title">Role of Karachi in the 1946 Naval Rebellion</h1>
<p class="info-publi"><abbr class="published" title="2016-03-09T18:34:00Z">Wednesday 9 March 2016</abbr></p></div></div></div></div><div class="texte surlignable clearfix"><p>by Aslam Khwaja</p>
<p><i>The following is a paper presented by the author at an
international conference on Karachi at Karachi in November 2015.
February 2016 marked the seventieth anniversary of the Royal India
Navy’s Mutiny.</i></p>
<p>The Royal Indian Navy’s Mutiny was a total strike and subsequent
revolt by the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ship and
shore establishments at Mumbai harbour on February 18, 1946. Though the
initial flashpoint was in Bombay, the revolt spread in a matter of hours
throughout British India, from Karachi to Kolkata. It involved 78
ships, 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors. The strike found
support amongst the Indian population, though it was condemned by the
Congress and Muslim League. Only the Communist Party of India supported
it.</p>
<p>The Royal Indian Navy’s Mutiny, often wrongly called the Bombay
Mutiny, was repressed with force by the British Royal Navy leaving seven
dead and thirtythree wounded. The strikers gave way on getting no
support from the Congress and Muslim League. Despite assurances by the
Congress and Muslim League of no victimisation, widespread arrests were
made followed by court martials and large-scale dismissals from the
service. None of those dismissed was reinstated into either the Indian
or Pakistani navies after independence.</p>
<p>The Bengali community residing in Karachi used to celebrate Durga
Puja on the lawns of Mama Parsi Girls School. During the Puja
celebrations of 1945-46, the Indian Naval ratings (a number of them had
been members of the All India Students Federation during their student
life) posted in Karachi contacted the puja committee to allot them some
time for a variety programme. A slot and time was readily allotted to
them. This programme was held on Saptami, the second day of the puja.</p>
<p>At that time, there were five shore establish-ments in Karachi,
namely, H.M.I.S. Monze-Local Naval Defence Base, H.M.I.S.
Himalaya-Gunnery School, H.M.I.S. Bahadur-Boys’ Training School,
H.M.I.S. Dilawar-Boys’ Training School, and H.M.I.S. Chamak-Radar
Training School. All these establishments were situated in an island
called Manora. At the far south of Karachi city was the Keamari Jetty.
Manora was separated from the city by a small inlet of the Arabian Sea.</p>
<p>The first resentment among the Indian ratings surfaced during August
1945, when their application to hold a cultural programme on August 7 to
commemorate the death anniversary of Tagore was rejected by the
Commanding Officer. They were however allowed to pay their respects to
him in their class room.</p>
<p>On the first Sunday after the Durga Puja, the Indian ratings
assembled at the beach and formed the Sailors Association, Manora. Their
first task was to raise funds for the INA Relief Fund, but they never
intended any sort of mutiny, as the island was separated from the
mainland and sufficient arms were not available to sustain such a
mutiny.</p>
<p>The news of the Bombay Mutiny reached the Naval establishments and
Karachi city on the morning of February 19 through newspapers and was
received with tremendous excitement and suppressed jubilation at both
places. Group discussions in whispers started among ratings about the
course they should take. At lunch-break the Sailors Association members
of Chamak gathered and decided to hold a meeting of all establishments
at the sea beach in the late evening.</p>
<p>At the meeting all participants agreed to join the mutiny but there
was no unanimity at the beginning. After long discussions consensus
developed for February 21, following which a six-point programme was
chalked out; it read:</p>
<p>1. To assemble at Keamari Jetty at 10.00 am.</p>
<p>2. To take out a procession through the streets of Karachi in support of the Bombay ratings.</p>
<p>3. To invite the Dock workers of the Keamari Jetty to join in the procession.</p>
<p>4. Raise slogans denouncing the British Imperia-lists and urge the Congress and Muslim League to unite.</p>
<p>5. Complete abstention from work.</p>
<p>6. The ratings of Bahadur to march over at Chamak and ratings of these two establishments to proceed jointly to Keamari.</p>
<p>Ten ratings were selected to represent their respective
establishments. It was decided that work should be carried out as
silently as possible. After deciding to assemble on the same spot again
on February 20 at 8.00 pm, the participants dispersed.</p>
<p>The day of February 20 broke without a pipe call to wake up the ratings. The morning papers, particularly the <i>Sind Observer,</i>
carried the news of the dramatic turn the Bombay Mutiny was taking. At
this moment the Commanding Officer broke the news of the Bombay uprising
officially to the ratings and warned of the consequences for following
suit. Meanwhile, the ratings of Hindustan were ordered to leave Karachi
on the morning of February 21 and by lunch-time they drove away all the
officers, both British and Indian, from their ship and took full control
of the ship themselves. Thus Hindustan got the distinction of heralding
the mutiny in Karachi. In their evening meeting, members of the Indian
Association finalised next day’s programme and decided to write eight
slogans in Hindi and Urdu on the city walls and placards they would
carry. These slogans were:</p>
<p>1. Ratings of Himalaya—Unite</p>
<p>2. Ratings of Chamak—Unite</p>
<p>3. Ratings of Bahadur—Unite</p>
<p>4. Hindustan Zindabad</p>
<p>5. Down with British Imperialism</p>
<p>6. Give blood to get freedom</p>
<p>7. We shall live as a free nation</p>
<p>8. Tyrants, your days are over.</p>
<p>It was decided that the ratings of Himalaya would proceed from their
own jetty while the ratings of Chamak and Bahadur would proceed from the
Manora Jetty. The ratings of Himalaya should have with them the ratings
of Hindustan and Travancore and all would assemble just outside the
Jetty at about 10.30 am. It was also decided that a complete hunger
strike will be observed in solidarity with the rebels of Bombay.</p>
<p>As the night was over, the morning sky was filled with the slogans of
hundreds of vigorous youthful voices. The R.I.N. ratings in Manora had
rebelled. The Commanding Officer started frighte-ning the ratings by
saying that the military had been deployed at Keamari Jetty with shoot
to kill orders. The marching ratings were greeted with clapping by the
residents of inhabitants of Manora island, most of them fisherfolk or
boat vendors. To show their solidarity with the rebels, the local
boatmen refused to charge the fare from the ratings to ferry them to the
Jetty.</p>
<p>During this commuting process, some British troops riding on a motor
boat opened fire on the ratings of Hindustan, killing two of them on the
spot and wounding a few others. Other ratings of Hindustan, still at
their establishment, fired back to the British troops with twelve
pounders and forced the enemy to retreat.</p>
<p>As the Dock Labour Union members heard the sound of firing, they
rushed to the Communist Party of India and All India Trade Union
Congress offices situated at the Light House area of Bundar Road, where
Comrades Sobho Gianchandani, A.K. Hangal (later IPTA Chairman and
veteran actor), Ainshi Vidyarthi and other comrades were busy with their
routine work.</p>
<p>Comrade Sobho immediately left the office and walked to the Native
Jetty Bridge. On the way he met people who curiously asked him about the
details of the firing and the number of casualties from either side.</p>
<p>As the CPI’s Sindh Secretary Comrade Jamaludin Bukhari was in Bombay,
so Comrade Sobho was the virtual leader of the party in Sindh; after
consultation with progressive Sindhi fiction writer Gobind Malhi and
I.K. Gujral (later Prime Minister of India), Sobho called for a public
meeting in the evening at the Eidgah Maidan ground, and for the
mobilisation of workers from different factories and localities. In the
late afternoon, Asif Karvani informed the Karachi comrades that CPI
leader Comrade S. A. Dange had given a general strike call for next day.</p>
<p>At 6 in the evening the public meeting started with five chairs on
the stage, with about four hundred participants and more than half of
them were students. The meeting started with Comrade Relaram Lilaram
reciting an Urdu poem, <i>‘Chhute aseer to badla hua zamana tha’</i> [when the imprisoned were relased, the times had changed], followed by Sheikh Ayaz’s Sindhi poem, <i>‘Ghai inqilab...Ghai inqilab’</i>.</p>
<p>As the meeting, chaired by Professor Karvani, progressed, workers
from different factories also joined in solidarity and the number of
participants soared to eight thousand. Comrades Sobho, A.K. Hangal and
Professor Karvani in their speeches paid rich tributes to the Naval
rebels and appealed for next day’s general strike. During the meeting
Qazi Mohammed Mujtaba, the provincial President of the All India Trade
Union Congress, who was seriously ill, reached the venue and gave the
concluding speech.</p>
<p>Although the active workers decided to spend the following night at
different places to avoid expected arrests, the local police with the
help of the C.I.D. conducted late night raids at different places and
arrested Sobho, Hangal and Karvani and kept them at the Saddar Police
Station lock-up.</p>
<p>Next morning Karachi responded with a complete shut-down, while
Comrade Ainshi and Gobind Malhi established the protest headquarter at
Eid Gah Maidan by hoisting the flags of the CPI, INC and ML. At about
ten, workers of the West Wharf, under the leadership of Gulab Bhagwani,
and the workers of dockyard, trams, buses and different factories under
their respective union leaders began reaching at Eid Gah Maidan, where
the police and military failed to stop the people pouring from Saeed
Manzil to Dow Medical College and D.J. College to Ranchore Lane.</p>
<p>As the people refused to disperse despite the warnings by the police
and military, the administration brought in the Sindh Assembly member,
Swami Kirshna, and Congress leader Doctor Tarachand in a police vehicle
but people instead of dispersing on their appeal, asked them to join the
protest. Thereafter the Muslim League leader, Mahmood Haroon, was also
brought there in a police vehicle but he too got the same response.</p>
<p>As the situation came to a boil, on the request of Sindh Chief
Minister Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah, the founder of modern Karachi
Jamshed Mehta arrived to appeal for dispersal but for the first time
citizens of Karachi refused to listen to Mehta and the police was forced
to take him away from the hostile mob.</p>
<p>Meanwhile the police attacked the protest camp and arrested Malhi,
Ainshi and Gulab and tried to remove the flags which antagonised the
people who started throwing stones at the police. Initially the police
fired teargas shells but later opened firing on the people. Women threw
wet clothes from the windows and galleries of their houses to the people
to lessen the impact of the teargas. At some places they threw chilies
and boiling water on the police.</p>
<p>Over a dozen citizens were martyred and dozens injured in the police
firing that continued for over one hour. The first civilian martyr of
that day was the young son of a local trader, Hassan Ali Soda Waterwala.
The arrested comrades, kept in the police lock-up, got to know about
the police action of the day through police wireless relays, according
to which clashes between the masses and police continued till 6.00 in
the evening.</p>
<p>On the other hand, the British troops took the dead bodies of the
fallen comrades and injured to Hindustan, and they were followed by
three to four hundred ratings of Himalaya in a procession. The rest of
the ratings, after reaching Himalaya, started consultations about their
future course. Meanwhile, as the ratings started raising slogans, the
dock workers also shouted slogans with equal vehemence. For over two
hours, the ratings and dock workers raised slogans in front of the
pointed guns of the British troops. During that time many city
journalists reached the spot and a reporter of daily <i>Sind Observer</i>
informed the ratings that the access to Hindustan had been blocked and
so the exact figure of the dead and injured could not be known.</p>
<p>At 6.30 the ratings started their open meeting, which decided that
they will initiate indefinite hunger strike if the British troops were
not called back. They also decided to reassemble between 9.30 to 10.00
the following morning at the Jetty. The meeting decided for relay
slogans at nine at the night, which was implemented. Late at night, the
British command issued an ultimatum to the Indian ratings that if they
did not end their mutiny by 10 in the morning, their ships would be
directly bombed.</p>
<p>In the morning of February 22 all the ratings of Chamak assembled at
the Parade Ground at 8.30 ready to march towards Manora Jetty when they
saw the ratings of Himalaya running towards them. The British soldiers
had scared away all the boatmen threatening to kill anybody who would
come within a mile of Hindustan.</p>
<p>In the morning all the officers of Chamak, visited the striking
ratings and the Commanding Officer in his brief address announced that
if the protesters follow the discipline, the British troops would be
removed.</p>
<p>Later he allowed representatives of the ratings to join in the last
rituals of the martyred ratings, for which the bodies of seven Hindu,
four Muslim and three Sikh ratings were brought to the other end of the
city. The faces of the martyrs were not shown to their comrades.</p>
<p>Consequently, active leaders of the Sailors Association were arrested
and three of them, namely, Anil Roy, Harilal from Ajmer and Akbar Ali
from Punjab, were ordered to be tried by Court Martial. Not one of them
was sentenced and in the second week of June, the orders for Court
Martial were withdrawn.</p>
<p>The Karachi-based arrested Communist workers Sobho Gianchandani, A.
K. Hangal and Professor Karvani were also released after a couple of
weeks.</p></div><p><br /></p><br />
Victims of police firing on a crowd that had demonstrated in support of the mutiny.<br /><a class="wXeWr islib nfEiy mM5pbd" data-nav="1" style="height: 180px;" tabindex="0"><div class="bRMDJf islir" style="height: 195px; margin-left: 7px; margin-right: 7px; margin-top: -9px;"><img alt="Here are some facts about our national flag that every Indian should know | Trending & Viral News" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1129" height="195" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="259" /></div></a><br />
On 19 February, the Tricolour <br />
<br />
was hoisted by the ratings on most of the ships and establishments. By
20 February, the third day, armed British destroyers had positioned
themselves off the Gateway of India. The RIN Mutiny had become a serious
crisis for the British government. An alarmed Clement Attlee,<img src="data:image/jpg;base64,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" /><br />
the British Prime Minister, ordered the Royal Navy to put down the
revolt. Admiral J.H. Godfrey, the Flag Officer commanding the RIN, went
on air with his order to "Submit or perish". The movement had, by this
time, inspired by the patriotic fervour sweeping the country, started
taking a political turn.<br />
The naval ratings’ strike committee decided, in a confused manner, that the HMIS Kumaon <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.naval-history.net/Photo22MSKumaonRIN1NPMarkTeadham.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhzplzfwPkSNU1Q_RhGio3xTVV1taENuIgMnnVHx7S3JGeHmLrMQpVBDjexghOSOtiDqCoOAG8bpYD1EJcUHt1mp3Uq9P4bV65PpWN9xG6uf2B1ctyR_r8NbLtYS3EfQu9c44TUe0Lutz1x5Z1_33VDJj7kcMQQRXdLjxSZeW-yu4k=s0-d" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HMIS Kumaon </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
had to leave Bombay harbour while HMIS Kathiawar was already in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>
under the control of mutineering ratings. At about 1030 Kumaon suddenly
let go the shore ropes, without even removing the ships’ gangway while
officers were discussing the law and order situation on the outer
breakwater <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">jetty</a>.
However, within two hours fresh instructions were received from the
strikers’ control room and the ship returned to the same berth.<br />
The situation was changing fast and rumours spread that Australian and
Canadian armed battalions had been stationed outside the Lion gate and
the Gungate to encircle the dockyard where most ships were berthed.
However, by this time, all the armouries of the ships and establishments
had been seized by the striking ratings. The clerks, cleaning hands,
cooks and wireless operators of the striking ship armed themselves with
whatever weapon was available to resist the British Destroyers that had
sailed from Trincomalee in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka).<br />
The third day dawned charged with fresh emotions. The Royal Air Force
flew a squadron of bombers low over Bombay harbour in a show of force,
as <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Admiral_Rattray&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Admiral Rattray (page does not exist)">Admiral Rattray</a>, Flag Officer, Bombay, RIN,{Admiral Sir <b>Arthur Rullion Rattray</b> (1891–10 August 1966)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rullion_Rattray#cite_note-0">}</a> issued an ultimatum asking the ratings to raise black flags and surrender unconditionally.<br />
In Karachi, by this time, realising that little hope or trust could be put on the Indian troops, the 2nd Battalion of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Watch" title="Black Watch">Black Watch</a> had been called from their barracks. The first priority was to deal with the mutiny on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manora" title="Manora">Manora</a> Island.<br />
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Ratings holding the Hindustan opened fire when attempts were made to
board the ship. At midnight, the 2nd Battalion was ordered to proceed to
Manora, expecting resistance from the Indian naval ratings who had
taken over the shore establishments HMIS Bahadur, Chamak and Himalaya
and from the Royal Naval Anti-Aircraft School on the island. The
Battalion was ferried silently across in launches and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a>.
D company was the first across, and they immediately proceeded to the
southern end of the island to Chamak. The remainder of the Battalion
stayed at the southern end of the Island. By the morning, the British
soldiers had secured the island.<br />
The decision was made to confront the Indian naval ratings on board the
destroyer Hindustan, armed with 4-in. guns. During the morning three
guns (caliber unknown) from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a>
C. Troop arrived on the island. The Royal Artillery positioned the
battery within point blank range of the Hindustan on the dockside. An
ultimatum was delivered to the mutineers aboard Hindustan, stating that
if they did not the leave the ship and put down their weapons by 10:30
they would have to face the consequences. The deadline came and went and
there was no message from the ship or any movement. Orders were given
to open fire at 10:33. The gunners' first round was on target. On board
the Hindustan the Indian naval ratings began to return gunfire and
several shells whistled over the Royal Artillery guns. Most of the
shells fired by the Indian ratings went harmlessly overhead and fell on
Karachi itself. They had not been primed so there were no casualties.
However, the mutineers could not hold on. At 10:51 the white flag was
raised. British naval personnel boarded the ship to remove casualties
and the remainder of the mutinous crew. Extensive damage had been done
to Hindustan's superstructure and there were many casualties among the
Indian sailors.<br />
HMIS Bahadur was still under the control of mutineers. Several Indian
naval officers who had attempted or argued in favour of putting down the
mutiny were thrown off the ship by ratings. The 2nd Battalion was
ordered to storm the Bahadur and then proceed to storm the shore
establishments on Manora island. By the evening D company was in
possession of the A A school and Chamak, B company had taken the
Himalaya, while the rest of the Battalion had secured Bahadur. The
mutiny in Karachi had been put down.<br />
In Bombay, the guncrew of a 25-pounder gun fitted in an old ship had by
the end of the day fired salvos towards the Castle barracks. Patel had
been negotiating ferevently, and his assurances did improve matters
considerably However, it was clear that the mutiny was fast developing
into a spontaneous movement with its own momentum. By this time the
British destroyers from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a>
had positioned themselves off the Gateway of India. The negotiations
moved fast, keeping in view the extreme sensitivity of the situation and
on the fourth day most of the demands of the strikers were conceded in
principle.<br />
Immediate steps were taken to improve the quality of food served in the
ratings’ kitchen and their living conditions. The national leaders also
assured that favourable consideration would be accorded to the release
of all the prisoners of the Indian National Army. A very grave situation
was tackled in a very timely manner and a real disaster was averted by
the prudent action both by the strikers and the country’s leadership.<br />
The mutiny caused a great deal of panic in the British Government. The
connections of this mutiny with the popular perceptions and changing
attitudes with the activities of the INA and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
was taken note of and its resemblance of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_1857" title="Revolt of 1857">revolt of 1857</a>
also caused alarm among the British administration of the time. The
fact that the mutiny of 1857 sparked off from a seemingly trivial and
unexpected issue of greased cartridges, and that later historical
analysis had revealed deep seated resentment among the then subjects of
the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company" title="British East India Company">East India Company</a> led to fears that an identical situation was developing in India.</div>
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<h1 class="entry-title">18 February 1946 – The Unknown Indian Naval Mutiny<span></span></h1>
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<div class="entry-content">
<p><i>That
the Naval Mutiny was short-lived and has become virtually an unknown
episode in the post-Independence era is a crying shame. It is,
nonetheless, a remarkable story; one that deserves a more prominent
place in British-India history, writes<b> Pramod Kapoor,</b> as he walks us through the brief but fierce event</i></p>
<p>A few years after India’s independence, Britain’s former Prime
Minister Clement Atlee was in Calcutta on a semi-official visit. During a
banquet at the Governor’s House, Justice PV Chakraborty, former chief
justice of the Calcutta High Court, leaned across and asked Atlee how
much impact Mahatma Gandhi’s Quit India movement had on hastening
Britain’s exit from India. Atlee’s answer was “minimal”, adding that it
was the unrest in the Indian defence forces, particularly the mutiny by
naval ratings, that forced them into leaving India earlier than planned.</p>
<p>For most Indians, that reference would be confusing. The mutiny they
know about and recorded in the history books happened in 1857, and was
called the Sepoy Mutiny. The one Atlee referred to took place in
February, 1946, in Bombay, and is a largely ignored and unknown event,
despite it being so serious in terms of the security threat it posed. It
involved 2,000 Indian naval personnel, the loss of some 300 civilians
lives, and seizing of armories on British ships with their guns trained
on iconic structures such as the Gateway of India, the Taj Hotel and
the Yacht Club. Now, at the end of its 70th anniversary, it needs to be
resurrected and remembered for the incredible bravery and defiance
shown by the ratings, all young men between 17-24 years old, who dared
to face the might of the British Empire and played a major role in the
British advancing the date for the transfer of power.</p>
<p>Few will believe that for an incredible five days, these ratings
(enlisted members of a country’s navy), took over the naval ships
moored in Bombay harbor, took down the British flags and replaced them
with Indian flags, and had the British Empire in a panic, with flurries
of telegrams to Whitehall, furious debates in the House of Commons and
House of Lords, panicky requests for reinforcements and battle ships
ordered to sail to Bombay from nearby ports. Inspired by the heroism of
the ratings, Bombay’s citizens poured out onto the streets in support,
burning and looting British-owned shops.</p>
<p>The saga began on Navy Day, December 1, 1945, when a group of ratings belonging to<i> HMIS Talwar </i>a
shore establishment (now Badhwar Park) in the naval dockyard area in
Bombay, decided to test their resolve and commitment to challenge the
British naval forces in India. They were inspired by the charged
political atmosphere and, in particular, disturbing reports from the INA
trials taking place at Delhi’s Red Fort. The initial group, calling
themselves Azad Hindi’, consisted of around 20 ratings and the first
phase of their plan was to strike work. They were enough reasons to do
so, starting with the humiliating mass demobilisation of Indian naval
personnel after World War II, despite the heroism and sacrifice they
had displayed while fighting alongside British and Allied forces. There
was also the supercilious treatment by British officers,
discrimination against Indians in living conditions, and the poor
quality of food they were served on a regular basis.</p>
<p>December 1, 1945, was the ideal day to literally test the waters. It
was to be the first time in the history of the Royal Indian Navy that
civilians had been invited to board the naval ships and shore
establishments to witness the pomp and ceremony. The minute
preparation for the ceremony was over and the British officers left, the
Azad Hindis got busy. The next morning, <i>HMIS Talwar</i> the shore
establishment in Colaba Bombay, was littered with torn flags and
slogans like ‘Quit India,’ ‘Down with the Imperialists’ and even ‘Kill
the British’, were painted in large type on the walls of the barracks.
The British were enraged but made no arrests due to lack of evidence.</p>
<p>But who were these brave men? One was Telegraphist RK Singh, who was
inspired by Subhash Chandra Bose but believed in the Gandhian principle
of open defiance and was the first to submit his resignation as a mark
of protest. In the defence forces, a soldier can be dismissed, relieved
or given premature retirement. Singh insisted on resigning. He was
summoned to the office of the Flag Officer Bombay (FOB). There, he
argued with his seniors, threw his Royal Indian Navy (RIN) cap on the
floor and kicked it as a mark of disrespect to the crown and the British
Raj. It was the ultimate crime. He was immediately arrested and sent
to Arthur Road jail in Bombay. His name was promptly removed from navy
rosters. Neither does he find mention in the history of the freedom
movement in India, even though his act of defiance was no less than any
freedom fighter.</p>
<p>His action inspired Lead Telegraphist Balai Chandra Dutt, 22, who
had left the comfort of a Bhadralok family in Bengal to join the navy.
Dutt would play a leading role in the events of February 1946, which was
when the ratings staged their mutiny. On February 2, the visit of Flag
Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy, or FOCRIN, was announced. He
was scheduled to visit HMIS Talwar, the second biggest signal school
for the navy across the British Empire. Despite the extra security, BC
Dutt who was on duty from 2-5 am, managed to write seditious slogans
like ‘Quit India’ and ‘Jai Hind’ and paste pamphlets below the dais
erected for the occasion. He was caught with a bottle of gum and chalk,
and seditious literature was found in his locker. He also was arrested,
but his action made him a hero to the 20,000 ratings who joined in the
uprising that would rattle the British Empire.</p>
<p>On the night of February 6/7, Azad Hindis deflated the tires of the
car belonging to their commanding officer FW King, and scrawled the
same slogans on the paintwork. Commander King flew into a rage on seeing
his car and stormed into the barracks. Defying naval custom, none of
the ratings stood up or saluted. Seeing this, he shouted, ‘Get up you
sons of coolies, you sons of Indian b***hes, Sons of bloody junglees’.
It was the last straw. From now, the mini-revolt would gather steam and
become a full scale uprising or a mutiny in military terms. On the
morning of February 18, Azad Hindis joined by a large group of ratings
on<i> HMIS Talwar,</i> refused food and declared a hunger strike.
Being telegraphists, they relayed the news immediately. Within no time,
the news of their defiance reached all ship and shore establishments
around the major ports of Bombay, Karachi, Vishakhapatnam, Madras,
Calcutta, Thane, and as distant as Bahrain, Singapore and Indonesia.</p>
<p>Eventually, the uprising would involve 20,000 ratings, 78 ships and
20 shore establishments. The British were taken by surprise and before
they realised the extent of the mutiny, the brave young sailors had
taken control of the armoury on most ships and establishments, forced
the officers to beat a hasty retreat, pulled down the British flags from
all the ships and replaced them with flags of the Indian National
Congress, Muslim League and Communist Party of India. Having gained
control of the ships, they pointed the ship’s guns at the Yacht Club,
Gateway of India and the Taj Mahal hotel, buildings that signified the
pride of Britain in India. They used this as collateral against any
possible use of retaliatory force by the British.</p>
<p>In the course of a few days, they had the British authorities on the
run. For an entire week, Bombay resembled a city at war. Hundreds of
civilians joined in, leading to widespread loot, arson and even deaths.
Mill workers united with railway workers to bring the city to a grinding
halt. The British rushed in troops and additional forces with mixed
results. Asked to open fire on the mutineers, soldiers of the Maratha
brigade refused. The British used other forces to fire on the ratings,
and it led to close to 300 deaths. This was now a full-fledged mutiny,
and inevitably, political intervention would be required.</p>
<p>The politicians were divided on the issue. The Communists supported
the mutiny. Independence activist Aruna Asaf Ali addressed the ratings
and pledged support. The Congress saw some disagreement on the issue
between Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel. Nehru initially supported the
mutiny and arrived in Bombay against Patel’s wishes and met the
ratings. On the other hand, the Muslim League, under MA Jinnah, appealed
to Muslim ratings to abandon their strike. Gandhi was totally opposed
to the mutiny and put Patel in charge of sorting out the issue.</p>
<p>It was hotly debated in the council house (Parliament) in Delhi and
the tremors reached Westminster in London. There were angry exchange of
telegrams between offices of Prime Minister Attlee and the Viceroy of
India Lord Wavell. The British government ordered seven ships including<i> HMS Glasgow,</i>
its most powerful warship in the Indian Ocean to sail full steam from
Trincomalee in Ceylon to Bombay to crush the mutiny. Admiral Godfrey,
head of naval forces in India, threatened to destroy the Royal Indian
Navy. The Royal Air Force made threatening sorties over the Bombay
harbour.</p>
<p>On Gandhi’s advice, Patel invited the newly formed Naval Strike
committee lead by senior Telegraphists, MS Khan and Madan Singh, for
discussion. Talks went on for several hours and Patel assured them that
there would be no victimisation. The Strike committee met with the
ratings to discuss the terms. All night they argued, disagreed and
shouted at each other and eventually wept like children.</p>
<p>At 6am on February 23, the senior ratings carried white flags to
their respective ships as a signal of surrender. Many had tears in their
eyes, yet they held their heads up high. They had composed a surrender
document the last few lines of which read: “Our strike has been a
historic event in the life of the nation. For the first time, the blood
of the men in services and the people flowed together in a common cause.
We have not surrendered to the British. We have surrendered to our own
people. We in services will never forget this…” The surrender document
was said to be drafted by Mohan Kumarmangalam, the Communist leader.</p>
<p>The denouement was tragic and a blatant betrayal of the promises made
by the politicians. Almost 1,000 ratings were arrested and sent to
various camps, a few were given jail terms, majority were escorted to
railway stations, handed a one-way ticket home for good. About the
mutiny, Gandhi said: “…they (ratings) were thoughtless if they believed
that by their might they would deliver India from foreign domination.”
BC Dutt, the hero of the uprising, later wrote a book on the subject. In
the last chapter, he wrote: “The aftermath of a revolution is
determined by the enormity of the change affected by it. The Indian
revolution is itself an example, for despite the presence and influence
of Mahatma Gandhi, blood did spill.”</p>
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<br />
Surprisingly for events of the magnitude and reach that the mutinies
came to be, the mutineers in the armed forces got no support from the
national leaders and was largely leaderless. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>,
in fact, condemned the riots and the ratings’ mutiny, his statement on 3
March 1946 criticised the strikers for mutinying without the call of a
"prepared revolutionary party" and without the "guidance and
intervention" of "political leaders of their choice". He further
criticised the local Indian National Congress leader <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a>,
who was one of the few prominent political leaders of the time to offer
her support for the mutineers, stating she would rather unite Hindus
and Muslims on the barricades than on the constitutional front. Gandhi's
criticism also belies the submissions to the looming reality of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>,
having stated "If the union at the barricade is honest then there must
be union also at the constitutional front" The Muslim League issued
similar statements which essentially argued that the unrest of the
sailors was not best expressed on the streets, however serious the
grievance may be. Legitimacy could only, probably, be conferred by a
recognised political leadership as the head of any kind of movement.
Spontaneous and unregulated upsurges, as the RIN strikers were viewed,
could only disrupt and, at worst, destroy consensus at the political
level. This may be Gandhi's (and the Congress's) conclusions from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>
in 1942 when central control quickly dissolved under the impact of
British repression, and localised actions, including widespread acts of
sabotage, continued well into 1943. It may have been the conclusion that
the rapid emergence of militant mass demonstrations in support of the
sailors would erode central political authority if and when transfer of
power occurred. The Muslim League had observed passive support for the
"Quit India" campaign among its supporters and, devoid of communal
clashes despite the fact that it was opposed by the then
collaborationist Muslim League. It is possible that the League also
realised the likelihood of a destabilised authority as and when power
was transferred. This certainly is reflected on the opinion of the
sailors who participated in the strike It has been concluded by later
historians that the discomfiture of the Mainstream political parties was
because the public outpourings indicated their weakening hold over the
masses at a time when they could show no success in reaching agreement
with the British Indian government.<br />
<br />
Naval Uprising Statue, Colaba<br />
The only political party to give unconditional support to the revolt was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik-Leninist_Party_of_India,_Ceylon_and_Burma" title="Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma">Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma</a> (BLPI). As soon as it got news of the revolt it came out with a call for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a>
in support of the mutineers. BLPI members Prabhakar More and Lakshman
Jadhav led the textile workers out on strike. Barricades were set up and
held for three days. However, attempts to contact the mutineers were
foiled by British troops.<br />
Possibly the only major political segment that still mentions the mutiny it is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a>.
The literature of the communist party, certainly see the RIN Mutiny as a
spontaneous nationalist uprising that was one of the few episodes at
the time that had the potential to prevent the partition of India, and
one that was essentially betrayed by the leaders of the nationalist
movement However, at the time, the CPI attempted to diffuse the
situation, co-operating with the Congress and the Muslim League in
trying to keep the peace.<br />
More recently, the RIN Mutiny has been renamed the Naval Uprising and
the mutineers honoured for the part they played in India's Freedom. In
addition to the statue which stands in Mumbai opposite the sprawling Taj
Wellingdon Mews, two prominent mutineers, Madan Singh and B.C Dutt,
have each had ships named after them by the Indian Navy.<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=2352176008720833167&postID=4414759783577342090" id="Legacy_and_assessments_of_the_effects_of_the_Mutiny" name="Legacy_and_assessments_of_the_effects_of_the_Mutiny"></a><br />
Legacy and assessments of the effects of the Mutiny<br />
The most significant factor of this mutiny, with hind-sight, came to be that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> united to resist the British, even at a time that saw the peak of the movement for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.
This critical assessment starts from events at the time of the mutiny.
The mutiny came to receive widespread militant support, even for the
short period that it lasted, not only in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, but also in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> on 23 February, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras" title="Madras">Madras</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinopoly" title="Trichinopoly">Trichinopoly</a> on the 25th, at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a> on the 26th, and at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> and several places in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>
on the 26th. The agitations, mass strikes, demonstrations and
consequently support for the mutineers, therefore continued several days
even after the mutiny had been called off. Along with this,<br />
<br />
<br />
the assessment may be made that it described in crystal clear terms to
the government that the British Indian Armed forces could no longer be
universally relied upon for support in crisis, and even more it was more
likely itself to be the source of the sparks that would ignite trouble
in a country fast slipping out of the scenario of political settlement.
It is therefore arguable that the mutiny, had it continued and
confronted the threat of the RIN commander Admiral Godfrey to destroy
the fleet, would have put the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> on the path of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelstrom" title="Maelstrom">maelstrom</a> of popular movement which would have seen British exit from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-east_Asia" title="South-east Asia">south-east Asia</a>
under very different circumstances than eventually happened. Certainly,
the forces at Godfrey's disposal was sufficient for him to carry out
his threat of destroying the RIN. However, to control the result of
those actions, compounded by the outpourings of the INA trials was
beyond the capabilities of the British Indian forces on whom any British
General or politician (including Indian leaders) could reliably trust.
The navy itself was marginal in terms of state power; Indian service
personnel were at this time being swept by a wave of nationalist
sentiments, as would be proved by the mutinies that occurred in the
Royal Indian Air Force. In the after-effect of the mutiny, a Weekly
intelligence summary issued on 25 March 1946 admitted that the Indian
army, navy and air force units were no longer trust worthy, and, for the
army, "only day to day estimates of steadiness could be made". It came
to the situation where, if wide-scale public unrest took shape, the
armed forces could not be relied upon to support counter-insurgency
operations as they had been during the "Quit India" movement of 1942.
The mutiny has been thus been deemed "Point of No Return"<br />
Also, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>'s historic hostility towards <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> certainly made it unlikely that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlee" title="Atlee">Atlee</a>'s
government would have sought solution by force. The involvement of the
Communist Party also cast a very red tinge to this ultimately mass
movement that, if confronted, had the potential to have been the
flashpoint for the post-war powers, as was seen in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<br />
However, probably just as important remains the question as to what the
implications would have been for India's internal politics had the
mutiny continued. This had become a movement characterised by a
significant amount of inter-communal co-operation. The Indian
nationalist leaders, most notably Gandhi and the Congress leadership
apparently had been concerned that the mutiny would compromise the
strategy of a negotiated and constitutional settlement, but they sought
to negotiate with the British and not within the two prominent symbols
of respective nationalism—-the Congress and the Muslim League.. By March
1947, the Congress had limited partition to only Punjab and Bengal
(thus Jinnah’s famous moth-eaten Pakistan remark).<br />
In the after-effect of the mutiny, Weekly intelligence summary issued on
the 25th of March, 1946 admitted that the Indian army, navy and air
force units were no longer trust worthy, and, for the army, "only day to
day estimates of steadiness could be made". . It was decided that; if
wide-scale public unrest took shape, the armed forces (including the
airforce- for Quit India had shown how it could turn violent) could not
be relied upon to support counter-insurgency operations as they had been
during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_movement" title="Quit India movement">Quit India movement</a>
of 1942, and drawing from experiences of the Tiger Legion and the INA,
their actions could not be predicted from their oath to the King emperor
.<br />
Reflecting on the factors that guided the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> decision to relinquish the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Raj</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, the then British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>,
cited several reasons, the most important of which were: which were the
INA activities of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, which weakened the Indian
Army - the foundation of the British Empire in India- and the RIN
Mutiny that made the British realize that the Indian armed forces could
no longer be trusted to prop up the Raj.<br />
Although Britain had made, at the time of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripps%27_mission" title="Cripps' mission">Cripps' mission</a>
in 1942, a commitment to grant dominion status to India after the war;
these events and views held in 1946 by the administrations of the Raj
would suggest to the reader that, contrary to the usual narrative of
India's independence struggle, (which generally focuses on Congress and
Mahatma Gandhi), the INA and the revolts, mutinies, and public
resentment it germinated were an important factor in the complete
withdrawal of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj" title="Raj">Raj</a> from India.<br />
In the same breath, whether awarded any credit for India's independence
or not, the events at the time show that the strategy of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a>
(derived from the embryo of the Free India Legion) of achieving
independence from Britain by fermenting revolts and public unrests -
although a militarily a failure<br />
<br />
<br /><header>
<span class="orange-tag">
<a href="https://scroll.in/topic/791/history-revisited">
History revisited
</a>
</span>
<h1>Remembering the naval mutiny 70 years ago when the British nearly blew up Bombay</h1>
<h2>An uprising that started on a ship at Bombay dockyard sent out
tremors of revolts to port cities across India, particularly to
Karachi.</h2>
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<address><a href="https://scroll.in/author/1157" rel="author">Anu Kumar</a></address>
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<time class="article-published-time" datetime="2016-02-18T08:00:00+05:30">
Feb 18, 2016 · 08:00 am
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<p>Bombay and Karachi, separated by a distance of just 800
kilometres, have always been twin cities. The two have their shared
communities and their shared histories. But the moment in time when they
appeared most bonded, almost conjoined, was the mid-1940s.</p><p>On
February 18, 1946, when ratings of the Royal Indian Navy mutinied on the
signal training ship HMIS Talwar at Bombay’s dockyards, to protest
against racism and bad food, the uprising spread alarmingly fast. There
was a euphoric violence in Bombay and other port cities. The tremors
were felt especially in Karachi, where ratings took over the ship <i>Hindustan</i> and the navy’s offshore installations on Manora Island, south of Karachi.</p><br /><p>The
naval mutiny lasted just four days, but its brevity did not prevent its
attendant events from becoming a part of a larger narrative. With
passage of time, it was recognised as one of a series of events – Quit
India, the Indian National Army’s heroism, workers’ strikes and peasant
upsurges – that occurred in the 1940s, and left the British with no
option but to concede independence.</p><p><b>The forgotten wars</b></p><p>Early
in 1946, months after the end of the Second World War, a tide of
impatience and anger took over. Everywhere citizens were facing
continued privations of wartime shortages and rationing, and in places
soldiers who longed to go home found themselves snared in new conflicts.
Besides the forgotten war in Burma, there were fresh battles in
Indonesia, where the Dutch government expected the South East Asian
Command (comprising British, Indian and, in some cases, surrendered
Japanese soldiers) to restore order. Then there was a war on the hands
of the French colonial government in Vietnam.</p><p>In January 1946, the
airmen of the Royal Air Force mutinied first – albeit largely
peacefully – to vent their ire at their slow demobilisation and over the
continuing wars in Southeast Asia. Like the navy mutineers would do a
month later, the airmen seized the signalling equipment to inform other
servicemen of their act. From Karachi the disaffection spread to bases
like Kanpur (the largest Royal Air Force base in South Asia) and even
Singapore.</p><br /><p>A
later inquiry would seek to prove that the strike was part of a “larger
communist conspiracy raging from the Middle East to the Far East”, but
in the immediate term the British government did meet the airmen’s
demands. Alarmed at the mutiny, the then Viceroy, Lord Archibald Wavell,
sounded an ominous warning about disaffected soldiers and their future
utility.</p><p>Meanwhile, riots had broken out in India in denunciation
of the trial of officers of Indian National Army at the Red Fort. INA
literature and accounts were being passed within units around this time,
an act that constituted treason. A young naval rating BC Dutt on the
signal training ship HMIS Talwar received documents on the Indian
National Army from a friend who had served in Southeast Asia. It was
around this time too that Dutt began his secret work of painting on
ships and dockyard walls slogans that were in common usage by this time –
Quit India and Jai Hind.</p><p>The Bombay dockyard itself was
recovering from the explosion of the Fort Stikine in April 1945. As for
the Royal Indian Navy, it had grown in size but somewhat haphazardly
during the war years of 1939-’45. Besides the addition of numerous
trawlers and frigates, thousands of men were recruited, as ratings (most
of whom were in their early 20s) and officers.</p><p><b>Many protests</b></p><p>BC
Dutt’s suspension and his being placed in custody, after the finding of
incriminating material, coincided with a protest by some ratings at the
poor quality of food served at Castle Barracks in Bombay. On February
18, in a first sign of mutiny, the naval ensign was lowered on HMIS
Talwar, and flags of the Congress, Muslim League and the communists
raised in its place. Ratings, meanwhile, used the signalling equipment
on board the ship to communicate to other vessels and comrades in other
ports. Their grievances were not just limited to bad food or the
rudeness of superiors but included larger issues relating to equity of
service pay and withdrawal of troops from Indonesia and Egypt.</p><br /><p>In
a matter of a few hours, there were demonstrations on Bombay’s streets
close to the port area, as ratings on board other ships trained their
guns on the shoreline. By the next day, the city’s millworkers had
struck work as well. And over the next two days, the mutiny spread to 70
more ships across bases, involving more than 20,000 ratings. While
national leaders such as Gandhi, Jinnah and Vallabhbhai Patel reacted
with shock and advised nonviolence – Patel would negotiate with the
central strike committee – local leaders in Bombay such as Aruna Asaf
Ali, Tara Reddy, Achyut Patwardhan expressed support for the mutiny.
Support also came from a little-known left wing party called the
Bolshevik Leninist Party of India.</p><p>The establishment reacted all
too soon. The navy’s head, Admiral John H Godfrey (his assistant Ian
Fleming would later base the character ‘M’ in his Bond novels on
Godfrey) had fighter planes flying low over the harbour, and soon, a
more superior naval fleet was summoned from Trincomalee, Sri Lanka.</p><p><b>The mutiny in Karachi</b></p><p>The most serious impact of all this was felt in Karachi and more particularly on board the ship <i>Hindustani</i>,
which had seen war action in Rangoon. As the word of the Bombay mutiny
spread, ratings from the offshore bases of Bahadur, Himalaya and Chamak
began marching toward Karachi. When their commanding officer declared
the city off-limits, the ratings commandeered motor launches anchored by
the bay and moved towards the <i>Hindustan</i> and seized its
armoury. Among these ratings was Anand Bakshi, an aspiring poet who
would make it big as a lyricist in Bombay’s film industry a decade or so
later. Bakshi was among the ratings sacked later. Still, he was
fortunate. At least six ratings were killed as the British battalion
opened fire on the ship, after a Baloch regiment refused to do so. A
widespread strike followed in Karachi the next day.</p><br /><p>The
mutiny ended on February 23 after the strike naval committee in Bombay
met with Sardar Patel. Though the committee was unhappy with his
response, they were promised no victimisation. There were other rumours
too. According to Madan Singh, a mutiny leader, the British
reinforcement troops were ready to adopt scorched earth tactics: an
“iron gate” close to the Town Hall was “wired to the system”, and in the
event of a threat a “press of the switch” would have blown up the city.</p><p>The
ratings were court-martialled, for evidently the British didn’t want a
repeat of the court trials that followed in the INA instance. More than
500 ratings were interned in Mulund, a suburb of Bombay, and Maliar in
Karachi. They were dismissed and later sent home. In 1973, the Indian
government recognised some of them as freedom fighters and awarded them a
pension, although it continues to disregard the pension claims filed by
70 other surviving ratings from Kerala. In the late 1990s, two of the
navy’s tugboats were named after Madan Singh and BC Dutt. And in 2001,
the uprising was commemorated with a statue in Colaba that was sculpted
by Bombay-based artist Neelkanth Khandwilkar.</p><p><b>Memories of 1946</b></p><p>For
all the general amnesia over the mutiny, it still inspired some
creative efforts. Salil Chowdhury, then part of the Indian People’s
Theatre Association, wrote a song in July 1946 that spoke of the popular
upsurge of the times.</p><br /><p>On September 25, 1965, Utpal Dutt, who had written the play <i>Kallol</i>
(Sound of the Waves) based on the mutiny, was arrested under the
Defence of India Act. He remained imprisoned for a few months. But till
November that year, the play continued to be staged for three nights a
week at Calcutta’s Minerva theatre. It was praised for the authenticity
of its stage settings, the warship on stage reconstructed by the master
puppeteer Suresh Dutta. It was restaged in 2005, ironically as an
extravaganza, on an offshore stage on River Hooghly.</p><p>In Salman Rushdie’s 1995 novel <i>The Moor’s Last Sigh</i>,
the narrator, Moraes Zogoiby or the "Moor", tells of his artist mother
Aurora as she painted the strikers and the city that month in 1946:</p><blockquote class="cms-block cms-block-quote"><p>“In
February 1946, when Bombay, that super epic motion picture of a city,
was transformed overnight into a motionless tableau by the great naval
and landlubber strikes, when ships did not sail, steel was not milled,
textile mills neither warped nor woofed, and in the movie studios there
was neither turnover nor cut – the twenty one year old Aurora began to
zoom around the paralyzed town in her curtained Buick, directing her
driver Hanuman to the heart of the action, or rather of all that grand
inaction, being set down outside factory gates and dockyards, venturing
alone into the slum city of Dharavi, the rum-dens of Dhobi Talao, and
the neon flesh pots of Falkland Road, armed only with a folding wooden
stool and a sketchbook. Opening them both up, she set about capturing
history in charcoal.”</p></blockquote><p>Aurora never signed her
pictures but sketched a lizard at the corner and these were exhibited as
“Chipkali” pictures. She drew the “elated tension” of the strikers, the
“kiddie pride on their faces as they munched chana at Apollo Bunder”,
and the “shipwrecked arrogance of the British officers as power ebbed
from them in waves”.</p>
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<h1 class="single-post-title entry-title" itemprop="headline">Forgotten By History Books: The True Story of the 1946 Naval RIN Mutiny</h1>
</header>
<p class="subtitle">On the anniversary of the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny
of 1946, it’s time we remembered the brave young men who dared to defy
an Empire and “energised the hearts and minds of our sailors, infantry
soldiers, airmen ordinary mill hands, students, workers, citizens.”</p>
<ul class="meta clr"><li class="meta-author" itemprop="name"><span class="screen-reader-text">Post Author:</span><a href="https://www.thebetterindia.com/author/rinchen-norbu-wangchuk/" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" rel="author" title="Posts by Rinchen Norbu Wangchuk">Rinchen Norbu Wangchuk</a></li><li class="meta-date" itemprop="datePublished"><span class="screen-reader-text">Post published:</span>February 18, 2020</li><li class="meta-cat"><span class="screen-reader-text">Post Category:</span><a href="https://www.thebetterindia.com/topics/freedom-fighter/" rel="category tag">Freedom fighter</a> <a href="https://www.thebetterindia.com/topics/history/" rel="category tag">History</a></li></ul>
<div class="adp-wrapper adp-post-ad-item" data-id="6"><div class="adp-container container"><div class="adp-banner"><div class="adp-heading">Promotion</div><div class="adp-banner-item"><br /> </div></div></div></div><p><span style="color: #004697; font-size: 42px;">A</span>lthough
it was an episode that actually lasted less than a week and remains
largely forgotten in public memory today, the Royal Indian Navy (RIN)
Mutiny of February 1946 was arguably the single most critical event in
convincing the British to hasten their exit from India.</p>
<p>Triggered by a group of 20 young Indian ratings (low ranking sailors)
of the RIN between the ages of 17 and 24 stationed on the His Majesty’s
Indian Ship (HMIS) Talwar, the mutiny spread to 74 ships of the British
Royal Navy—from Indonesia to Aden, 20 shore establishments, and brought
together nearly 20,000 of their fellow Indian sailors across mother
tongues, class, caste and creed.</p>
<p>These young men, who called themselves <i>‘Azad Hindi’</i> (Free
Indians), had one cause binding them together—the rapid exit of the
British from India. But what caused 20 young Indian ratings to perform
such an act of daring on the morning of 18 February?</p>
<p>The answers are manifold. With the end of World War II, the British
coffers were nearly empty. They could not afford to maintain a large
Navy in India and began letting go of many Indian personnel,
particularly ratings, despite their heroics in the War.</p>
<p>Those ratings who continued working were paid poorly, given shoddy
accommodation, made to do demeaning tasks like cleaning toilets,
sweeping floors and carrying tea for the British officers, and then
suffer the indignity of suffering racist insults from them. Add an
insensitive and cruel disciplinarian like Commander Arthur Frederick
King commanding the HMIS Talwar, and rebellion wasn’t far away.</p>
<p>“Torture and injustice often work as a powerful adhesive even when
inflicted upon disparate groups with a common cause. The young
ratings—Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Dalits, Brahmins, with different
mother tongues, of all class and caste, were made to sit around a large
wooden vessel full of indigestible daal, given half-cooked rotis, which
they would dip into the common vessel and eat as a community meal.
Irrespective of their religious and class differences, the act of
breaking bread together made them brothers in arms. Inadvertently, the
British naval officers had united them to turn rebels,” writes <a href="https://openthemagazine.com/freedom-issue-2017/freedom-issue-2017-essay/the-other-mutiny-1946-naval-rebellion/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><b>Pramod Kapoor</b></a>, the author of ‘1946: The Unknown Mutiny’.</p>
<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-216013" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_216013" style="width: 1029px;"><img alt="For the story" class="size-full wp-image-216013" height="776" src="https://thebetterindia-english.sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/uploads/2020/02/Naval-uprising-4.png" width="1029" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-216013">(Source: <a href="https://twitter.com/Advaidism/status/1229603966368931840" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><b>Twitter/Advaid</b></a>)</figcaption></figure>
<p>However, their experiences in the War also triggered a growing
discontent with the institution, which was further charged with an
ever-increasing spirit of anti-colonialism and anti-imperialism.</p>
<p>While liberating different countries from the throes of fascism,
serving Indian personnel also witnessed many countries fight for their
Independence from their colonial rulers. The likes of BC Dutt, one of
the main protagonists of the mutiny, asked themselves questions like
‘What did I fight for’ and ‘Whose war did I fight.’</p>
<p>A key demand of the mutineers was the withdrawal of Indian soldiers
from Indonesia, which was fighting its own War of Independence. Another
significant demand was the release of Indian National Army soldiers, who
had served under Subhash Chandra Bose. Their objective was
‘revolutionary action’ against the British because they were “as much
sons of the soil as the nationalist Indians fighting for Independence,”
argued BC Dutt.</p>
<p>Laying the ground for revolt in the wee hours 2 February 1946, Dutt
painted slogans like ‘Quit India’ and ‘Jai Hind’ on the wooden platform
leading upto the HMIS Talwar, where the commander-in-chief of the RIN
was to address the officers and men. Dutt was arrested but kept in
custody on board and tensions between the commanding officer and crew
grew.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, Dutt and his fellow conspirators like MS Khan and Madan
Singh began persuading their fellow ratings to join them in a hunger
strike. Finally, on the morning of 18 February 1500 ratings went on
strike shouting slogans like “No food! No work!” at the mess upon the
HMIS Talwar.</p>
<p>In a conversation with <a href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040321/spectrum/main5.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><b>The Tribune</b></a>, Madan Singh describes how the rebel ratings spread their message of rebellion to colleagues boarded in different ships.</p>
<p>“We did this with the help of the wireless system under our control.
We were able to win over almost all the 70 ships and all the 20 seashore
establishments. We had secured control over the civilian telephone
exchange, the cable network and, above all, over the transmission centre
at Kirkee manned by the Navy, which was the channel of communication
between the Indian Government and the British,” says Singh.</p>
<p>Within a few days, the rebels had managed to take control of 74 other
RIN ships stationed in Bombay, Karachi and other parts of the world.
All these ‘liberated ships’ had replaced the British ensign with the
three flags of the Congress, Muslim League and Communist Party.</p><div class="adp-wrapper adp-post-ad-item" data-id="3"><div class="adp-container container"><div class="adp-banner"><div class="adp-heading">Promotion</div><div class="adp-banner-item"><br /> </div></div></div></div>
<p>“The most significant feature of this short uprising was the massive
outpouring of public support for the mutineers. The city of Bombay,
especially the labouring classes, went on strike on 22 February in
solidarity. The public transport network was brought to a halt, trains
were burnt, roadblocks were erected, and commercial establishments were
shut down,” writes military historian Srinath Raghavan for <a href="https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/mj2aFxWkWrLwae44ANxrEO/Revisiting-the-1946-Royal-Indian-Navy-mutiny.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><b>Mint</b></a>.</p>
<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-216014" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_216014" style="width: 1037px;"><img alt="For the story." class="size-full wp-image-216014" height="776" src="https://thebetterindia-english.sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/uploads/2020/02/Naval-Uprising-2.png" width="1037" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-216014">A sailor of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) being arrested after the Naval Mutiny uprising. (Source: <a href="https://twitter.com/Advaidism/status/1229603966368931840" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><b>Twitter/Advaid</b></a>)</figcaption></figure>
<p>And the British response was swift and brutal. As <a href="https://openthemagazine.com/freedom-issue-2017/freedom-issue-2017-essay/the-other-mutiny-1946-naval-rebellion/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><b>Pramod Kapoor</b></a> goes on to write,</p>
<p>“Not just naval ratings, students’ unions and mill workers galvanised
by the Communists, too joined in the mutiny and hit the streets of
Bombay, leading to widespread arson, looting and vandalising of anything
British. The retaliation was inevitable, and nearly 300 civilians lost
their lives, and over 1,500 were injured when police opened fire. So
intense was the anger against the British, and so rapid and widespread
was the rebellion, that it took months before peace and sanity could
return…Officially, HMIS Talwar and nearby ships surrendered on 23
February, but in Karachi, the mutiny lasted till 25 February.”</p>
<p>The decision to surrender on 23 February came from the Naval Central
Strike Committee established on 19 February, which elected Leading
Signalman Lieutenant MS Khan and Petty Officer Telegraphist Madan Singh
as President and Vice-President respectively.</p>
<p>They expected the national leadership to join them in their struggle
but received an inadequate response. Abandoned and left for dead, the
committee feared that more would die mercilessly and thus decided to
surrender.</p>
<p>“We decided to surrender after being called upon to do so by the
Congress leaders, particularly by Sardar Patel. We were assured that
there would be no victimisation…we made it clear that we shall surrender
only to our national leaders and not to the British authorities.
However, the promise made to us about ‘no punishments’ was honoured more
in the breach,” says Madan Singh, speaking to <a href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040321/spectrum/main5.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><b>The Tribune</b></a>.</p>
<p>Many were sent to detention camps, dismissed from service, sent home without a trace and court-martialed.</p>
<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-216015" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_216015" style="width: 900px;"><img alt="For the story." class="size-full wp-image-216015" height="1200" src="https://thebetterindia-english.sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/uploads/2020/02/naval-uprising-23.jpg" width="900" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-216015">Naval Uprising Statue, Colaba, Mumbai. (Source:<a href="https://twitter.com/manupubby/status/955292361348837378" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><b> Twitter/Manu Pubby</b></a>)</figcaption></figure>
<p>But the reason why they were left at the altar by the leaders of the
freedom struggle (with the possible exception of Aruna Asaf Ali) is open
to interpretation.</p>
<p>Some argue that the Congress leadership wasn’t keen on disturbing the
intense negotiation for Independence with the British by a strike that
had devolved into violence. “The leaders [also] realised that any mass
uprising would inevitably carry the risk of not being amenable to
centralised direction and control. Besides, now that Independence and
power were in sight, they were eager not to encourage indiscipline in
the armed forces,” writes Srinath Raghavan.</p>
<p>Whatever be their reasons, it’s time we remembered the brave young
men who dared to defy an Empire and “energised the hearts and minds of
our sailors, infantry soldiers, airmen and RIAF [Royal Indian Air Force]
pilots, ordinary mill hands, students, workers, citizens,” writes <a href="https://www.amazon.in/Mutiny-Of-The-Innocents/dp/9383206500" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><b>Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat</b></a>, the former Chief of Naval Staff.</p>
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<a href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99feb25/index.htm" name="top"><span style="color: #0000a0; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b><img alt="THE TRIBUNE" border="0" height="20" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEh3r3vWtY9tZlc2Emsy-UCi7yi4KUmZKx9QSis68gs0MSx5tkFxN-lQvCH_7r30f_r3JfNsBLVcRko5RAaF31ui4EKQ_XMw05BfkjNfXiyfurZm8IBrBjEk_6Jwo07eC-dsVguOJ02Oj74x1p1-36Bdvfc=s0-d" width="165" /><br />
</b></span></a><span style="color: #0000a0; font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Thursday, February 25, 1999</b></span><br />
<div align="center">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2352176008720833167" name="7"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: medium;"><b>Hero’s honour</b></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: medium;"><b> for Royal mutineer</b></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small;"><img alt="Follow up" height="19" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiN9uXMHFK6Z-I3SoNKcVyPOaVcIqVtPo1WikSqiqYFl4v_dZzgMA0IDYVblf7q27Ago3gTKfeW7bWt_QKHd0HwXIQTYEq7kIsI52Jpgn8jFBK0KuLmJlz6veU8KULz8ImDD18a691IcqX3q8vdgZBeBchFOg=s0-d" width="97" /><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b>by Reeta Sharma</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large;"><b>T</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">OMORROW
will be a historic day in the life of this self-respecting
Punjabi from Siar village, near Ludhiana. He would be presiding
over the "induction ceremony" of ‘INS Madan Singh’,
named after him in recognition of his role in India’s struggle
for freedom from colonial rule. The honour has come his way 52
years late. An incredible optimist he laughs off the delayed
honour and grins: "It did appear like a mirage all these years
but it’s better late than never."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Mr
Madan Singh held his head high for all these 52 years despite
the tag of having been dismissed from service after a
‘Commission of Enquiry’ set up by the British Colonial rulers
found him guilty. He was charged with leading the historic
‘Royal Indian Naval mutiny’ of 1946. Although India became
Independent in August 1947, no review of or rethinking about the
mutineers was ever done all these years.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Nobody
knows what happened to hundreds of mutineers who were dismissed
from service. However the two main leaders, former leading
telegraphist B.C. Dutt and telegraphist Madan Singh are still
around. While Mr Dutt settled in Maharashtra, Mr Madan Singh
worked in several parts of the world after dismissal. But
eventually he came back to settle in his own country, "as that
is what I always yearned for". </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Here is a follow up on his life, packed with events which are gripping.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Mr
Madan Singh continues to assert that "The mutiny in the Navy was
the immediate cause of India’s freedom. The British
rulers were simply shaken. Nevertheless, the role of the
mutineers has been ignored and they were denied due
recognition."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">He
vividly remembers even the minutest detail of the mutiny. "The
roots of the mutiny in the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) lay in the
British themselves who indulged in blatant racial discrimination
over the years. The simmering discontent over
ill-treatment, poor service conditions, lack of a redressal
forum, humiliating of our Indian political leaders, etc pushed
us to the wall and then to the mutiny. However the immediate
cause was the arrest of B.C. Dutt who was put under detention.
His crime was that he had painted slogans like, "Jai Hind".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">"After
the outbreak of the mutiny, the first thing that we did was to
free B.C. Dutt. Then we took possession of Bucher Island
(where the entire ammunition meant for Bombay Presidency was
stocked) and telephone and wireless equipment, including
transmitters at Kirki near Pune. Our quick actions ensured that
all naval ships were fully under our command."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">"Simultaneously
we the Indians ratings at RIN had formed a ‘Naval
Central Strike Committee’ (NCSC) to coordinate and direct the
activities of the various units outside the HMIS Talwar. Leading
Signalman M.S. Khan and I were unanimously elected President
and Vice-President, respectively.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">There
is another crucial point to be recalled today. You see, next to
the Castle Barracks there was an ‘iron gate’ closer to the
town hall of Bombay. It was cleverly wired to the system so
that in the event of an enemy trying to capture Bombay, a press
of the switch would blow up the whole of Greater Bombay. This
was the scorched earth policy of the then British government.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">"Fortunately
for us, this ‘iron gate was heavily manned by Indians who
obviously obeyed our command when General Lockheart attempted
to capture it. When he tried to advance towards the gate, the
NCSC ordered firing which led to many casualties among the
British sailors."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Sadly
hundreds of mutineers were arrested and imprisoned either with
the prisoners of world war or in solitary confinement as was
the case with both Mr Madan Singh and Mr B.C. Dutt. The
‘Commission of Enquiry’ dismissed all of them from service. The
national leadership, according to the various accounts and
statements, seemed to be divided on the role of the mutineers.
No wonder they were forgotten for good.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Mr
Madan Singh had an extremely hard life after his dismissal in
July 1946. "I went to my village Siar. I felt hurt when I
overheard my father telling someone that I have come to see
him only to take money from him. I left my village penniless and
joined as a reporter with the Bombay daily, Free Press Journal.
The great Sadanand was the proprietor and Natarajan was the
Chief Editor at that time. Within a year I got disgusted at a
majority of journalists reporting on the basis of handouts
issued by the British authorities. The final blow was struck
when I was an eyewitness like other journalists to the shooting
of a leader of mill workers at point blank range. But my
report was not carried. All papers carried the handout released
by the British government with no mention at all of the killing
of the leader. Crushed by agony and humiliation, I confronted
Natarajan who directed me to meet Sadanand. I had always revered
this illustrious old man who treated Churchill and Sardar Patel
in the same way. When I barged into his room he very calmly
said: "Your report was absolutely correct but I am sorry
to have disappointed you. I hope you will one day understand my
turmoil. My 18 ventures of newspapers have one by one been
banned by the British. By keeping this one alive, even at such a
cost like not using your report, we are at least able to point
out some misdeeds of the British and motivate our people to
eventually rise against the slavery". "I understood him fully
but I still resigned because I knew that I won’t be able
to swallow it day in and day out. Sadanand gave me the warmest
ever send off in Free Press Journal. I reached Calcutta with
only Rs 6. On the third day of my stay on the streets of
Calcutta I got a job on a salary of Rs 150 a month with Dalmia
Jain Airways. When I raised the issue of my petty salary, they
rebuked me in the most humiliating manner. I walked back like a
whipped dog, swallowing my pride for I could not afford to let
this job go".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">But Mr
Madan Singh was an extraordinary worker with a brilliant brain
and expertise in his line. No wonder then that by the seventh
week of his job with Dalmias, the company raised his salary by
five times. By 1952 he got admission into a regular
course run by BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation), in
International License in Radio Electronics nowadays known as
AVIONICS. "These were the most stressful three years of my life.
Minimum pass marks were 75 per cent, whereas in London
University one was required to secure only 45 per cent." Mr
Madan Singh not only passed out with 83 per cent, which was
rare for even an Englishman, but also was the first ever
Indian to make it. BOAC handpicked him and he worked in their
foreign service wing.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">By
1990 he came back to lead a retired life in India. Rear Admiral
(retd.) Satyinder Singh wrote him five letters requesting him to
apply for the status of a freedom fighter. "But I wrote
back that if it is such a thing which one can get for the
asking, it is not worth having it." However when Beant Singh
former Chief Minister met Mr Madan Singh his childhood friend he
was aghast on learning the fate of mutineers. He personally
approached the Ministry of Home in Delhi in this regard. "So
finally I have received a letter from Commodore Dina Bandhu
Jena, VSM inviting me to the ‘Induction Ceremony’ on
February 26, 1999 at Bombay."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">His face was embossed with the serenity of the sea shore at sun set.</span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"> ANOTHER STORY ABOUT THE REVOLT -{FROM INTERNET} -WRITTEN BY A MARXIST IDEOLOGIST:-</span></div>
<div id="page">
<h2 class="contentheading">
<a class="contentpagetitle" href="http://www.marxist.com/1946-rebellion-indian-navy150903.htm"> The 1946 rebellion of the sailors of the British Indian Navy</a> </h2>
<div class="articleinfo">
<span class="createdby"> Written by Lal Khan </span> <span class="createdate"> Monday, 15 September 2003 </span> </div>
<div class="buttonheading">
<br />
<div style="vertical-align: top;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="articletext">
<span class="articletextblurb">One of the most spectacular episodes of
the intense revolt against the British Raj was the uprising of the
sailors of the British Indian Navy in 1946. On February 18 of that year
the sailors and shipmen of the British Indian Navy battleship HMS
"Talwaar" went on strike. They invited the masses of Bombay to join in
the struggle they had started. As a result, anti- British imperialist
sentiments started to spread like wildfire throughout the region.</span>
One of the most spectacular episodes of the intense revolt against the
British Raj was the uprising of the sailors of the British Indian Navy
in 1946. On February 18 of that year the sailors and shipmen of the
British Indian Navy battleship HMS "Talwaar", who were at the time
posted to the Bombay harbour, went on strike. They were protesting
against the bad food and adverse conditions.<br />
Although on the first day it was limited to a peaceful hunger strike,
the signs of an imminent and much bigger rebellion against the British
rulers were evident. On February 19, the sailors announced the strike to
the Naval personnel stationed in the fortress and to those in the Naval
Barracks. They took over the Naval trucks, boarded them, hoisted red
flags on them and started patrolling the city of Bombay. They were
inviting the masses of the city to join in the struggle they had
started. As a result, anti British imperialist sentiments started to
spread like wildfire throughout the region.<br />
On the eve of February 19 1946, much wider layers of the Naval personnel
had joined in this revolt. The union jacks on most of the ships of the
Royal Indian Navy in the Bombay harbour were torn down and the rebel
sailors hoisted red flags along with the flags of the political parties
that were involved in the struggle for independence.<br />
Within 48 hours the British imperialists were faced with the largest
revolt ever of their Naval units. The message of this rebellion started
to spread by word of mouth and then over the radio (the radio station
had been taken over by the rebels) to military garrisons and barracks
across India. Some of the leaders of the sailors broadcast the message
of the uprising and revolutionary songs and poetry were also broadcast
round the clock. The revolt spread to 74 ships, 20 fleets and 22 units
of the Navy along the coast. It involved Bombay, Calcutta, Karachi,
Madras, Cochin and Vishapatam. On February 20 only 10 ships and 2 naval
stations were not in complete revolt.<br />
In the beginning this revolt was considered to be spontaneous but that
is not completely true. On the eve of February 19 a strike committee had
been formally set-up. Signalman M.S Khan and petty officer telegraph
operator Madan Singh were elected unanimously to the positions of
president and vice president of the committee. Both of them were under
the age of 25. One was a Muslim and the other a Sikh, and this was a
conscious act to reject the religious divide being injected into the
liberation movement by the native bourgeois leaders and their British
masters.<br />
Apart from the other tasks charted out for the strike committee, one of
the important objectives agreed upon was to involve the political
parties in this movement and gain their support. Tragically the
Communist Party of India (CPI) had lost the leadership of the
independence movement due to its disastrous policy of supporting the
British imperialists under the so-called "anti fascist front" policy
dictated by the Stalinist elite in the Kremlin. This had led to a rapid
diminishing of support for the CPI in the liberation movement. The
nascent Indian bourgeoisie and their leaders were at that time
negotiating a settlement with the British. They were as hostile as the
British to any revolutionary upsurge at this delicate juncture in the
history of the subcontinent.<br />
Gandhi reflected this by openly condemning the uprising of the sailors.
The CPI leaders once again lost the opportunity to link up with the
revolutionary masses. They did nothing to connect the Naval revolt with
the strikes which were taking place in the textile industry, on the
railways and in other sectors throughout India. Even leaders like
Subhash Chandra Bose were unable to connect this movement with the
revolt taking place in the British Indian army. He was rather more
involved in an adventurist binge and had gone too far in launching the
INA (Indian National Army) to fight British forces, under the auspices
of the reactionary Japanese regime!<br />
Congress and the Muslim League were not prepared to back the revolt for
they feared the penetration of revolutionary and class struggle ideas
into the movement which they had done so much to tear apart along
religious lines with cunning and deception. In spite of this betrayal
and contemptuous attitude of the national bourgeois leaders, the
revolutionary momentum of the uprising gave it an impetus of its own.
Revolutionary zeal, sentiment and passion were booming. The whole
country was filled with the echoes of the slogan, "long live the
revolution".<br />
These slogans electrified the whole of Bombay. One of the poets of the
era, Josh Malihabadi wrote enthralling verses an example of which was,<br />
<i>My task is my growth; my name is martyr <br />
My slogan is revolution, revolution revolution.</i><br />
On the February 21 the British shock troops opened fire with live
ammunition on the sailors as they came out of their barracks in the
Bombay fortress. This provocation changed a peaceful uprising into an
armed rebellion. There were armed clashes between the British elite
troops and the rebellious sailors throughout the day. On the first day
one death was reported in Bombay, but on the second day 14 sailors were
martyred in Karachi. The industrial workers who had joined the revolt
with the sailors were subjected to brutal attacks by the British forces.<br />
On February 22 and 23, 250 sailors and workers were slaughtered by the
imperialist forces. According to various eyewitnesses interviewed, on
February 21 it seemed that the oppressed masses of the whole
subcontinent had risen up in a revolutionary movement against British
rule. In these events the revolutionary strike committee had shifted its
command to the "Narba" fleet. The sailors had now aimed the barrels of
their guns on the ships and were now targeting the British Naval
installations and command centres on the coast. Sirens were being
sounded from all the ship decks. They were announcing through the loud
speakers that to defend their comrades in the cities and in the harbour
they would destroy the British military bases and installations if they
dared to attack.<br />
The British government in London was in shock. The British Labour Prime
Minister Clement Atlee, in sheer desperation ordered the uprising to be
crushed through brute military force. The commander of the British
Indian Navy, admiral Godfrey threatened the rebellious sailors with
"surrender or be perished". The so-called leader of the independence
movement and one of the stalwarts of the Indian National Congress,
Sardar Vallabhbai Patel, openly came out on the side of the British. He
denounced the uprising and supported the imperialists' ultimatum. In
this uprising the national leadership of India, both Hindu and Muslim,
became allies of the British imperialists. This exposed their real class
character and their collaborationist role in the saga of transition
from British to native rule to independence.<br />
Meanwhile the British fighter aircraft were carrying out threatening
sorties over the rebellious fleet. In such conditions Sardar Patel gave
the following infamous statement: "Only a small band of insolent, hot
headed and insane youngsters are trying to get involved in politics
through these acts, when they have nothing to do with politics".<br />
Isolated, disillusioned and desperate after the treacherous role and
attitude displayed by the "national leadership" towards the uprising,
M.S. Khan put before the strike committee, the proposal of surrender.
But the 36-member committee rejected this plea. Several tense hours
passed. The mainstream "national leadership" intensified its efforts to
isolate the Naval uprising from the mass movement for independence that
was surging across the subcontinent. Demoralization was setting in
amongst the members of the strike committee.<br />
Another session of the committee commenced in the early hours of
February 24 on the battleship HMS Talwaar. Now it had become more
evident that there was no option but to surrender and lay down arms. At
0600 hrs on February 24, 1946 black flags were raised from the deck to
announce surrender. In its last session the strike committee passed a
resolution that was the last message of the revolutionary sailors to the
toiling masses of the South Asian subcontinent. The resolution stated,
"Our uprising was an important historical event in the lives of our
people. For the first time the blood of uniformed and non-uniformed
workers flowed in one current for the same collective cause. We the
workers in uniform shall never forget this. We also know that you, our
proletarian brothers and sisters shall also never forget this. The
coming generations, learning its lessons shall accomplish what we have
not been able to achieve. Long live the working masses. Long live the
Revolution".<br />
After the surrender most leaders and activists of this uprising were
prosecuted incarcerated and executed inspite of their surrender. The
nationalist bourgeois leaders refused to raise any protest. Not a squeak
not a whimper came out from these nationalist parties masquerading as
the stalwarts of independence.<br />
However, this episode stands as one of the greatest chapters in the
story of the struggle for independence from British rule. In spite of
the fact that this uprising was defeated the movement showed the British
what was in store for them in the future. One of the effects of this
uprising was that the British Prime Minister Clement Atlee was forced to
announce that the British would leave India before June 1948. Such was
the blow inflicted upon the confidence of the British rulers by this
naval uprising that they were forced to beat a retreat. The British, in
connivance with the native bourgeois leaders, hastened the process of
partition along ethnic and religious lines. After this episode they
manoeuvred in such a way as not to leave the subcontinent united in any
form whatsoever, either as a confederation or whatever political
superstructure they may have envisaged before these revolutionary
events.<br />
The policy of divide and rule, that the British had learned from the
emperors of Rome, now came into full play. The living body of a culture
that was thousands of years old was cut in half and the blood of 2.7
million innocent souls was shed.<br />
There is a criminal silence and elusiveness about the details of this
glorious episode in the education syllabi in both India and Pakistan.
Several other similar events and great episodes have yet to see the
light of the day. Still, the memory of that naval uprising haunts the
echelons of power from London to Islamabad to Delhi. The task of
learning and carrying out the message and the aspirations of the
sailors' strike committee of the February 1946 falls to today's rising
generation of youth and workers. This can only be accomplished by
carrying out a successful Socialist Revolution in any of the present day
countries of the subcontinent. A socialist victory in any of these
states would inevitably lead to the formation of a voluntary Socialist
Federation of the South Asian Subcontinent.</div>
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<tr><td valign="bottom"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #4381bc;"><b>Sunday</b></span></span><span style="color: #4381bc; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;"><b>, February 24, 2002</b></span></td> <td align="right"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;"><img height="20" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjk7P0NMPdwPKb_iM5AOb52hpcQC6hUWdjv5PM3KodK5hX834LC3yf4fnmvoAwPWk0IoenIGnaxyXbmuHXShorvB3z2eKQ_TS5jo7ByxFHkcEuZ8kk0RWThmkJRjPUtBnqPRMXbR0kiusKihyphenhyphenBvwqbb7eNmqfM=s0-d" width="12" /></span></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#4381bc"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><i><b> Article</b></i></span></td> </tr>
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<b> </b> <b> </b><br />
<div align="CENTER">
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">The lesser-known Mutiny<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">Trilochan Singh Trewn</span></b></div>
<b> </b> <br />
<table align="right" border="0" style="width: 252px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td width="100%"><div align="center">
<img alt="Line-up of Indian Naval ships on Mumbai dockyard breakwater during the crucial three days of the Rin Mutiny." border="1" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjTMP__VQbgWv56VTegn4M-D4W_0MgpkCJy7MckjIj_eaSGIW_22sF84ScR2CB1kMwZ7Cp5q20RjIR5s6C55yCub_spykwrLat5dUKBe6Jyj2Jk0Ro0PbcU0afLFT6YJMa8UcDmRsLRQusBJXPtvzUs-EdIPZrASegAFwM=s0-d" width="250" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: xx-small;">Line-up of Indian Naval ships on Mumbai dockyard breakwater during the crucial three days of the Rin Mutiny.<br />
</span></b></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: medium;">T</span></b><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">HE
trauma experienced during those four days of the Rin Mutiny
in February, 1946 was a source of tension. In fact the
situation was more sensitive than the one that arose from the
actual combat condition prevailing in the north Arabian sea
during the India-Pakistan conflict in 1971.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">The
mutiny was initiated by the ratings of Indian Navy during
early 1946. It was a reaction against the treatment meted to
ratings in general and the lack of service facilities in
particular. On January 16, 1946, a contingent of 67 ratings of
various branches arrived at Castle Barracks, Mint Road, in
Fort Mumbai. This contingent had arrived from the basic
training establishment, HMIS Akbar, located at Thane a suburb
of Mumbai at 1600 in the evening. The officer on duty informed
the galley (kitchen) staff of this arrival. Quite casually, the duty
cook, without winking an eyelid, took out 20 loaves of bread
from the large cupboard and added three litres of tap water to
the mutton curry as well as the gram <i>dal </i>which was
lying already cooked before as per the morning strength of the
ratings. Every one associated with each wing of
administration in those days had such a mindset that no one
bothered. Nothing more was required to be done in such cases. On
that day, only 17 ratings ate the watery, tasteless meals while the
rest went ashore and ate. Such daily cases of neglect, when
reported to senior officers present, practically evoked no
response and the discontentment continued to build up. The
better educated ratings of communication branch in the shore
establishment, HMIS Talwar, located in Mumbai had been
complaining of neglect of their facilities and harboured a
high level of revulsion towards the authorities.<br />
</span> </div>
<div align="center">
<center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="width: 731px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f9c460" valign="top" width="173"><br /></td> <td valign="top" width="546"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">The
adventures of Indian National Army and the stories of glory of
Netaji Subhas Chander Bose received through the wireless sets
and the media inspired them. A naval central strike committee
was formed. It was led by a naval rating M.S Khan. Soon,
thousands of disgruntled ratings from Mumbai, Karachi, Cochin and
Vishakhapatnam joined them. They communicated with each other through
the wireless communication sets available in HMIS Talwar. Thus,
the entire revolt was coordinated. The unrest spread to ships
too. Admiral Godfrey in Mumbai took a stubborn stand towards the
demands of the strikers. Demands by now had come to include the
release of INA prisoners too. This was early February, 1946.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">Inspired
by the patriotic fervour sweeping the country, the movement
started taking a political turn. During the second week of
February, 1946, my ship was alongside the outer breakwater. One
fine early morning, I noticed about 20 junior ratings
surrounding the main duty- free canteen located close to the
smithy shop inside the naval dockyard in Mumbai. This large
canteen was a part of an international chain of canteens run by the
royal navy and was well-stocked with choicest brands of foreign
liquor, cheeses, caviar, cigarettes etc mostly imported. About
four ratings forced themselves into the store and came out with
cartons of cigarettes, cameras and electric irons etc. It was
followed by another rush of ratings who now were holding boxes
of scotch whisky in both hands and sported imported umbrellas
slinging on their shoulders. Soon the canteen staff also arrived
but was helpless and terrified as some of the ratings carried
arms.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">As
if this was not enough, another batch of ratings brought some
steel bars from the closeby smithy shop and dismantled the steel
safe from its seat. Efforts were being made to drag the locked
safe to nowhere when I left the scene. I then came across some
cooks holding fully-loaded automatic weapons in their hands and
pointing those towards the direction of Gateway of India where
the British destroyers from Trincomalee were expected to arrive.
Just then Captain (E) T.N. Kochhar, then an engineer officer of
HMIS Narmada, sped past me and told me that the strike
committee had broadcast a message that Indian officers would not be
harmed if they did not interfere, while Admiral Godfrey required all
officers to be in their place of duty and ensure that no
violent action or damage to equipment and property took place
and that the agitation remained peaceful. In the evening, a news
item was received stating that a Gurkha regiment in Karachi had
refused to fire at an agitated group of naval ratings. This was
day one.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">The
next day morning, the tricolour was hoisted by the ratings on
mastheads of most of the ships and establishments. There was a
general feeling of anxiety and tension everywhere. The ships
deck and lavatories had not been cleaned for past two days.
Officers and ratings’ kitchens were out of use. The canteens in
every ship were forced open and eatables consumed in lieu of
cooked food. The morning news on the radio indicated that fully-armed
destroyers of British Navy had already steamed out of Trincomalee
harbour and were heading towards Mumbai to quell the Mutiny. The
naval ratings’ strike committee decided, in a confused manner,
the HMIS Kumaon had to leave Mumbai harbour while HMIS Kathiawar
was already in the Arabian Sea under the command of a striking
rating. At about 10.30 HIMS Kumaon suddenly let go the shore
ropes, without even removing the ships’ gangway while officers
were discussing the law and order situation on the outer
breakwater jetty.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">So
the wooden gangway, six-metre-long was protruding out of the
ship’s starboard waist when the ship moved away from the jetty
under command of a revolver bearing senior rating. However,
within two hours fresh instructions were received from the
strikers’ control room and the ship returned to the same berth.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">The
situation was changing fast and rumours spread that Australian
and Canadian armed battalions had been stationed outside the
Lion gate and the Gungate to encircle the dockyard where most
ships were berthed. Unfortunately, by now all the armouries of
the ships and establishments had been seized by the striking
ratings. The real danger was that the sophisticated arms with
the ammunition were being handled casually by unscrupulous ships
clerks, cleaning hands, cooks and wireless operators who had never
handled these before.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">The
third day dawned charged with fresh emotions. Sardar Patel’s
statement of assurance did improve matters considerably.
However, an unruly guncrew of a 25 pounder gun fitted in an old
ship, without orders from the strikers, fired a salvo towards
the Castle barracks and blew off a large branch of an old banyan
tree. It was clear that those bearing arms had started acting on
their own without taking orders from their central striking command.
The negotiations moved fast, keeping in view the extreme
sensitivity of the situation and on the fourth day most of the
demands of the strikers were conceded in principle.</span></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">Immediate
steps were taken to improve the quality of food served in the
ratings’ kitchen and their living conditions. The national
leaders also assured that favourable consideration will be
accorded to release of all the prisoners of the Indian National
Army. By this time the British destroyers fully armed to go into
action arrived and had positioned themselves off the Gateway of
Indian Mumbai.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">Luckily
a very grave situation was tackled in a very timely manner and a
real disaster was averted by the prudent action both by the
strikers and the country’s leadership.</span></td></tr>
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</span><a href="http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2010/05/list-of-governors-of-bombay-1662-to.html">http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2010/05/list-of-governors-of-bombay-1662-to.html</a><a href="http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2010/05/list-of-governors-of-bombay-1662-to.html">http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2010/05/list-of-governors-of-bombay-1662-to.html</a> <br /><br /><b><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">all
these mutinies scared british colonial rulers.they found just divide
and rule using muslim and hindu political parties will not succeed so
left in a hurry 1947 instead of 1948</span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b><br /><br />
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<span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext"><div class="ui_qtext_para u-ltr u-text-align--start">
The British had to leave because of forces of economics, world and domestic politics .</div>
<div class="ui_qtext_para u-ltr u-text-align--start">
The wars weakened them - they ceased to be a superpower and lost position to the US.</div>
<div class="ui_qtext_para u-ltr u-text-align--start">
Napoleon’s warning unheeded if you like, that they should have stuck with trade and not interfered in politics.</div>
<div class="ui_qtext_para u-ltr u-text-align--start">
Economics : The economies of UK and India were in bad shape. In fact in such a bad shape that -</div>
<ul><li>In UK despite seeing Churchill as the war hero, they had to vote him out of power</li><li>In
South India there were food shortages, famines in Bengal. For the first
time famines in India were traceable to economic changes and political
decisions to divert grain from starving people.</li><li>Devaluation of the British Indian Rupee</li></ul>
<div class="ui_qtext_para u-ltr u-text-align--start">
Politics:</div>
<ul><li>Gandhi organised the Indian masses in the civil disobedience movement which crippled the functioning of the government.</li><li>His
shrewdness and understanding of the stakeholders - Indians and British,
his negotiating acumen and his popularity with Americans coupled with
the actions of extremists like Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sulhdev, their
execution, the mutinies and the rising political consciousness among
Indians.</li><li>The scale of the problem of governing India magnified
post war due to the stretching of military, paramilitary and police
forces, their distrust of Indians following the mutinies made it
impossible to have manpower to hold the Indians by force.</li><li>Aspirational change in UK as a result of economics and generation change.</li><li>Sweep in the UK elections by the Labour Party which had sympathy for fellow socialists like the Indian politicians.</li><li>The
utter lack of coordination in second Cripps mission and their being
outfoxed by the Indian politicians- Gandhi, Nehru and Patel.</li><li>With Churchill’s letter to Attlee accepting the decision to grant freedom, it became an irrevocable decision.</li></ul>
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PREVIEW</div>
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<div class="Woharf LQFTgb" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54); border-radius: 2px; bottom: 8px; color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif-medium, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 16px; left: 10px; line-height: normal; padding: 3px 4px 0px; position: absolute; transform: translateZ(0px); z-index: 2;">
10:13</div>
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<div aria-level="3" class="mB12kf JRhSae ZyAH8d nDgy9d" role="heading" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 5; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 16px; height: 6.875em; line-height: 1.375; overflow: hidden; white-space: normal;">
British Troops Leave India (1947)</div>
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</a><div>
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British Pathé</div>
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<div class="zECGdd" style="color: grey; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.33em; padding: 2px 0px;">
<span class="cJzOGc" style="color: #006621; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.33em; padding: 2px 0px;">YouTube</span><span> </span>- Apr 13, 2014</div>
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PREVIEW</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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4:05</div>
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<div class="wCIBKb" style="display: block; padding: 16px 16px 0px;">
<div aria-level="3" class="mB12kf JRhSae ZyAH8d nDgy9d" role="heading" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 5; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 16px; height: 6.875em; line-height: 1.375; overflow: hidden; white-space: normal;">
Last Batch Of British Troops Leave India (1948) | British Pathé</div>
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</a><div>
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British Pathé</div>
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<div class="zECGdd" style="color: grey; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.33em; padding: 2px 0px;">
<span class="cJzOGc" style="color: #006621; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.33em; padding: 2px 0px;">YouTube</span><span> </span>- Apr 13, 2014</div>
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India Takes Over (1947)</div>
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<br /><a href="http://heritagetimes.in/the-air-force-mutiny-1946/"><h3 class="LC20lb DKV0Md"><span>THE AIR FORCE MUTINY – 1946 :- The Forgotten Mutiny that ...</span></h3><div class="TbwUpd NJjxre"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx">heritagetimes.in<span class="dyjrff qzEoUe"><span> › the-air-force-mutiny-1946</span></span></cite></div></a><div class="B6fmyf"><div class="TbwUpd"><cite class="iUh30 Zu0yb qLRx3b tjvcx"><span class="dyjrff qzEoUe"><span></span></span></cite></div><div class="eFM0qc"><span></span></div></div><div class="IsZvec"><div><span class="aCOpRe"><span class="f">Dec 4, 2018 — </span><span>While the disturbances in the <i>Army</i> and the RIN were confined to <i>Indian soldiers</i> and sailors, the unrest in the RIAF was induced by 'strikes' by ...</span></span></div></div><br /><h1 class="postTitle entry-title" itemprop="headline">THE AIR FORCE MUTINY – 1946 :- The Forgotten Mutiny that Shook the British Empire </h1>
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<div class="metaFont metaDate"><abbr class="published updated" content="2018-12-04" itemprop="datePublished" title="December 4, 2018">December 4, 2018</abbr></div>
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<p>The mutiny in the RIAF (Royal Indian Air Force) occurred at almost
the same time as the more serious uprisings in the RIN (Royal Indian
Navy) and Army units at Jubbulpore in February 1946. Many historians
prefer to call it a strike rather than a mutiny, since there was no
violence and neither was any one punished. However, the term ‘strike’ is
seldom used in the armed forces, collective disobedience always being
called a mutiny, irrespective of the number of persons involved and the
gravity of the insubordination. Though they occurred at almost the same
time, the trouble in the RIAF was quite different from the insurrection
that occurred in the other two services. While the disturbances in the
Army and the RIN were confined to Indian soldiers and sailors, the
unrest in the RIAF was induced by ‘strikes’ by British airmen of the RAF
(Royal Air Force). Since no disciplinary action was taken against the
British airmen, the authorities had to take a lenient view of the
indiscipline by Indian airmen also. Unlike the uprisings in the Navy and
the Army that had some nationalistic element, the demands of the RIAF
personnel related mostly to pay, rations and travel concessions.</p>
<p>Though the RIAF mutiny was controlled without the use of force, it
had far reaching implications. The Indian Air Force – the prefix Royal
was added only in 1943 – was just six years old when World War II began,
undergoing a ten fold increase in size by the time it ended. Though
still minuscule compared to the Indian Army, it was a potent force that
could no longer be ignored. Coupled with the more serious incidents in
the other two armed forces, it reinforced the perception of the British
authorities that the Indian troops could no longer be relied upon to
maintain Britain’s hold over India. This necessitated a serious review
of British policy, leading ultimately to the decision to pull out
of India.</p>
<p>Three Indians pilots held commissions in the RAF during World War I,
fighting with great gallantry. They were Lieutenant H.S Malik, 2<sup>nd</sup>Lieutenant
E.S.C. Sen and Lieutenant Indra Lal Roy. Sen was shot down
over Germany and became a prisoner of war, while Roy was killed in air
combat in July 1918. It was only in 1930 that a decision was taken to
establish an air force in India. Officers selected as pilots were sent
to Cranwell in UK for training, while the ground staff, recruited as <i>hawai sepoys </i>(air soldiers)<i> </i>were
trained in India. The first batch of five Indians commissioned as pilot
officers comprised Sircar, Subroto Mukerjee, Bhupinder Singh, A. Singh
and A.D. Dewan. The IAF (Indian Air Force) formally came into being on 1
April 1933, when the first Indianised squadron – No. 1 Squadron – was
formed at Karachi, exactly 15 years after the creation of the RAF.<b>1</b></p>
<p><b> </b>Shortly after the outbreak of World War
II, it was decided to form the IAFVR (Indian Air Force Volunteer
Reserve) to take over the task of coastal defence from the RAF.
Following the commencement of the Japanese offensive in South East Asia
in December 1941, a flight of the IAFVR was flown to Moulmein to carry
out anti-submarine and convoy protection operations. After the capture
of Moulmein by Japanese forces, No. 3 IAFVR Squadron was sent
to Rangoon for reconnaissance and convoy protection duties. As British
forces withdrew in the face of the relentless Japanese offensive, No. 1
Squadron arrived at Toungoo, where they were subjected to raids by the
Japanese Air Force on the first day itself. During the next two days,
Squadron Leader K.K. ‘Jumbo’ Majumdar led the whole squadron on raids
against the Japanese base at Mehingson inflicting severe damage and
earning a great moral victory. The exploit not only made Majumdar a hero
overnight but also enhanced the reputation of the fledgling IAF in its
first major operation during the war. In view of its splendid
performance during the war, the IAF was given the prefix ‘Royal’ on its
tenth anniversary, becoming the RIAF (Royal Indian Air Force) on 1 April
1943.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>From one squadron in 1939 the IAF had grown to three by the beginning
of 1942, the year which saw the greatest expansion in its size. By the
end of 1942, it had seven squadrons; during the next year another two
were added, bringing its strength to nine squadrons by the beginning of
1944. The number of personnel had increased correspondingly, from 16
officers and 269 airmen at the beginning of the war to 1,200 officers
and over 20,000 trained airmen, with another 6,000 undergoing training,
besides about 2,000 followers. In the early years of the war, 20 Indian
pilots had been sent to the UK to help the RAF, which had run perilously
short of pilots during the Battle of Britain. These Indian pilots
served in RAF squadrons and did sterling work during the critical
months, carrying out fighter sweeps over France and escorting bombers.
Seven Indian pilots were killed in operations, the remainder returning
to India in mid 1942. One of the pilots who returned from the German
front with a DFC was K.K. Majumdar, who later died in an air crash
at Lahore in February 1945. <b>2</b></p>
<p>While World War I lasted four years, World War II continued for six
years. When it ended in 1945, everyone was weary and drained out. Many
of the participants had been away from their homes for several years and
were eagerly looking forward to a reunion with their families.
Demobilisation began soon after the end of the war, but the sheer
numbers of servicemen, especially from the USA and UK, made the process
slow and time consuming. Hundreds of thousands of troops were literally
doing nothing, waiting for ships to take them home from remote and
inhospitable corners of the globe. The wait seemed interminable, and
most men were unable to comprehend the reasons for the delay in sending
them home. Coupled with the delay in repatriation, another major problem
was the uncertain future that most of the men faced. Resettlement and
rehabilitation measures obviously could not cater for all the
servicemen, who knew that they would have to fend for themselves.
Wartime industries that employed millions of workers were closing down,
and most of the men shedding uniforms had neither the training nor the
experience for the new enterprises that were coming up.</p>
<p>The first sign of unrest came from American troops based
in Germany who held mass parades to demand speedier demobilisation and
repatriation. These parades were given wide publicity on the American
forces programmes that were very popular and eagerly heard by servicemen
all over the world. Similar demonstrations by American soldiers
in Calcutta could not leave British troops serving in South East
Asia unaffected and it was only a matter of time before the virus spread
to other stations. Apart from the logistics, another reason for the
slow rate of demobilisation of British servicemen was the uncertainty
about the future of British rule in India. As late as June 1946, the
Chiefs of Staff in London were still considering various options, one of
which was to continue British rule in India, for which seven additional
divisions would be needed. This would naturally result in suspending
the process of demobilisation, with serious implications, especially the
effect on morale.3</p>
<p>Taking a cue from the Americans, British airmen at the RAF base at
Mauripur refused to join duty on 22 January 1946. The Inspector General
of the RAF, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Barratt, who was on tour
in South East Asia, and was passing through Mauripur at the time, held a
meeting with the men to ascertain their grievances. The men had many
complaints, most of which were related to aspects of demobilisation that
could only be dealt with at a higher level by the Cabinet or the Air
Ministry. One such grievance was, ‘why is RAF demobilisation so slow
compared with that in the Army and the Navy?’ Air Chief Marshal Barratt
explained that practically all the points raised by the men had been
explained in the demobilisation forms which were a part of the release
scheme and kept the personnel fully in the picture, explaining the
reasons for the various actions taken, especially with regard to the
release under classes ‘B’ and ‘C’.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The men were not satisfied and demanded that a Parliamentary
representative should visit them so that they could impress upon him,
and he on Parliament, their feelings about the slow speed of
demobilisation. A Parliamentary delegation was then in India and they
asked that it should visit Mauripur. Air Chief Marshal Barratt assured
the men that he would forward their demands to Air Ministry, and asked
the men to return to work but they refused. He warned the airmen that
nothing would be obtained under threat and urged them to return to duty.
The meeting ended with no promises made. The Air Officer Commanding 229
Group stated that he would be able to get the men back to work that
afternoon. After making his report to the Air Ministry, the Inspector
General proceeded on his pre-arranged tour programme. The situation
remained unchanged in the evening. Many of the men showed an inclination
to join duty but appeared to be fearful of rough treatment at the hands
of others.</p>
<p>In his report to the Air Ministry, Air Chief Marshal Barratt had
mentioned all their grievances, asking for a reply to be sent to the Air
Officer Commanding India. As regards the demand for the Parliamentary
delegation already in India to visit Mauripur, he felt that the
delegation was visiting parts of the Commonwealth for an entirely
different purpose and it would not be wise to permit the members to
address the men, as they were not well versed in the intricacies of
the demobilisation policy of the government and did not understand the
feelings of the personnel in South East Asia. However, it was possible
for Mr Harold Davies, the MP for Leek, who was visiting South East Asia,
to meet the airmen. Mr Davies had already visited units
in India, Burma and Malaya in order to keep the men in touch with the
new Government’s policy and, during his tour, had spoken to hundreds of
servicemen.<b>4</b></p>
<p>News of the strike at Mauripur soon spread to Ceylon, the first unit
being affected being at Negombo, where the personnel of No. 32 Staging
Post refused to carryout servicing of aircraft. The
morning York service from Mauripur on 23 January 1946 was serviced by
the aircrew themselves, giving an indication that something was amiss.
As at Mauripur, the major complaint was that of slow demobilisation, the
other grievances being bad administration and lack of sports facilities
and entertainment. The men felt that personnel of the Fleet Air Arm
should be drafted into the RAF to assist with key trades, and expedite
the RAF release. Another cause for complaint was that RAF airmen were
being asked to work on BOAC and Qantas aircraft. The men felt that this
had two effects: firstly, that the air passage of civilians was delaying
release of servicemen and secondly, that the employment of airmen was
incorrectly providing aviation companies with cheap labour.</p>
<p>The Air Officer Commanding, Air Commodore Chilton was on his way to
the Cocos Islands when he received news of the strike. He returned to
Negombo and talked to the men, promising to remedy the local problems
straightaway. As regards the drafting of personnel of the Fleet Air Arm,
speeding up demobilisation and servicing of civilian aircraft, he
assured them that these would be forwarded to the Air Ministry. With the
resolution of grievances concerning administration, sports facilities
and entertainment, it was hoped that the men would resume duty on the
following day. Air Commodore Chilton decided to continue his flight
since the news of the Negombo incident had reached 129 Staging Post in
the Cocos Islands where it was understood that the airmen intended
taking similar action.</p>
<p>However, on his arrival at the Cocos Islands, he found the station
running smoothly, with no sign of trouble. While he was visiting the
station he received a signal asking him to return to Negombo where the
situation had deteriorated. The stoppage of work by the airmen had
spread from the Staging Post to the rest of the station including the
Communication and Meteorological Flights. The men were well behaved but
adamant. The Air Officer Commanding tried to convince the men that no
good would come of their strike irrespective of what was happening
in India. The men continued to complain of the delays regarding
repatriation and mails. It was pointed out that by refusing to work they
would delay their release and mails even more. Releases were governed
by the Manpower Committee in London and the local RAF authorities could
do little more than forward the complaints to the Air Ministry.</p>
<p>By this time the disaffection had spread and by 26 January airmen at
Koggala, Ratmalana and Colombo were also involved. It was apparent from
reports received from various units that broadcasts made by the BBC on
24 and 25 January were largely responsible for the information reaching
them, bringing out feelings that were dormant and encouraging them to
emulate their colleagues who had joined the strike. Except at Negombo
where the relations between the Station and Staging Post were not easy,
at other stations the unit commanders and officers were in close touch
with the men, addressing them at the first sign of trouble. However, the
problems concerning repatriation and release could not be solved by
them on their own, though every effort was made to take the men into
confidence and explain the policy in this regard. Many of the
grievances, such as disparity in releases compared to RAF personnel
in UK and faster repatriation of personnel of the Navy and Army were
unfounded.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, the strikes in RAF stations in India continued to spread.
On 26 January 1946 Air Marshal Sir Roderick Carr, Air Officer
Commanding, British Air Forces in South East Asia, sent a signal to the
Air Ministry giving details of the stoppage of work that had occurred at
Palam, Dum Dum, Poona, Cawnpore and Vizagapatnam, in addition to
Mauripur. Except at Mauripur, all stoppages were of short duration but
it was considered that other units were likely to be affected. The
majority of units were ‘striking’ in an orderly and respectful manner in
order to register a protest against the Government’s policy, and then
returning to work. Air Marshal Carr considered that unless the
Government shouldered the responsibility of making a comprehensive
statement, even if that statement did not meet the airmen’s
requirements, he anticipated that the men would strike again. Units that
had returned to work had done so on the assumption that their
dissatisfaction with the demobilisation policy had been presented to the
Government from which they were expecting a comprehensive statement. No
promises were made, but the men had been informed that the questions
raised in the Inspector General’s report had been forwarded to the
Secretary of State. In conclusion, Air Marshal Carr stressed that he saw
no alternative to a Government statement. While he agreed that the
Government should not be called upon to issue a general statement as a
concession to indiscipline, he felt that in this instance, failure to do
so it may have serious consequences.</p>
<p>The stoppage of work on RAF stations in India influenced the
personnel of the RIAF also. Reports of men staying away from work were
received from Trichinopoly and No. 228 Group. The main cause of
discontent – demobilisation – was augmented by complaints regarding
leave, food and family allowances. In addition to speeding up their in
release, the Indian airmen requested that family and ration allowances
should be paid to them while on leave. They maintained that granting
only one free rail warrant per annum meant hardship to airmen who had to
split their leave in two or three parts. They requested that that
either additional railway warrants should be given or permission granted
to avail their entire leave at one time during the year.</p>
<p>The strikes in the RIAF alarmed the authorities, since they could
have an adverse effect on the political situation in the country. The
Air Marshal Commanding, British Air Forces in South East Asia sent a
signal to all RAF units informing them of this. The signal, which was
not sent to RIAF units, read:</p>
<p>The Government plan for demobilization must be a balanced one: our
industries at home require manpower, but this cannot be provided at the
risk of endangering the safety of the World. There are still defence
problems in India. The public press has recently made it clear that a
political crisis is approaching, a crisis which may only be solved by
little short of civil war. If you wish, you may quote me as authority
for this. The Government at Home are now fully aware that conscripts in
the RAF have little or no pride in their service. I do not believe that
these misguided airmen who took part in the recent so-called strikes
appreciate that their action may be endangering the safety of India.
Already their example has been followed by the RIAF. Such actions can
only encourage civil disturbances and may lead to grave consequences for
everyone in India including those airmen who are not due for
repatriation in the near future.<b>5 </b></p>
<p>The Allied Air Commander-in-Chief, Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park
was also concerned by the RIAF strikes. He signalled all commanders in
South East Asia, stressing that it was essential that pay and allowances
and other conditions of service in the post-war Indian Air Force should
be made known to all concerned, with the least possible delay. The
Government of India had set up a committee to examine and make
recommendations on the terms and conditions of service to be applied to
the post war Indian forces, including the Air Force. The work of the
committee would be hastened with due regard to the necessity of arriving
at a well considered conclusion. The message continued:</p>
<p>I have collected from various sources a full list of the grievances
of the Royal Indian Air Force airmen and will do everything in my power
to have them investigated. To do this thoroughly will take time. I must
make it clear to all concerned that I cannot condone the serious
breaches of discipline that have taken place during the last twelve
days, and any improvement in conditions that I may be able to make will
not, repeat, not be a concession to discipline. I will always accept
honest complaints if passed to me through the correct channels. I would
like to assure both officers and other ranks personnel who desire to
continue in the service that the Royal Indian Air Force offers a fine
career to the right man.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, the strikes in RAF stations continued to spread, with the
most serious incident occurring at Seletar in Singapore on 26 January
1946, followed by a similar incident at Kallang on the very next day.
The Allied Air Commander-in-Chief visited Seletar and had detailed
discussions with the men, which he reported to the Air Ministry.
Realising the seriousness of the matter, the British Prime Minister, Mr.
Clement Atlee, made a statement in the House of Commons on 29 January,
outlining the measures being taken to expedite repatriation and release,
which seemed to be the root cause of the trouble. On the same day the
men of 194 (Transport) Squadron in Rangoon stopped work. However, they
returned to work the next day. The unit was scheduled for disbandment in
the near future but in view of this incident, it was disbanded on 15
February 1946.</p>
<p>The mutiny by ratings of the Royal Indian Navy in February 1946 added
a new dimension to the problem, especially at Bombay, where the RIAF
airmen went on a sympathetic strike. To subdue the mutineers who had
taken control of ships and were threatening to bombard Bombay, one of
the measures being seriously considered was air attacks using rocket
projectiles. However, in view of the strike by RIAF personnel, the
authorities felt that Indian squadrons could not be used for this
purpose. Responding to an appeal from Sir Roderick Carr, Air Officer
Commanding British Air Forces in South East Asia, the Allied Air
Commander-in-Chief, Sir Keith Park agreed to divert some aircraft from
his resources. However, in view of the recent experience in Java, he
advised Carr to obtain the approval of the C-in-C India before using RAF
and RIAF aircraft in an offensive role against the local population<b>. 6</b></p>
<p>RIAF personnel refused to report for duty at many stations for
varying periods. The Naval strike came to an end on 23 February 1946,
leading to improvement in the situation at Bombay, though the airmen had
still not resumed duty. Other than Bombay, the stations that continued
to be affected were Cawnpore, Allahabad and Jodhpur, though conditions
seemed to be improving and were expected to become normal soon. However a
serious incident occurred in Rangoon, where 140 RIAF personnel failed
to report for duty on 23 February. When asked for their grievances, the
airmen listed the following demands:-</p>
<ul><li>Equal rights with BORs in the Unit canteen</li><li>Equal distribution of Unit dues between the RAF and RIAF.</li><li>Separate Mess for RIAF with half BOR and half Indian type rations.</li><li>Weekly show of Indian films.</li><li>Separate recreation room with Indian periodicals.</li><li>Full entitlement of leave for all RIAF personnel.</li><li>Better living conditions.</li><li>Higher scale of pay and allowances.</li><li>Second class railways warrants</li><li> Speed up demobilisation.</li></ul>
<p>On the night of 24 February the Commanding Officer interviewed two of
the of the men’s representatives and informed them that their
grievances had been forwarded to the Air Marshal Commanding Air
Headquarters Burma. Grievances that could be resolved locally would be
dealt by the Air Marshal personally while the remaining questions
concerning pay, allowances and demobilisation would be forwarded to
higher authorities. The Commanding Officer emphasized that the men must
return to duty before their demands could be considered. The
representatives agreed and gave an assurance that they would do so, but
the men did not join duty until 28 February 1946.</p>
<p>In February there was strike at Kohat, the only Air Force station in
India manned by the RIAF, where the Station Commander was Group Captain
(later Air Chief Marshal) A.M ‘Aspy’ Engineer. An account of the strike
and how it was handled has been described by Squadron Leader (later Air
Vice Marshal) Harjinder Singh, who was then posted at Air Force Station
Peshawar. On 26 February Harjinder received a telephone call from
Flight Lieutenant Shahzada, Adjutant of the Air Force Station Kohat
informing him that the airmen had gone on strike that morning. The men
had collected at the aerodrome from where they intended to take out a
protest march through the city. Group Captain Engineer had asked the
Adjutant to inform Harjinder that he had already requisitioned some
Gurkha troops from the Army to erect a road block at the aerodrome gate,
and if necessary, open fire on the strikers if they tried to force
their way out. Harjinder asked his Station Commander, Group Captain
Vallaine, to permit him to fly to Kohat, without giving him any reason.
Fortunately, Vallaine agreed, and detailed Flying Officer Glandstein to
take Harjinder to Kohat in a Harvard aircraft.</p>
<p>After reaching Kohat, Harjinder reported to the Station Commander who
gave him some more details of the strike. Apparently the men were in no
mood to listen to any officer and he advised Harjinder not to go near
them. Harjinder felt that unless the situation was brought under control
immediately, it would be the end of the only Indian Air Force station
in the country. He asked for permission to approach the strikers and
talk to them. Engineer refused, but when Harjinder insisted, he
relented, telling the latter that that he would not be responsible for
his life. When Harjinder approached the strikers, who had collected on
the airstrip, one of them shouted: ‘Don’t let this officer come near,
because he will call off the strike.’ But there were others who
differed, and wanted him to come. Harjinder proposed that they take a
vote by show of hands, and was pleasantly surprised when the majority
elected to hear him. After talking to the men, Harjinder found that they
had heard that it was planned to bomb and machine gun the Naval ratings
that had gone on strike in Bombay. When asked for their demands, they
said that the Station Commander should send a message to the
Commander-in-Chief in Delhi telling him that the Indian Air Force
Station Kohat refuses to cooperate in bombing their colleagues in the
Navy. Also in the signal it should be clearly mentioned that the Air
Force Station Kohat sympathizes with the relatives of the people who
have been killed in the firing at Bombay. The rest of the story is best
described by Harjinder in his own words:</p>
<p>To my mind, it was a reasonable demand and I asked them: “Is that
all?” and they all said “Yes”. So I told them:” I will guarantee that
the Station Commander will do what you have asked, and what is more,
there was never an intention of sending Indian Air Force Squadrons to
bomb and machine-gun our naval colleagues and there must have been some
misunderstanding.</p>
<p>After addressing the men further and quietening them down I told them
that they had disgraced themselves by striking, and before it was too
late they should report back to work; and as a first consequence, they
should immediately fall in. The men readily agreed. I got them fallen-in
in three ranks and marched them to the Cinema hall. I told them to
accept any punishment that the Station Commander gave without hesitation
and if the station Commander asked them: “Did you go on strike?” they
should say “No, we never had any such intention.” It took me exactly ten
minutes to settle the issue in this way.</p>
<p>After marching the airmen into the Cinema hall, I reported to the
Station Commander and briefed him on what to say. In fairness to Aspy I
must say he sent the signal to General Auchinleck on the lines that I
had promised the airmen. When he went into the Cinema hall and asked the
men whether they had intended to go on strike, the men with one voice
shouted: “No.” As preplanned, he said: “All right, but as a punishment
for your indiscipline this morning, I am ordering extra parades in the
afternoon for the whole Station for one month.” They filed out of the
hall quietly enough.</p>
<p>After the ‘strike’ was over, I took off for Peshawar. Some days alter
I heard that the Station Commander had been called up by Delhi and
given a sound dressing down because of the signal which he ah sent
concerning the Indian Naval mutiny at Bombay.<b>7</b></p>
<p>Another strike that was defused by an Indian officer was the one at
the Factory Road Camp in Delhi. The strike lasted four days and was
eventually broken by sympathetic handling by Group Captain (later Air
Chief Marshal) Subroto Mukerjee, who was ably assisted by Warrant
Officer Verghese. After the strike ended, RAF Intelligence was asked to
identify the ring leaders. Based on their report, Air Headquarters
decided to discharge the personnel involved in the strike. Surprisingly,
the first name on the list was that of Warrant Officer Verghese, who
had been instrumental in subduing the strike. It was only after Subroto
Mukerjee intervened with Air Marshal Sir Rodrick Carr that the orders
for Verghese’s discharge were withdrawn.</p>
<p>Though officially classified as a mutiny, the incidents in the RIAF
were nothing more than ‘strikes’. In almost all cases, the airmen
resorted to stoppage of work or a sit down strike. They was no slogan
shouting, waving of flags or processions, as happened in the mutinies in
the other two services that occurred at almost the same time. No
violence was used, by the strikers or the authorities, and in most cases
the strikes ended after the intervention of officers who assured the
men that their grievances would be looked into sympathetically. None of
the participants were punished, though a few of the ring leaders were
discharged from service. Though the strikes were not serious, they
brought to light the feeling of discontent among the Indian personnel
serving in the Air Force, forcing the British authorities to review the
dependability of the armed forces in India. This played a part in the
decision of the British to quit India in 1947.</p>
<p>END NOTES</p>
<p>This chapter is largely based on N. Mansergh and Penderel Moon’s <i>The Transfer of Power</i>, (London, 1982); Lt. Gen S.L. Menezes’ <i>Fidelity & Honour</i>, (New Delhi, 1993); Air Commodore A.L. Saigal’s <i>Birth of An Air Force – The Memoirs of Air Vice Marshal Harjinder Singh</i>,
(New Delhi, 1977); and documents in the Ministry of Defence, History
Division, New Delhi. Specific references are given below:-</p>
<ol><li>Air Commodore A.L. Saigal (ed.),<i>Birth of An Air Force – The Memoirs of Air Vice Marshal Harjinder Singh</i>, (New Delhi, 1977), p. 34.</li></ol>
<ol start="3"><li>Saigal, p. 216.</li><li>Nicholas Mansergh and Penderel Moon, (ed.)<i> The Transfer of Power 1942- 47 </i>(12 vols, London, 1982), vii, pp. 894-5</li><li>A Brief History of Events Associated with The Disaffection and
‘Strikes’ Among Personnel in the RAF units of Air Command, South East
Asia, Ministry of Defence, History Division, (MODHD), New Delhi,
601/9768/H, pp. 1-2</li></ol><br /><header class="accueil clearfix span9">
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<h1><span style="color: red;"><span class="crayon article-titre-46751">The Great Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946 and beyond – A mortal blow to the British Raj</span></span></h1>
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<p class="publication"><time datetime="2016-11-06T23:00:00Z" pubdate="pubdate"> Monday 7 November 2016</time><span class="authors"><span class="sep">, </span> by <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?auteur14399">IQBAL Javed</a></span></span>
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<div class="crayon article-chapo-46751 chapo surlignable"><p>It is
often said the victors always write history. This is nowhere more
appropriate than in the case of the struggle for Indian independence
from the British Raj and carving up of the Indian subcontinent resulting
in the killings of over one million and enforced migration of over
twenty million. Indian and Pakistan bourgeois over the last 70 years
have repeatedly been shouting from their respective pulpits that
independence was won by the Indian National Congress led by Gandhi and
Nehru and Muslim League led by Jinnah while ignoring the role played by
workers, peasants and the Indian army, navy, air force and the police in
the struggle for independence.</p></div>
<div class="crayon article-texte-46751 texte surlignable"><div class="cs_sommaire cs_sommaire_avec_fond" id="outil_sommaire">
<div class="cs_sommaire_inner"><br /></div>
</div><figure class="spip_document_4592 spip_documents spip_documents_center" data-w="810" style="max-width: 810px; width: auto;">
<a class="fond mediabox cboxElement hasbox" data-photo-h="632" data-photo-w="810" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/IMG/jpg/mutiny-810x632.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
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</a>
</figure>
<p>This year is the 70<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup> anniversary
of the outbreak of the mutiny or revolt of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN).
This revolt that transformed into a revolutionary situation broke out on
February 18, 1946, and, in only five days spread throughout India
delivering a mortal blow to the entire structure of the British Raj and
resulting in its hasty retreat.</p>
<p>The war had caused rapid expansion of the RIN. In 1945, it was 10
times larger than its size in 1939. Due to war and as with the army
recruitment was no longer confined to martial races; men from different
social strata, including many educated up to the college level were
recruited. Marx explained during the first war of independence that
British captured India by using the Indian army. However by 1946 British
were no longer confident that they can rely on Indians in the British
armed forces to maintain their coercive rule.</p>
<p>Ruling classes throughout history have always depended on the state
machinery to maintain their exploitative system of loot and plunder.
Lenin explained in State and Revolution, “The state is a product and a
manifestation of the irreconcilability of class antagonisms. The state
arises where, when and insofar as class antagonism objectively cannot be
reconciled.” Similarly, Marx explained that state could fundamentally
be reduced to “armed bodies of men”.</p>
<p>The refusal of these armed bodies of men to carry out orders shook
the British imperialist rule. British imperialism was always sensitive
to the revolt amongst the Indian army. The “First War of Independence”
or the great Indian “Sepoys” Mutiny of 1857 as the British called it
left a very deep mark on the British imperialism’s psyche. During this
Sepoys Mutiny, both Hindus and Muslims demonstrated a unity that was
never seen before in India.</p>
<p>The imperialist and capitalist classes have always and will always
attempt to confuse, deflect and undermine class struggle and
international solidarity of the proletarian masses and deny the correct
description by using terminologies like ‘mutiny, ‘coup’, ‘Arab Spring’,
‘green, orange, velvet revolution’, etc., when they are faced with
struggles, revolts, movements, uprisings and revolutions against their
system. They do this to undermine the revolutionary character of the
event or the movement and to disguise the underlying class conflicts and
antagonisms. The attitudes of the British imperialists to the 1946 RIN
revolt were very similar. This was not a mutiny but a full-fledged
revolutionary insurrection supported by the Indian proletariat
particularly the textile workers of Bombay.</p>
<p>The navy revolt did not happen overnight. The revolt took place due
to the accumulation of resentment over a long period among the sailors.
The salary of the British sailors was 10 times more than that of the
Indian sailors. In addition, British sailors had better food, better
quarters, and better quality uniforms and travelled comfortably in
individual berths. The Indian barracks were ‘pigsties’, the food was
often inedible and Indians were herded into train compartments. However
with the war coming to end demobilization and the anxiety of
unemployment was hovering over the sailors. However, the major cause of
the revolt was political and the trial of the Indian National Army (INA)
leaders acted as pouring petrol over the fire.</p>
<p>Subash Chandra Bose’s struggle for freedom and the exploits of INA
during the siege of Imphal, when the INA inflicted massive damage on the
British army were an inspiration to the sailors. It gave them courage
and belief that the mighty British Empire was not all that invincible.
B. C. Dutt, one of the RIN leaders wrote in his book <i>Mutiny of the Innocents</i>:
“What have we been fighting for—the preservation of empire? Shouldn’t
our own country be free?”’ He goes on to say that Phillip Mason, the War
secretary’s despite his valiant attempts to describe the revolt or the
mutiny as an attempt to secure better terms of service was forced to
acknowledge that sailors also wished to make a protest to the Government
of India regarding the INA policy, the firing on the public at various
places, and the use of Indian troops in Indonesia and the Middle East.’’</p>
<h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_0"><span style="color: red;"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a>Royal Indian Navy Revolt – Bombay</span></h3><span style="color: red;">
</span><p><span style="color: red;">The Ro</span>yal Indian Navy revolt started on 18<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup>
February 1946, when 1100 sailors on the HMIS Talwar stopped work and
declared an official strike at dawn. The sailors unanimously elected
signalman M.S Khan as President and petty officer telegraphist Madan
Singh as Vice-President. Leading signaller Bedi Basant Singh, S.C. Sen
Gupta, Chief Petty Officer, School Master Nawaz, Seaman Ashraf Khan,
Able Stokers Gomez and Mohammad Hussain were also elected to the Central
Strike Committee.</p>
<p>The Central Strike Committee was clear about the nature of their
struggle for independence and economic gains. This can be gauged from
their action of dropping the ‘Royal’ prefix and called themselves the
‘Indian National Navy’ (INN) following the footsteps of Bose and the
INA. They also drew up a charter of demands demanding the release of all
the political prisoners, the withdrawal of Indian troops from Indonesia
and Egypt, for immediate improvement in their conditions, and the
provision of equal status with the British officers. The committee in
the midst of huge support and cheers got the charter accepted from their
fellow sailors.</p>
<p>In Bombay harbour, the revolt quickly spread to 22 ships and the
Castle Barracks and Fort Barracks shore bases. The Central Strike first
step was to take possession of Butcher Island, where Bombay
Presidency’s entire ammunition hold was stored including telephone and
wireless equipment. By taking over the wireless system under their
control, they used it to spread their revolt to other sailors and ships.
The strikes spread like wild fire to military establishments in
Karachi, Madras, Vishakhapatnam, Calcutta, Delhi, Cochin, Jamnagar, and
Andaman’s Islands on to the shores of the Middle East in Bahrain and
Aden. They were able to win over almost all the 70 ships and all the 20
seashore establishments with over 30,000 sailors actively participating
in the revolt. They had secured control over the civilian telephone
exchange, the cable network and, above all, over the transmission centre
at Kirkee, which was under the supervision of the Navy. This was the
channel of communication between the Indian Government and the British.</p>
<p>The next morning Indian sailors seized military vehicles in the
dockyards, and drove around Bombay shouting slogans in support of the
INA prisoners and chanting slogans like ‘Hindu-Muslim eik han.’ A
peaceful mass rally was held at the Azad Maidaan. The Central Strike
Committee issued a leaflet that ended with the call: ‘long live the
solidarity of workers, soldiers, students and peasants. Long live
Revolution’.</p>
<p>By the 20<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup> February, British
destroyers positioned themselves near the Gateway of India. The British
Government, now headed by the Labour Party under Clement Attlee’s
premiership was alarmed and it gave orders to the Royal Navy to put down
the sailors revolt. Admiral JH Godfrey, the Flag Officer in command of
the Royal Indian Navy, gave an ultimatum to the striking sailors to
submit or perish. On the other side, a wave of patriotic fervour swept
Bombay and the rest of the country in favour of the revolutionary
striking sailors. The sailors from the clerks to the cleaning hands,
cooks and wireless operators were united to face the might of the
British imperialism.</p>
<p>On the morning of February 21, 1946 British guards opened fire at the
Indian sailors in the Castle Barracks and this transformed a peaceful
revolt into a violent armed uprising. By this time the Central Strike
Committee shifted command to the RIN flagship Narba. The sailors in
Calcutta, Madras, Karachi, Vizag and other naval centres, also went on
strike with the slogans “Strike for Bombay” and “Release 11,000 INA
prisoners”</p>
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<p>The strike, which began on HMIS Talwar, soon took serious
proportions. Hundreds of strikers from ships, minesweepers and shore
establishments in Bombay demonstrated near the Victoria Terminus of the
Indian Railways. The strikers who were armed with steel rods, hammers
and even hockey sticks singled out British personnel of the Defence
forces for attacks. When British ordered Indian soldiers to fire at the
striking sailors, the latter refused to shoot at their fellow Indian
brothers. B. C. Dutt again writes: The navy sailors addressed the
soldiers over the loud-speaker in Hindustani: “Brothers! We are not
fighting to fill our stomachs with better food and for a softer life. We
are fighting for the country’s freedom. You are as much sons of the
soil as we are. Don’t heap shame on the heads of your descendants by
pointing your rifles at us…Almost immediately, the firing ceased. It was
obvious that the Indian soldiers did not need much persuading. Their
hearts were in the right place.’’</p>
<h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_1"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a>General Strike in Bombay</h3>
<p>On February 20 and 21, the striking sailors gave a call for a general
strike, which evoked tremendous public response. Three hundred thousand
workers put down their tools and walked out of textile factories,
mills, and railways and from other industries. This sent shockwaves to
their British imperial oppressors. Peaceful meetings and demonstrations
developed into violent clashes as the police intervened. Barricades were
set up on the streets that were the scene of pitched battles with the
police and the army. Two army battalions were needed to restore order in
the city. The strike was a direct challenge to the Raj’s authority.
In Calcutta, over 120,000 people came out and all major Indian cities
witnessed strikes and demonstrations on a similar scale.</p>
<p>The British again had to resort to deploy their own forces from the army against the civilians in Bombay on 22<sup class="typo_exposants">nd</sup> and 23<sup class="typo_exposants">rd</sup>
February 1946. As a result of indiscriminate firing and use of tanks
and artillery the British had blood of over 300 people on their hands.
All navy ships were taken over by the striking sailors including taking
over of the ships guns. The sailors than raised steam and began to hoot
on the ships whistle declaring their intention of defending their
comrades on shore. The sheer noise could be heard for miles away
unnerved the British. This was a revolt that received unprecedented
passionate public support. By this time, the striking naval sailors had
seized all the armouries of the ships and establishments. The deck and
engine hands, stewards, cooks and wireless operators of the striking
ship armed themselves with whatever weapon was available to resist the
British destroyers that had sailed from Colombo and Trincomalee in
Ceylon (Sri Lanka). In Madras and Pune, the Indians in British army
garrisons went on strike. A detachment of the Royal Indian Army Service
Corps had tried to join the sailors. Over a thousand men in the Royal
Indian Air Force camps in Bombay came out in support of the revolt.
Ground crews mutinied in Madras, Karachi, Poona, Allahabad and Delhi.</p>
<p>Nearly 2000 men in the Royal Indian Army Signal Corps mutinied near
Jabalpur. There were mini-revolts by Indian gunners in Madras,
signallers at Allahabad, and clerical staff at army headquarters in
Delhi. Nor were the British forces stationed in India totally reliable.
Indian officers of the RIAF refused to fly out troops, and the transport
units refused to ferry British troops to fight the naval sailors and
the Indian officers refused to pilot planes to bomb the ships. Felled
trees blocked train tracks and roads.</p>
<p>While the British troops were going berserk with the gunfire over the
city, masses, in turn, took vented their anger at symbols of British
authority, like banks, post offices, banks, government buildings and
shops. Troops fired live ammunition at youth, who resisted with rocks
and bottles. Workers dug up the streets and built barricades. The
textile factory districts looked like a battle zone, BC Dutt, recalled:
“For the first time in Bombay, the British had to bring in tanks to put
down the workers. The industrial workers of Bombay knew that the sailors
were trying to do something great for the country, particularly when
they heard that water had been cut off to Talwar and Castle Barracks and
that we were being starved into surrender. That infuriated them”. The
role played by women was equally courageous and heroic. Women of Bhindi
Bazaar and Dongri joined in the rebellion by throwing hot water and
pans, from the rooftops, at the British soldiers. These same women
welcomed the striking sailors and public who were resisting the British
onslaught with fresh flowers. During the revolt they also ensured no
sailor went hungry and provided all the food on the ships.</p>
<h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_2"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a>Karachi</h3>
<p>In Karachi, sailors struck on the HMIS Hindustan off Manora Island.
The ship alongside the establishment on the shore was taken over by
strikers. Later HMIS Bahadur was also taken over. The sailors then took
out a procession through the streets of Manora shouting anti-British
slogans. Local residents of Manora joined the procession in large
numbers as well. British authorities were extremely alarmed by these
developments. The Local British army commander sent two platoons of
Baluch soldiers to suppress the revolt. The Baluch refused to fire upon
their Indian brother. The British then called on the Gorkha troops to
put down the revolt on HMIS Hindustan. Gorkha soldiers have been the
cornerstone for the British Imperialism during their occupation of India
and historically relied upon them to do the most difficult tasks. In
this case, Gorkhas who were not immune to the nationalist struggle
taking place refused to fire upon the Karachi striking sailors. Then the
British troops were summoned and HMIS Hindustan was surrounded from all
sides. The British troops started firing and the sailors on the ship
retaliated. The firing and attacks and counter-attacks continued for
four hours. Six of the sailors were killed, more than 30 were wounded.
Trade unions in Karachi called a general strike and the whole city was
shut down. More than 35,000 people, Hindus and Muslims marched towards
Eidgah and held a massive rally despite intimidation, harassment,
arrests, baton charge and live injuring more than 50 civilians in the
process.</p>
<h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_3"><span style="color: red;"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a>Revolt in the in IAF</span></h3><span style="color: red;">
</span><p>The Second World War changed geopolitics. It also altered the way
societies view the world and themselves. The Indian soldier was no
exception. With the war coming to an end in 1945, there were nearly five
million men and women in the British armed services. The British
anxiety of stationing troops to secure its colonial territories were in
direct contrast to the grievances of soldiers particularly over the
conditions of slow demobilisation of their troops back home. In January
1946 the Royal Air Force (RAF) mutiny involving more than 50,000 men in
over 60 RAF stations in India and South Asia shows the levels of
discontent amongst the armed forces.</p>
<p>Just 5 months after the WW2, preceded by the navy revolt in Bombay,
2,000 British airmen from the Royal Air Force (RAF) went on strike, in
January 1946 at Bamhrauli, Allahabad, India. The 2100 airmen at
Mauripur, Karachi and 1200 airmen at Dum -Dum, Calcutta airfield quickly
joined this strike. The strike then spread to Kanpur, Palam (Delhi),
Poona, Vizagapatam, Allahabad, Dum Dum, Kallang, Chaklala, Lahore and
Negombo. The strike also spread to South East Asia where 4000 airmen
struck at Seletar, Singapore.</p>
<p>These strikes by the British Air Force were later a subject of the
Channel 4 programme called “Secret History”. According to this programme
there were strikes at more than 60 RAF units, with more than fifty
thousand men involved. These “incidents”, some lasting only a few hours,
others up to four days, all took place within eleven days of the
initial protest at Allahabad and Drig Road, Karachi.</p>
<p>The Viceroy of India, General Wavell, held the RAF men guilty.
Referring to the RIN revolt, he wrote, “I am afraid that the example of
the Royal Air Force, who got away with what was really a mutiny, has
some responsibility for the present situation”.</p>
<h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_4"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a><span style="color: red;">Revolt of the INA</span></h3>
<p>In 1945, the British realised that the days of the Raj were numbered.
The Labour government came to the conclusion that it has no choice but
to negotiate some kind of settlement with Congress and the Muslim
League. The British often used the Indian soldiers as cannon fodder;
they were the first soldiers on the front line in conflict whether it
was in France, Turkey, Egypt, Hejaz or Iraq. In just the two great World
Wars over a million of Indian soldiers died fighting for the British
Empire with very little appreciation. While the Austrians, New
Zealanders, South African and Canadian white settlers were being granted
dominion status Indians were being subjugated ever increasing
discrimination, slavery and broken promises. This also explains why
Subhas Bose and INA rapidly became a real force.</p>
<p>There is no doubt that British made a huge mistake when it decided to
an example of the INA men in order to prevent further revolts within
the British Indian Armed Forces. The first to be tried were Captain Shah
Nawaz, Captain PK Sahgal and Lieutenant GS Dhillon. This trial was
indeed the turning point, as it would prove to be a triumph for the INA
and disaster for the British. It is from here that the tide turned
inexorably against the British. Mass demonstrations calling for the
freedom of the INA prisoners rocked Calcutta and other cities in
November 1945 and again in early February 1946. The demonstrations were
significant not only for their size and militancy but also for the
demonstration of the Hindu–Muslim unity. Unsurprisingly, the trial gave
rise to a countrywide wave of protests. The government’s intelligence
agencies reported that seldom had a matter attracted so much public
attention and sympathy. The three officers were later released from jail
and given dishonourable discharges from the Indian army. But the INA
trial and the protests had driven a nail into the Raj’s coffin. Not only
were the British increasingly unsure about the political reliability of
the Indian army but they also realised that the army could no longer be
taken for granted as a strategic tool of the empire.</p>
<p>There was a grave doubt whether the Indian Army could be used to
suppress a rebellion. On the remission of sentence of Shah Nawaz, Sahgal
and Dhillon, Auchinleck explained in a letter to all senior British
officers “that any attempt to enforce the sentence would have led to
chaos in the country at large and probably to mutiny and dissension in
the Army, culminating in its dissolution”.</p>
<h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_5"><span style="color: red;"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a>Mutiny in the British Indian Army Jabalpur</span></h3>
<p>On the 26<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup> February 1946 120 army
men of the ‘J’ company of the Signals Training Centre (STC), Jabalpur
rebelled against their British superiors and broke free from their
barracks directly due to the naval revolt. Part of a radio signalling
unit, they were sick and tired of the racist abuse heaped on them by
their paranoid British counterparts.</p>
<p>The ranks of the mutineers swelled to 1,700 men, armed with nothing
more than the combination of red flags. Shouting slogans, the soldiers
protested peacefully for some days till a vicious bayonet charge by the
Somerset Light Infantry, which killed 8 main leaders and seriously
wounded at least 32, crushed the revolt in blood. Eighty men behind the
revolt were court-martialled and dismissed without pay and pension.
Forty-one others were sent to prison. But the incident was quickly
hushed up. The Jabalpur mutiny, left a deep irreversible impact on the
British. The then commander-in-chief of the British Indian army, Gen
Sir Claude Auchinleck, sent several secret cables back to London,
discussing a quick transfer of power from British hands to the Indians.</p>
<p>Gen. VK Singh explains in his book Contribution of the Armed Forces
to the Freedom Movement of India, “Though the mutiny at Jabalpur was at
that time not considered as ‘serious’ as the naval mutiny, its
repercussions were immense. The earlier revolts in the RIAF and RIN,
though more widespread and larger in scale, did not really worry the
British authorities, because the Indian Army, on which they depended for
meeting external and internal threats, was still considered reliable,
having proved its worth during World War II. The mutiny at Jabalpur was
the first major uprising in the Indian Army during or after the war.
This set alarm bells ringing from Delhi to London, and doubts began to
be expressed on the steadfastness of the Indian Army. Ultimately, it
forced Britain to reach a settlement with the political parties and quit
India.”</p>
<p>No army, no navy, no air force, no communications, no police,
restless railways, docks and postal workers, all highly politicised and
ready to jump into the fray. This was a scenario British never ever
expected to be faced with.</p>
<h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_6"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a>British facing revolt at home and in the Empire</h3>
<p>In 1945, Labour Party led by Clement Atlee won a landslide victory
defeated Churchill and his Conservative Party. Labour victory was a
direct result of the Second World War. Both British industrial workers
and the armed forces personnel became much radicalised during the war
and they ensured a labour landslide for an end to war and improved
living conditions. It was this pressure that catapulted Atlee government
to nationalise railways, coal, steel, gas, electric, telephone,
telegraph and laid the foundation for National Health Service free at a
point of delivery.<span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>After decades of tireless struggle, British Raj
exhausted by the war</b></span> and paralysed by the radical mood of the British
working class, fully understood the futility of trying to hold back the
clock of the historical progress </span>and very rapidly passed the
responsibility for this impossible task to the Indian bourgeoisie.</p>
<p>Nicholas Mansergh who was appointed by Harold Wilson in 1967 as
editor-in-chief of a multi-volume collection of documents from the India
Office on the transfer of power to India in the 1940s had the following
to say about those revolutionary days in India “It is pertinent to
remember that one of the compelling reasons for the departure of the
British from India was the apprehension that the loyalty of Indian armed
forces was doubtful. Due to obvious reason, the staunchness of the Army
was more worrisome than that of the other two Services. On 5 September
1946, in a note by the commander- in chief on the military aspects of
the plan to withdraw from India, General Auchinleck was to record, “The
importance of keeping the Indian Army steady is emphasised. It is the
one disciplined force in which communal interests are subordinated to
duty, and on it depends the stability of the country. The steadiness of
the RIN and the RIAF is of lesser import but any general disaffection
in them is likely seriously to affect the reliability of the army.”</p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Sir Stafford Cripps</span></b></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: red;"></span></b></span></p><div class="bRMDJf islir" style="height: 202px;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><a class="wXeWr islib nfEiy mM5pbd" data-nav="1" style="height: 180px;" tabindex="0"><img alt="Stafford Cripps - Wikipedia" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1084" height="202" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="145" /></a></b></span></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><a class="VFACy kGQAp sMi44c lNHeqe WGvvNb" data-ved="2ahUKEwie-KnBjJbtAhWU3HMBHXUtBWAQr4kDegUIARCoAQ" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Stafford Cripps - Wikipedia">Stafford Cripps - Wikipedia<div class="fxgdke">en.wikipedia.org</div></a> spoke in the debate at the British House of Commons.<br class="autobr" />
“…The Indian Army in India is not obeying the British officers.</b> We have
recruited our workers for the war; they have been demobilised after the
war. They are required to repair the factories damaged by Hitler’s
bombers. Moreover, they want to join their kith and kin after five and a
half years of separation. Their kith and kin also want to join them.
In these conditions if we have to rule India for a long time, we have to
keep a permanent British army for a long time in a vast country of four
hundred million. We have no such army and money….</span>”<div class="main"><div class="crayon article-texte-46751 texte surlignable"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">General Auchinleck </span></b></span><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a class="wXeWr islib nfEiy mM5pbd" data-nav="1" style="height: 180px;" tabindex="0"><div class="bRMDJf islir" style="height: 200px; margin-top: -10px;"><img alt="Claude Auchinleck - Wikipedia" class="rg_i Q4LuWd" data-atf="true" data-deferred="1" data-iml="1037" height="200" 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" width="145" /></div></a><a class="VFACy kGQAp sMi44c lNHeqe WGvvNb" data-ved="2ahUKEwjDjrbejpbtAhXxoUsFHT-TAc4Qr4kDegUIARCvAQ" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Claude Auchinleck - Wikipedia">Claude Auchinleck - Wikipedia<div class="fxgdke">en.wikipedia.org</div></a>in his many cables to the British Government back in
London was warning the British Government that the loyalty of the Indian
troops couldn’t be taken for granted anymore</span>. In one of his cable
during the critical days of 1947 said “<span style="font-size: x-large;">that we cannot hold India for
three days</span></b></span><span style="font-size: x-large;">”. </span>The question to be asked is why was this? What forced the
British to make this Strategic retreat of 1947? The answer lies in the
effect of decades of strikes, mass demonstrations, daring and heroic
guerrilla actions as we witnessed with Bhagat Singh and his comrades,
numerous and rapidly increasing revolts within the police, air force,
navy and the army and the rapidly developing threat of violent mass
insurrection from Calcutta to Karachi and Delhi to Colombo.<h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_5"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Mutiny in the British Indian Army Jabalpur</span></span></h3>
<p>On the 26<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup> February 1946 120 army
men of the ‘J’ company of the Signals Training Centre (STC), Jabalpur
rebelled against their British superiors and broke free from their
barracks directly due to the naval revolt. Part of a radio signalling
unit, they were sick and tired of the racist abuse heaped on them by
their paranoid British counterparts.</p>
<p>The ranks of the mutineers swelled to 1,700 men, armed with nothing
more than the combination of red flags. Shouting slogans, the soldiers
protested peacefully for some days till a vicious bayonet charge by the
Somerset Light Infantry, which killed 8 main leaders and seriously
wounded at least 32, crushed the revolt in blood. Eighty men behind the
revolt were court-martialled and dismissed without pay and pension.
Forty-one others were sent to prison. But the incident was quickly
hushed up. The Jabalpur mutiny, left a deep irreversible impact on the
British. The then commander-in-chief of the British Indian army, Gen
Sir Claude Auchinleck, sent several secret cables back to London,
discussing a quick transfer of power from British hands to the Indians.</p>
<p>Gen. VK Singh explains in his book Contribution of the Armed Forces
to the Freedom Movement of India, “Though the mutiny at Jabalpur was at
that time not considered as ‘serious’ as the naval mutiny, its
repercussions were immense. The earlier revolts in the RIAF and RIN,
though more widespread and larger in scale, did not really worry the
British authorities, because the Indian Army, on which they depended for
meeting external and internal threats, was still considered reliable,
having proved its worth during World War II. The mutiny at Jabalpur was
the first major uprising in the Indian Army during or after the war.
This set alarm bells ringing from Delhi to London, and doubts began to
be expressed on the steadfastness of the Indian Army. Ultimately, it
forced Britain to reach a settlement with the political parties and quit
India.”</p>
<p>No army, no navy, no air force, no communications, no police,
restless railways, docks and postal workers, all highly politicised and
ready to jump into the fray. This was a scenario British never ever
expected to be faced with.</p>
<h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_6"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a>British facing revolt at home and in the Empire</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1945, Labour Party led by Clement Atlee won a landslide victory
defeated Churchill and his Conservative Party. Labour victory was a
direct result of the Second World War. Both British industrial workers
and the armed forces personnel became much radicalised during the war
and they ensured a labour landslide for an end to war and improved
living conditions. It was this pressure that catapulted Atlee government
to nationalise railways, coal, steel, gas, electric, telephone,
telegraph and laid the foundation for National Health Service free at a
point of delivery. After decades of tireless struggle, British Raj
exhausted by the war and paralysed by the radical mood of the British
working class, fully understood the futility of trying to hold back the
clock of the historical progress and very rapidly passed the
responsibility for this impossible task to the Indian bourgeoisie.</p>
<p>Nicholas Mansergh who was appointed by Harold Wilson in 1967 as
editor-in-chief of a multi-volume collection of documents from the India
Office on the transfer of power to India in the 1940s had the following
to say about those revolutionary days in India “It is pertinent to
remember that one of the compelling reasons for the departure of the
British from India was the apprehension that the loyalty of Indian armed
forces was doubtful. Due to obvious reason, the staunchness of the Army
was more worrisome than that of the other two Services. On 5 September
1946, in a note by the commander- in chief on the military aspects of
the plan to withdraw from India, General Auchinleck was to record, “The
importance of keeping the Indian Army steady is emphasised. It is the
one disciplined force in which communal interests are subordinated to
duty, and on it depends the stability of the country. The steadiness of
the RIN and the RIAF is of lesser import but any general disaffection
in them is likely seriously to affect the reliability of the army.”<a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a>Workers Struggle </p>
<p>Months immediately after the surrender of the Japanese on 2<sup class="typo_exposants">nd</sup>
September 1945 India passed through a stormy resurgence of the working
class movement. The workers in large numbers participated in the
post-war political upsurge. Industrial strikes in virtually all the
major cities – Bombay, Calcutta, Allahabad, Delhi, Madras, and Karachi
erupted with full force. The Indian working class courageously jumped
into the fray ignoring massive state oppression, arrests, beatings and
even bullets as the decisive force in the struggle of the Indian people
for independence from the British bondage. Towards the end of 1945, the
Bombay and Calcutta dockworkers refused to load ships going to Indonesia
with supplies for troops meant to suppress the national liberation
struggles there. Indian workers were the main force behind
demonstrations protesting against the British imperialism’s farcical Red
Fort trials of members of the Indian National Army.</p>
<p><b>Calcutta</b></p>
<p>In September 1945, the militant streetcar workers struck bringing the
city’s transportation system to a halt. The bus and taxi drivers struck
in sympathy with the car workers. During the same month workers at the
Cassipore Gun and Shell Factory, near Calcutta, struck in sympathy with
100 discharged workers.</p>
<p>At the beginning of October several thousand engineering workers in
different plants struck for bonus payment and reinstatement of
discharged workers. Similar action was taken by 4,000 at Clive Jute
Mills at Mitabriz, a suburb of Calcutta. The textile workers at Bouria,
at the Vassari Cotton and Silk Mills and the Mafolta Spinning and
Manufacturing Mill went out in the same period.</p>
<p>In November, during the general strike in protest against the Delhi
Court Martials, 20,000 municipal workers struck in Delhi bringing all
forms of transportation and public utilities to a standstill. Street
barricades and roadblocks were erected including occupying railroad
tracks to stop movements of trains.</p>
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<p><i>RIN Uprising memorial Colaba, Mumbai</i></p>
<p><b>Bombay</b></p>
<p>Bombay followed with a strike of railway workers and this, in turn,
set off a series of student demonstrations throughout India. Bombay was
the scene of similar struggles during this period. Thus, the workers at
the Ford Motor Co. Assembly Plant in Bombay and other Ford plants in the
country went on a sit down strike against lay-offs. In December 8,000
Bombay dockworkers struck, demanding payment of three months bonus,
upgraded scales of pay, medical aid and a guarantee of 20 days work a
month. There were strikes by the electrical workers at Colaba and by the
workers of the Burma Shell, Standard Vacuum and Caltex Oil Companies. A
strike by the staff of the Bombay Electric Supply and Trolley Co
leaving the city’s 2,800,000 population without transport by bus or
street car.</p>
<p>However at the beginning of 1946, this strike wave assumed a highly
political character. On January 24 1946, 175,000 textile and industrial
workers went on strike in Bombay to protest the shooting of
demonstrators celebrating the birthday of Subhas Chandra Bose, leader of
the “Azad (Free) Indian Government” and organizer of the Indian
National Army.</p>
<p>The power and militancy of the workers were most graphically
demonstrated in support of the striking sailors of the Royal Indian
Navy. In Bombay a series of huge demonstrations took place. “Some 60
textile mills were closed by strikes which also extended into some
railway shops,” reported the Associated Press on the 22<sup class="typo_exposants">nd</sup>
February 1946. The following day: “Striking drivers of one of the
city’s principal transportation companies seized busses, festooned them
with flags.” Throughout the city trenches were dug across the roads,
filled with inflammable materials and gasoline, thus erecting a
veritable “wall of fire.” In March, 45,000 primary school teachers in
Bombay Province went on strike.</p>
<p><b>Cawnpore (Kanpur)</b></p>
<p>A Reuter’s dispatch reports a mass demonstration held on 10<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup>
February of 100,000 members of all Indian parties in Cawnpore, leading
industrial city in the United Provinces. This action was taken in
protest against the 50 percent reduction in wheat rations. The meeting
called upon Government officials to resign from their posts inasmuch as
they had “failed to feed the country.” On the day before the meeting
“angry citizens marched through the streets, shouting protests against
the ration cut and stopping and stoning private cars.” All shops and
industries were closed and no public transportation vehicles were on the
streets that day. The city of Allahbad was paralyzed by a general
strike on 12<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup> February 1946. “50,000
hunger marchers paraded through the streets protesting cuts in food
rations and demanding more wheat for bread,” reported the Associated
Press.</p>
<p><b>Rest of India</b></p>
<p>Elsewhere in the country, the strike of 10,000 tailors and labourers
in the ordnance-clothing factory at Shahjahanpur was in its 18<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup> day on 9<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup> January. In four goldfields at Kolar in Madras province, 24,000 miners went on strike on 7<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup>
January for a basic minimum wage and increases. In Trichinopoly,
10,000 workers struck; a general strike was called in Karachi; the
similar action was taken in Madras, where the demonstrators “stoned
British military trucks and battled police forces around the city
railway station.” Throughout all these demonstrations the inspiring and
fiery slogan “Long Live the Revolution!” was repeatedly heard.</p>
<p><b>Workers struggles in 1947</b></p>
<p>The last years of colonial rule also saw a remarkably sharp increase
in strikes on economic issues all over the country — the all-India
strike of the Post and Telegraph Department employees being the most
well known among them. The pent-up economic grievances during the War,
coupled with the problems due to post-war demobilization and the
continuation of high prices, scarcity of food and other essentials, and a
drop in real wages, all combined to drive the working class to the
limits of its tolerance.</p>
<p>Also, the mood in anticipation of freedom was pregnant with
expectation. Independence was seen by all sections of the Indian people
as signalling an end to their miseries. The workers were no exception.
They too were now struggling for what they hoped freedom would bring
them as a matter of right.</p>
<h3 class="spip" id="outil_sommaire_8"><a class="sommaire_ancre" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article46751#outil_sommaire" title="Contents"> </a>Role of Congress, CPI and ML</h3>
<p>The revolutionary insurrections in the air force, navy, army, police,
railways, civil servants etc. had erupted at the time when the Congress
and Muslim League were focussed on campaigning for the 1946 elections
for the constituent assembly. The last thing they wanted was another
‘Quit India’ movement. In a rare display of unity, the implacable rivals
both condemned the Royal Indian Navy revolt in HMIS Talwar and other
ships and shores across the country.</p>
<p>It is not surprising why the courageous striking sailors received no
support at all from the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.
Rather than supporting the rebels, they were in fact condemned for their
actions. Mahatma Gandhi issued a statement criticizing the mutineers
for revolting without any guidance from a political party. The Muslim
League too denounced the mutineers, arguing that unrest on the streets
was not the best way to deal with grievances and that protest should be
through constitutional methods only.</p>
<p>Valabhbhai Patel demanded that the sailors surrender and summoned
vice president of the sailors strike committee, Petty Officer Madan
Singh in a flat at Bombay and literally shouted at him and demanded that
he stop the revolt. Nehru did not want to be left behind Patel and in a
meeting with Madan advised him and his comrades to surrender and bring
the navy revolt to an end.<br class="autobr" />
Gandhi declared that ‘a combination between Hindus and Muslims and
others for the purpose of the violent action was unholy’. Nehru, the
darling of the Congress left, held a press conference to chastise the
mutineers.</p>
<p>The Communist Party of India was caught in a contradiction. On the
one hand, the CPI wanted to ‘be with the people’, in order to restore
some of its credibility lost during the war, when the party overtly
supported the government in the name of ‘Peoples’ War’. Their
rank-and-file, particularly the students, enthusiastically jumped into
the fray in the uprisings in Bombay and Calcutta. On the other hand, the
more compromised leadership didn’t want to jeopardise its would-be
‘united front’ with Gandhi’s Congress and the Muslim League. And so,
contrary to the myth, the CPI, in fact, had called on ‘all parties’ to
give a ‘peaceful expression to the protest against military atrocities’.</p>
<p><b>Surrender</b></p>
<p>The negotiations moved fast, keeping in view the extreme sensitivity of the situation and on the fourth day 22<sup class="typo_exposants">nd</sup>
Feb 1946, most of the demands of the strikers were conceded in
principle. Even after the sailors surrendered, there was sporadic
resistance in the mill districts. Tanks rumbled through the streets.
Small groups fought guerrilla-style battles. Mosquito bombers roared
overhead. The British light carrier Glasgow steamed into the harbour.
Sympathy strikes and mass protests continued in Calcutta, Madras, Madura
and Trichinopoly. On 24<sup class="typo_exposants">th</sup> February
1946 white flags were raised from the decks of all ships to announce
surrender. In its last session the strike committee passed a resolution
that stated, “Our uprising was an important historical event in the
lives of our people. For the first time the blood of uniformed and
non-uniformed workers flowed in one current for the same collective
cause. We the workers in uniform shall never forget this. We also know
that you, our proletarian brothers and sisters shall also never forget
this. The coming generations, learning its lessons shall accomplish what
we have not been able to achieve. Long live the working masses. Long,
lives Revolution”.</p>
<p>The military arrested over 1300 ratings and dismissed 1000, contrary
to Patel’s promise of no victimisation. The CPI dissociated itself from a
strike called for 26 February to protest against the repression. But it
staged a joint rally with Sardar Patel in Calcutta.</p>
<p><b>Betrayal of the CPI</b></p>
<p>Between 1942 and 1945 in other words during the period when Second
World War was at its peak and British imperialism particularly its
occupation of India was at its weakest and the “Quit India” campaign was
in full swing the Communist Party of India (CPI) went through an 180
degrees turn and renounced all agitation, graciously standing aside to
allow Congress and Muslim League to seize CPI’s crucial and historically
necessary role. While the leaders of Congress were locked up and their
newspapers banned, the CPI leaders and activist were free, receiving
generous financial donations and carrying out mass recruitment of
Indians into the British Indian army and mobilising for other war
efforts. However when the time came for transfer of power the preferred
option for British imperialism was Congress and League, as they wanted
to ensure continuity of capitalist plunder.</p>
<p>As Marx explained in his writing after the first War of Independence
that British imperialism conquered India using Indian troops, cynically
buying off, manipulating and playing off against one another, the Indian
people were amongst the first to light a torch for the colonial
oppressed of two-thirds of the world. Had there been a mass
revolutionary party in Bombay in 1946, soviets would have been the order
of the day, like in Petrograd in 1905. The interview was given by the
vice president of the Central Strike Committee, Madan Singh to the
Tribune, a newspaper based in Chandigarh, clearly shows the rebel
sailors did not want to make compromises with the British Raj and were
determined to see an end to British occupation. Madan Singh recalled
those stormy events. “After the outbreak of the mutiny, the first thing
that we did was to free B.C. Dutt (who was arrested during General
Auchinleck’s visit). Then we took possession of Butcher Island (the
entire ammunition meant for Bombay Presidency was stocked) and Kirkee
near Pune. Our quick actions ensured that all the 70 ships and all the
20 seashore establishments were in our control. We had secured control
over the civilian telephone exchange, the cable network and, above all,
over the transmission centre at Kirkee manned by the Navy, which was the
channel of communication between the Indian Government and the
British.”</p>
<p>The need of the hour was for a revolutionary leadership grounded in
on the granite foundations of Marxism that could have provided a
direction to the sailors as the restless Indian soldiers in the army and
millions of workers who came out on the streets in all different parts
of the country. Soviets could easily have been established in Bombay,
Calcutta, Karachi, Allahabad, Madras, Kanpur, Delhi and many other
metropolitan major cities. This would have enabled to wield control,
galvanise millions and marshal them to batter down the bastions of
imperialism. Unfortunately due to the criminal role played by the
Comintern and the leadership of the CPI with the disastrous policy of
forming ‘people’s front’ with the “progressive bourgeois” of Congress
and the Muslim League missed a historic opportunity. The necessity of
the day was and still is the building up a revolutionary leadership,
that is, a working-class party, armed with the arsenal of Marxism and
conscious of its revolutionary historic role.</p>
<p><b>Javed Iqbal</b></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0